Hybrid power systems

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/209,760, entitled “Hybrid Power Systems,” filed Mar. 11, 2009, is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to hybrid power systems for vehicles. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to hybrid power systems for various types of transportation vehicles where the hybrid power systems is partially, or even totally, based on the use of at least one hydraulic system to provide supplemental, or even the primary, motion power for a hybrid vehicle. In another embodiment, the hybrid power systems of the present invention are capable of providing both motion power as well as cabin comfort heating and/or cooling. In still another embodiment, a hybrid vehicle according to the present invention comprises a power generating system and passenger cabin comfort system, wherein the power generating system comprises a thermodynamic working fluid (FA) in a first thermodynamic cycle (C1), a pump (P1), a motor (M1), a high pressure accumulator, a low pressure reservoir, and at least one heat exchanger, wherein the thermodynamic working fluid (FA) is concurrently operable to create either vehicle motion through the motor (M1) or electricity through a generator and is operable to create passenger cabin cooling or heating through the expansion or contraction of the thermodynamic working fluid (FA).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, global warming issues, fuel economy issues, crude oil price and availability issues, hybrid vehicles are becoming more popular today. Various hybrid vehicles are currently on the market today and most rely upon the use of a gasoline, or other fossil fuel, engine that is supplemented in some manner by an electric motor that is driven by battery power. As is well known in the art, the batteries that are used to power hybrid vehicles are both costly and heavy due to the number needed to yield a noticeable increase in vehicle fuel economy. Given this, various other hybrid or alternative power sources are being investigated as methods by which to power transportation vehicles (e.g., cars, trucks, semis, boats, personal water craft, planes, etc). To date, all such hybrid, or alternative fuel, power systems have various drawbacks including, but not limited to, high cost, availability of fueling stations (e.g., hydrogen fueling stations for fuel cell vehicles only currently exist in a few select areas), technical disadvantages (e.g., hybrid systems can be inefficient because of the power drain produced by having to heat and/or cool a passenger compartment), etc. Additionally, a hybrid power system for a transportation vehicle that is able to “do away” with the mechanical transmission necessary in gas/electric hybrids would be able to capture significant fuel savings.

Given the above, there is a need in the art for improved hybrid power systems that are designed to not only power a vehicle for the purposes of motion, but that can also serve to heat or cool a passenger cabin in a more efficient manner.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to hybrid power systems for vehicles. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to hybrid power systems for various types of transportation vehicles where the hybrid power systems is partially, or even totally, based on the use of at least one hydraulic system to provide supplemental, or even the primary, motion power for a hybrid vehicle. In another embodiment, the hybrid power systems of the present invention are capable of providing both motion power as well as cabin comfort heating and/or cooling. In still another embodiment, a hybrid vehicle according to the present invention comprises a power generating system and passenger cabin comfort system, wherein the power generating system comprises a thermodynamic working fluid (FA) in a first thermodynamic cycle (C1), a pump (P1), a motor (M1), a high pressure accumulator, a low pressure reservoir, and at least one heat exchanger, wherein the thermodynamic working fluid (FA) is concurrently operable to create either vehicle motion through the motor (M1) or electricity through a generator and is operable to create passenger cabin cooling or heating through the expansion or contraction of the thermodynamic working fluid (FA).

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a hybrid vehicle comprising: a power generating system; and a passenger cabin comfort system, the system comprising: a thermodynamic working fluid (FA) in a first thermodynamic cycle (C1); a pump (P1); a motor (M1); a high pressure accumulator; a low pressure reservoir; and at least one heat exchanger, wherein the thermodynamic working fluid (FA) is concurrently operable to create either vehicle motion through the motor (M1) or electricity through a generator and is operable to create passenger cabin cooling or heating through expanding the thermodynamic working fluid (FA).

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a hybrid power generating system comprising: a thermodynamic working fluid (FA) in a first thermodynamic cycle (C1); a pump (P1); a motor (M1); a high pressure accumulator; a low pressure reservoir; a first thermodynamic cycle mass regulator operable to control the total mass within the first thermodynamic cycle (C1); a control system and at least one valve to control the mass flow into and out of the high pressure accumulator; at least one heat exchanger; and a heat pump system in a second thermodynamic cycle (C2), wherein the thermodynamic working fluid (FA) is concurrently operable to create vehicle motion through the motor (M1) and to create passenger cabin cooling or heating through the expansion and/or contraction of the thermodynamic working fluid (FA).

In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to a hybrid power generation system comprising: a first thermodynamic cycle (C1) comprising: a thermodynamic working fluid (F1); a high pressure stage (HP1); a low pressure stage (LP1); and a phase change temperature (PC1) at the high pressure stage (HP1); a second thermodynamic cycle (C2) comprising: a thermodynamic working fluid (F2); a high pressure stage (HP2); a low pressure stage (LP2); and a phase change temperature (PC2) at the low pressure stage (LP2), wherein the thermodynamic working fluid (F1) is different from the thermodynamic working fluid (F2), and wherein the phase change temperature (PC1) is lower than the phase change temperature (PC2) by at least 2 degrees Kelvin.

In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to a hybrid vehicle having a power generating system and a passenger shock absorber system comprising: a thermodynamic working fluid (FA) in a first thermodynamic cycle (C1); a pump (P1); a motor (M1); a high pressure accumulator; a low pressure reservoir; and at least one heat exchanger, wherein the thermodynamic working fluid (FA) is concurrently operable to create either vehicle motion through the motor (M1) or electricity through a generator and is operable as the passenger shock absorber system compressing the thermodynamic working fluid (FA).

