Content-related wallpaper

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority from provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/245,689 for “Content-Related Wallpaper,” filed Nov. 2, 2000, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The disclosure of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/846,823 for “Relationship Discovery Engine,” filed Apr. 30, 2001, is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention is related to a user interface for computer-based playback of content such as music, and more particularly to presenting +wallpaper or other background imagery related to the content.

2. Description of the Background Art

Many users are now using their computers to listen to music. Most personal computers are now equipped with CD-ROM drives and/or DVD-ROM drives, as well as sound cards and speakers, and further include music player software for playing audio. Typically such software includes a user interface that allows a user to select tracks for playback, fast-forward and rewind, see track listings and track lengths, see elapsed time, control volume, pause, play, and the like. FIG. 1 depicts an example of a typical user interface 100 for CD player software for operation on a conventional personal computer. Interface 100 includes controls 101 for operating the player, as well as a display area 102 for displaying information such as album and track information, elapsed time, and the like.

Users are also increasingly turning to their computers to listen to music that is provided via the Internet. Music may be downloaded or streamed onto the user's computer (freely or for a fee) for playback via media player software, either in the context of an online radio station, peer-to-peer media sharing scheme, e-commerce site, or the like. Such music may be provided in any of a number of formats, including for example MP3, WAV, and the like. In all these environments, which are well known in the art, users listen to music via a player software program. As with CD player software, such a program may contain controls for controlling playback, viewing information about the music being played, and the like.

It is known to vary the appearance of the user interface for audio player software in any of a number of ways. For many interfaces, users may adjust color, font, and size preferences for various components via a “preferences” or “options” dialog box that may be implemented by the software application or by the operating system. The appearance of the interface may further be personalized by installing any of a variety of “skins” that provide a collection of artistic or fanciful backgrounds, icons, and other elements. Such skins are available and downloadable from companies such as Team Sonique, a division of Lycos Inc. of Waltham, Mass. FIG. 2 depicts an example of a skin 200 for a user interface for playback of music on a conventional personal computer. Controls 201 are given an appearance that matches the overall style and color scheme of skin 200.

In general, current techniques for personalizing and customizing a user interface for an audio player offer a wide variety of options, but are usually dependent on user action to effect changes. Such techniques typically retain a particular “look” or set of customization preferences until the user explicitly indicates that he or she would like to change the settings. In particular, such techniques generally fail to change the appearance of the interface in response to the particular content being played. Thus, where the user is playing a variety of different types of music, the customization preferences may not suit at least some of the music as it is being played.

In addition, current techniques fail to provide the user with a mechanism for changing the appearance of user interface elements that are external to the music player application itself. Thus, any customization preferences are limited to the area of the screen associated with the music player interface itself, and do not affect other portions of the screen. In particular, current customization techniques fail to provide functionality for changing such external elements in response to content being played by the music player application.

Finally, current techniques fail to provide a content-related environment that includes interactive interface features customized to the content being played in the music player application, and in particular such techniques fail to provide such an environment that extends beyond the area of the screen associated with the music player interface itself.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a content-related environment, including wallpaper (such as background imagery) and/or interactive features, while music or other content is being played. The invention may be embodied in any content playback system, including but not limited to a media player such as an audio player software application or a video player software application. The content may come from any source, including CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, hard drive, and the like, or a network connection for providing streamed or downloaded content, for example via the Internet.

The invention provides the capability for easily and automatically integrating album cover art or other content-related imagery and/or interactive features into the user's desktop or other background area of the screen while a media player is playing content. The presentation of the content-related imagery and/or interactive features is not limited to the area of the screen associated with the media player, but can extend to other areas of the screen as well, including those controlled by the operating system or by other applications. The display of the content-related imagery and/or interactive features can be temporary, so that the display reverts to its original state after the content piece is completed. The content-related imagery and/or interactive features can change automatically as new tracks are played, if desired. For example, the invention may display an image of an album cover related to a song being played; when the song is over, the display changes to show another image, or it reverts to its previous state.

The content-related imagery and/or interactive features may be displayed, for example, as desktop wallpaper, so that it appears as a background to other user interface elements such as icons and windows. The content-related imagery may be album cover art or any other art or images related to the media content being played. The content-related imagery may, for example, match album cover art that is displayed in a window associated with the media player. Alternatively, it may include other images, text, song lyrics, and the like. Such imagery may be provided via a file stored on the user's computer or on a CD or other, storage medium, or it may be downloaded via a network such as the Internet. The media content being played may include tags that identify the location of the items to be displayed, or it may contain the items themselves.

In one aspect, the invention displays an interactive interface providing functionality related to media content being played. The interface may be displayed in addition to or instead of content-related imagery, and may operate to change the behavior of the user's desktop or background. For example, in addition to displaying album art related to media content being played, the invention may provide an interface for purchasing CDs or tickets to special events, or accessing a database of tour information. Such an interface may be implemented, for example using an Active Desktop function as provided in the Microsoft Windows operating system. By displaying content-related interactive functionality in this manner, the invention provides a content-related interactive environment that extends beyond the bounds of the media player application itself.

The invention may be implemented in a CD player, MP3 player, streaming audio or video player, or any other content playback device or software application. Customization features are provided for altering the appearance and presentation of the content-related imagery and/or interactive features.

By providing content-related wallpaper or other content-related displays and/or interfaces that can extend beyond the media player itself, the invention allows the user to experience their music or other content more fully by immersing him or her more fully in the experience.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an example of a music player interface according to the prior art.

FIG. 2 is an example of a skin for a music player interface according to the prior art.

FIG. 3 is a screen shot showing a settings menu item for a music player interface according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a screen shot showing a settings dialog box, with the wallpaper option activated, for a music player interface according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a screen shot showing a plain desktop background without wallpaper.

FIG. 6 is a screen shot showing a background containing tiled content-related wallpaper according to one embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a screen shot showing a background containing centered content-related wallpaper according to one embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a screen shot showing a background containing stretched content-related wallpaper according to one embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram depicting a system for implementing the invention according to one embodiment.

FIG. 10 is an event diagram depicting a method of activating content-related wallpaper according to one embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a screen shot showing a background containing a content-related interactive interface background according to one embodiment.

The figures depict a preferred embodiment of the present invention for purposes of illustration only. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following discussion that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principles of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the invention can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the invention.

Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

Some portions of the detailed description that follows are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.

It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.

The present invention also relates to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus.

The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer, network of computers, or other apparatus. Various general-purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below. In addition, the present invention is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the invention as described herein.

Furthermore, for illustrative purposes the following description of the invention refers to a media player for playing audio content such as music. However, one skilled in the art will recognize that the content-related wallpaper of the present invention can be provided in conjunction with any type of content, including for example video, text, speech, and the like. Accordingly, the invention is not intended to be limited to any particular type of content or media player.

The present invention provides functionality for displaying wallpaper that is related to and/or synchronized with content being played by a media player such as a music jukebox on a personal computer. For example, when a song is playing for which content-related imagery is available, that imagery is presented as wallpaper or desktop background, in the operating system. When content-related imagery is not available, a default image (such as a product logo) is presented as wallpaper. When no song is playing, default artwork is used as the background, or the system reverts to the user's ordinary desktop settings.

Referring now to FIG. 9, there is shown an example of a system 1100 for practicing the present invention according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, the invention operates in conjunction with media player 1106 such as a personal jukebox, CD player, DVD player, or the like for digital music and/or video. Such an application operates as software for personal computer (PC) 1101, which is a conventional personal computer. PC 1101 runs operating system 1105, which may be a conventional operating system such as Microsoft Windows, available from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. Data storage 1107, which may be a conventional hard drive or other form of digital storage, stores content files and imagery to be output by media player 1106. User 1102 interacts with operating system 1105, media player 1106, and other components of PC 1101 via input/output devices (not shown) that are conventional and well known in the art, including for example, a display screen, keyboard, mouse, and the like. Media player 1106 may be implemented as a standalone application, or as a component of an application such as a browser, or as a plug-in for an application such as a browser.

As is known in the art, media player 1106 offers functionality for, for example, recording, downloading, organizing and playing music and/or video on PC 1101 and listen to it through speakers 1112 connected to PC 1101. PC 1101 can also be connected to other output devices, such as a stereo system and/or television set (not shown) for improved audio and/or video quality. As is known in the art, media player 1106 may allow users to record and play digital music in various formats, including for example MP3, Windows Media Audio (WMA), WAV, and CD audio formats. Similar functionality may be provided for video as well.

In one embodiment, PC 1101 is connected to network 1108 such as the Internet, according to techniques that are well known in the art. For example, PC 1101 may communication with network 1108 using TCP/IP or other well-known network protocols, and may be connected to network 1108 via a telephone modem, cable modem, digital subscriber line (DSL), or the like. Server 1109 responds to media player 1106 requests for content by retrieving content from content data storage 1110 and providing it to media player 1106 via network 1108. As described in more detail below, server 1109 also retrieves images from image storage 1111 and provides it to media player 1106 via network 1108. In an alternative embodiment, content storage 1110 and image storage 1111 may be provided on separate servers and/or at different locations. In yet another embodiment, the invention may operate without a connection to network 1108 and without server 1109; in such an embodiment, media player 1106 may obtain content and images from some other source, such as a CD, DVD, hard drive, or the like, which may be internal to or external to PC 1101. In yet another embodiment, other types of content-related resources, including interactive features and applications, web sites, URLs, and the like, may be provided in addition to or instead of images. Such resources may be provided by server 1109 or by other sources via network 1108. For example, the invention may retrieve content-related web pages for display in an Active Desktop environment; such web pages may be identified by tags in the content, but may be retrieved from any source whether in server 1109 or in some other network-attached server.

Included in the media player 1106 are several features that retrieve additional information from network 1108 and server 1109. Media player 1106 can request a variety of information from the server 1109, including, for example, information describing the music currently being played, recommendations for other music, or even custom-programmed radio stations. In one embodiment, the information exchange for each of these features is accomplished by the use of HTTP requests to server 1109 (or to other servers) via network 1108.

Examples of features that may be provided in connection with media player 1106 include, for example:

• • Now Playing: Displays information about content currently being played, such as album and artist information.
  • Guide: Links to a large music-oriented website that can supply the user with extended information about artists such as biographies, discographies, and related artists. May be viewable via a browser, so that activating the Guide starts up the browser, or may be presented directly from within media player 1106.
  • Personalized Radio: Streams personalized music to user 1102, according to individual musical tastes.

Referring now to FIG. 10, there is shown an event diagram depicting a method of activating content-related wallpaper according to one embodiment of the present invention. In one embodiment, content-related wallpaper is an optional feature of media player 1106, and by default is turned off until enabled by the user. The user enables 1201 the content-related wallpaper display by activating the appropriate command in media player 1106. In one embodiment, the wallpaper display is configurable and may be turned on or off by the user as desired.

In one embodiment, the user's original desktop settings are saved, either in memory or on disk (for example, in data storage 1107), so that they can later be restored. Original settings (including static wallpaper images and display settings) are restored when, for example, media player 1106 exits or is terminated, or when the content-related wallpaper feature is turned off by the user.

Referring also to FIG. 3, there is shown an example of a media player interface 300 including settings menu item 304 for accessing settings for activating and configuring content-related wallpaper according to one embodiment. In the example of FIG. 3, interface 300 includes options menu 301. Player command 302 in options menu 301 activates player submenu 303, which contains settings command 304.

Referring also to FIG. 4, there is shown an example of a settings dialog box 400, as may be activated by settings command 304 of FIG. 3. Dialog box 400 includes several tabs 401 for accessing various categories of settings. The illustration shows the player tab 401 activated, which contains preferences and options applicable to the player itself. The user may check or uncheck box 402 to indicate whether the content-related wallpaper feature is to be activated. Menu 403 provides several options for controlling the display of content-related wallpaper, including a tile option (wherein the image is repeated across the screen in a series of tiles), a center option (wherein the image is centered on the screen), and a stretch option (wherein the image is scaled to fit the screen). One skilled in the art will recognize that other options and customizable parameters may be presented for specifying how content-related images should be displayed, and that the options presented in the example of FIG. 4 are merely exemplary. For example, options may be presented for altering the color, size, displayed area, and the like, as well as for applying special effects such as blur, rotate, skew, and the like. Additional options may be provided for the display of interactive content, such as in an Active Desktop display, for example.

Referring again to FIG. 10, once the user has enabled 1201 the content-related wallpaper display (via, for example, checkbox 402), he or she chooses 1202 a style for the wallpaper. The user may select among various parameters for the display of the wallpaper, including for example those provided in menu 403. If the user does not select a style, a default style may be automatically selected.

Media player 1106 retrieves 1203 content to be played. Step 1203 may be performed in response to an explicit request by the user to play content (such as by the user activating a “play” button on screen 300), or according to an automated mechanism for selecting and playing content (for example, in the context of a personalized radio station that selects music according to a user's tastes). In one embodiment, player 1106 retrieves 1203 content from server 1109 via network 1108. Content may be provided in downloadable or streamed format, according to techniques that are well known in the art such as, for example, web-based radio functionality. In another embodiment, player 1106 obtains content from local data storage 1107 such as a hard drive or CD.

Media player 1106 extracts 1204 a file tag specifying a location of imagery related to the content being played, and retrieves 1205 the imagery. Imagery may contain, for example, album art related to music being played by player 1106. In one embodiment, the file tag is imbedded in the content itself. File tags may contain any type of information about the content being played, including for example artist name, album title, track title, track number, a pointer to album art, and the like. Such information may be stored in the content file itself in binary form. Accordingly, a pointer to album art or other imagery to be used for content-related wallpaper can be extracted from the appropriate file tag. The file tag may specify the location of the image using any known file locator scheme, such as for example a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Internet Protocol (IP) address, or the like. Imagery is retrieved 1205 by any conventional technique for requesting and receiving data, such as for example a GET request. If the imagery is located in local data storage 1107 on user's personal computer 1101, it may be retrieved by accessing the storage device in a conventional manner. In one embodiment, the retrieved tag specifies a network-based location; in another embodiment, the retrieved tag specifies a location on the user's PC 1101. In yet another embodiment, imagery is specified via an ID3v2 tag as is known in the art for an MP3 image format.

In another embodiment, the file tag specifies the location of interactive features, documents, or other functionality such as a website. The interactive features are retrieved 1205 by any conventional technique for requesting and receiving data, such as for example a GET request.

In another embodiment, data representing the image itself (or the interactive features) is imbedded in the content being played. The data may be provided in any known image format, including for example a compressed or uncompressed bitmap, JPEG file, GIF file, or the like.

In another embodiment, several file tags or images are imbedded, so that the wallpaper can change from one image to another during playback of the content. For example, a first image or tag may be imbedded at the beginning of a song, and a second image or tag may be imbedded at a later point in the song; accordingly a first image would be displayed for the first portion of the song and a second image would be displayed for the second portion of the song. Time codes may be associated with the imbedded images or tags, to specify when images should switch. In another embodiment, a series of images or tags may be imbedded, and the wallpaper may rotate among the images specified in the series, according to a frequency that may be predefined or specified by an imbedded tag.

In one embodiment, if no image is available or if the image is missing, corrupted, or unspecified, a default image (such as a product logo) may be used. The default image may be stored in advance on data storage 1107, or it may be made available from server 1109 via network 1108, either in advance or on an as-needed basis.

Whichever technique is used for obtaining the content-related imagery, in one embodiment it is temporarily stored in data storage 1107, for example in a bitmap format, and provided 1206 to operating system 1105 for display 1207 as wallpaper. If any special effects are to be applied, such as blur, rotate, and the like, these effects are applied according to techniques known in the art before the imagery is stored. In one embodiment, media player 1106 makes a call to the operating system to specify the location of the file containing the imagery, and to specify what style should be used to show the file, as specified in 1202. In an embodiment using Microsoft Windows, if the Active Desktop is enabled, this call is made through the Active Desktop instead of directly to Windows. Such calls to the Windows operating system and/or the Active Desktop are known in the art. In one embodiment, the operating system makes calls to other applications running on the computer, so that content-related imagery is presented in areas of the screen controlled by the other applications as well.

In one embodiment, the imagery is displayed within the user interface of media player 1106, in addition to or lieu of displaying the imagery as a background on the user's desktop. The user may specify whether the imagery is to be displayed in the user interface, or on the desktop, or both, as desired.

The imagery is displayed 1207 according to the user-selected settings, and may be presented as background wallpaper. If interactive features are displayed 1207, they may be presented in a background context, such as via an Active Desktop environment. Referring now to FIGS. 5 through 8 and 11, there are shown various examples of displaying content-related wallpaper and interactive features according to user-selected settings. FIG. 5 shows an example where desktop 502 is plain and does not contain content-related wallpaper, but media player interface 300 contains window 501 that displays the content-related imagery. Such a screen may be presented, for example, when the user deactivates the content-related wallpaper feature by unchecking box 402 in dialog box 400.

FIG. 6 depicts an example where desktop 502 shows tiled content-related imagery, and media player interface 300 contains window 501 that also displays the content-related imagery. Icons 503 are superimposed on the tiled content-related imagery, in a manner known in the art for displaying wallpaper as a desktop background. Such a screen may be presented, for example, when the user activates the content-related wallpaper feature by checking box 402, and selects the tile option in menu 403 of dialog box 400.

FIG. 7 depicts an example where desktop 502 shows centered content-related imagery, and media player interface 300 contains window 501 that also displays the content-related imagery. Icons 503 are superimposed on the centered content-related imagery, in a manner known in the art for displaying wallpaper as a desktop background. Such a screen may be presented, for example, when the user activates the content-related wallpaper feature by checking box 402, and selects the center option in menu 403 of dialog box 400.

FIG. 8 depicts an example where desktop 502 shows content-related imagery that has been scaled to fit the screen, and media player interface 300 contains window 501 that also displays the content-related imagery. Icons 503 are superimposed on the stretched content-related imagery, in a manner known in the art for displaying wallpaper as a desktop background. Such a screen may be presented, for example, when the user activates the content-related wallpaper feature by checking box 402, and selects the stretch option in menu 403 of dialog box 400.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the imagery can be provided to other applications and/or operating system components instead of or in addition to the wallpaper display shown in the examples of FIGS. 5 through 8. Thus, the imagery may be used as the basis for other display elements on the screen of PC 1101. For example, the color scheme of the imagery may be used for configuring other user interface elements. Alternatively, the imagery may be used as a background bitmap for user interface components in other applications or in operating system 1105. These various implementations allow content-related wallpaper, such as album art, to be seamlessly and effortlessly integrated into the user's desktop and other user interface components, so as to provide an improved user experience when playing content such as music.

In addition, the present invention can, in one embodiment, present interactive features that are related to content being played on media player 1106. Active Desktop functionality, as implemented in the Microsoft Windows operating system, provides the capability for displaying interactive content, such as web pages, in the background area of the user's desktop. In one embodiment of the present invention, the Active Desktop is configured to display, in the background area, web pages and/or other interactive interfaces related to the content being played on media player 1106. As described above in connection with content-related imagery, such content-related interactive interfaces can be specified using media tags imbedded within content being played. For example, tags imbedded in musical content may identify web pages for selling CDs or concert tickets related to the musical content; the Active Desktop functionality can then be used to display the web pages.

Referring now to FIG. 11, there is shown an example where desktop 501 shows a web page with which the user can interact, according to Active Desktop techniques that are known in the art. The particular web page being displayed is determined based on the content being played on media player 1106. For example, a URL embedded in content received by media player 1106 identifies a ticket-purchasing website; the URL is provided to the Active Desktop functionality of the operating system so that the corresponding website can be displayed in desktop 501. Media player interface 300 is shown, along with icons 503 superimposed on the content-related interface. The user may click on links 1101 in the Active Desktop background to view related web pages, to purchase CDs or tickets, and to perform other actions in connection with the web page being displayed. In one embodiment, when a new track is played in media player 1106, the contents of desktop 501 change so as to display another web page having information and links related to content being played.

One skilled in the art will recognize that other techniques may be used for providing a content-related interactive environment. Components such as Active Desktop backgrounds and the like may implement any functionality that can be provided by the user's computer system, in conjunction with attached peripherals and network-connected resources, and that may be triggered by or related to content being played.

In one embodiment, if media player interface 300 is minimized, content-related wallpaper and/or interactive features are still displayed. In another embodiment, if media player interface 300 is minimized, content-related wallpaper/or interactive features are not displayed.

One skilled in the art will recognize that the steps shown in FIG. 10 need not be performed in any particular order. For example, a user might enable the content-related wallpaper feature after content has begun to play. Also, one skilled in the art will recognize that not all the steps shown in FIG. 10 are essential to the invention; for example, the step of choosing 1202 a wallpaper style may be omitted, in which case a predefined wallpaper style may be used, or a wallpaper style may be automatically selected based on the characteristics of the imagery and the screen size.

As will be understood by those familiar with the art, the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. For example, the particular architectures depicted above are merely exemplary of one implementation of the present invention. Many other applications, variations, and implementations of the invention will be apparent to one skilled in the art. Wallpaper and other backgrounds may be applied to particular windows and application elements, instead of or in addition to the desktop itself. In addition, wallpaper artwork may be related to and/or synchronized with other types of content, such as documents, text, web pages, video files, audio files, game play, and the like. Additional options, such as particular colors, distortions, image combinations, and the like, for the particular display of background images may be provided. Wallpaper may contain animations or other special features that are related to the content being displayed or played. Images may also contain advertising material, if desired.

Accordingly, the functional elements and method steps described above are provided as illustrative examples of one technique for implementing the invention; one skilled in the art will recognize that many other implementations are possible without departing from the present invention as recited in the claims. Likewise, the particular capitalization or naming of the modules, protocols, features, attributes, or any other aspect is not mandatory or significant, and the mechanisms that implement the invention or its features may have different names or formats. Accordingly, the disclosure of the present invention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention, which is set forth in the following claims.