In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to a hybrid power system as shown and described herein.

In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to a hybrid vehicle comprising at least one of the hybrid power systems shown and described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a parallel-series hybrid power system in accordance with the one embodiment of present invention;

FIG. 2 is a parallel hybrid power system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a hydraulic hybrid power system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a series hybrid power system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention that can be used alone, or in conjunction with, an internal combustion engine;

FIG. 5 is a hydraulic hybrid power system in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a hydraulic hybrid power system in accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 7 is a hydraulic hybrid power system in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to hybrid power systems for vehicles. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to hybrid power systems for various types of transportation vehicles where the hybrid power systems is partially, or even totally, based on the use of at least one hydraulic system to provide supplemental, or even the primary, motion power for a hybrid vehicle. In another embodiment, the hybrid power systems of the present invention are capable of providing both motion power as well as cabin comfort heating and/or cooling. In still another embodiment, a hybrid vehicle according to the present invention comprises a power generating system and passenger cabin comfort system, wherein the power generating system comprises a thermodynamic working fluid (FA) in a first thermodynamic cycle (C1), a pump (P1), a motor (M1), a high pressure accumulator, a low pressure reservoir, and at least one heat exchanger, wherein the thermodynamic working fluid (FA) is concurrently operable to create either vehicle motion through the motor (M1) or electricity through a generator and is operable to create passenger cabin cooling or heating through the expansion and/or contraction of the thermodynamic working fluid (FA).

As used throughout the specification and claims, the term “pump” includes standard pumps as known to those of skill in the art, as well as any device, or devices that can function as a compressor. Also, as used throughout the specification and claims, the term “expander” includes standard expanders as known to those of skill in the art, as well as any device, or devices that can function as an “expander” and a “compressor.” Further, in FIGS. 4, 5, 6, and 7, the term “hydraulic motor” is intended to include those standard hydraulic motors as known to those of skill in the art as well as any device that can alternatively function as a compressor and an expander. Further, in FIG. 2, the engine may be coupled to a pump/compressor as shown in FIG. 6.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a hybrid vehicle having a power generating system and passenger cabin comfort system comprising a thermodynamic working fluid (FA) in a first thermodynamic cycle (C1), a pump (P1), a motor (M1), a high pressure accumulator, a low pressure reservoir, and at least one heat exchanger, wherein the thermodynamic working fluid (FA) is concurrently operable to create either vehicle motion through the motor (M1) or electricity through a generator and is operable to create passenger cabin cooling or heating through expanding the thermodynamic working fluid (FA). In this embodiment, as well as all of the other embodiments of the present invention, the thermodynamic working fluid (FA) can be selected from any suitable thermodynamic working fluid (FA) including, but not limited to, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, air, etc. In one embodiment, the thermodynamic working fluid (FA) is selected from an inert gas such as air, nitrogen or carbon dioxide.

In one embodiment, a hybrid vehicle according to present invention has a thermodynamic working fluid (FA) that is carbon dioxide, and the thermodynamic working fluid (FA) is cycled between the first thermodynamic cycle (C1) having a high pressure stage (HP1) and a low pressure stage (LP1). In one embodiment, the high pressure stage (HP1) has a pressure in the range of about 750 to about 12,000 psi, or from about 750 to about 6,000 psi, or even from about 1,000 to about 3,000 psi. In one embodiment, the low pressure stage (LP1) has a pressure in the range of about 50 to about 1,000 psi, or from about 400 to about 1,000 psi, or even from about 300 to about 750 psi. Here, as well as elsewhere in the specification and claims, individual numerical range values and/or limits can be combined to form new, or non-disclosed, ranges.

In another embodiment, a hybrid vehicle according to the present invention contains therein a power system that utilizes a thermodynamic working fluid (FA) that remains at a pressure greater than the supercritical pressure of such a thermodynamic working fluid (FA) throughout the entire first thermodynamic cycle (C1) when passing through at least one pump (P1) and at least one motor (M1). As is known to those of skill in the art, depending upon the nature of the thermodynamic working fluid (FA), the supercritical pressure will vary. Given this, the power systems of the present invention can be designed to accommodate various different thermodynamic working fluids (FA).

In another embodiment, a hybrid vehicle according an embodiment of the present invention has a thermodynamic working fluid (FA) that is a transcritical working fluid. Additionally, a hybrid vehicle in accordance with the present invention can further comprise a second thermodynamic cycle (C2), wherein the second cycle utilizes the same thermodynamic working fluid (FA) as the first thermodynamic cycle (C1), and wherein the second thermodynamic cycle (C2) comprises a hydraulic pump (P2) and a hydraulic motor (M2).

In another embodiment, a hybrid vehicle according to the present invention utilizes a second thermodynamic cycle (C2) having a high pressure stage (HP2) and a lower pressure stage (LP2), and wherein both (HP2) and (LP2) remain at pressures greater than the thermodynamic working fluid's (FA) supercritical pressure. In one embodiment, the high pressure stage (HP2) has a pressure in the range of about 1,500 to about 12,000 psi, or from about 2,500 to about 6,000 psi, or even from about 3,000 to about 6,000 psi. In one embodiment, the low pressure stage (LP2) has a pressure in the range of about 1,100 to about 3,000 psi, or from about 1,100 to about 2,500 psi, or even from about 1,500 to about 2,000 psi. Here, as well as elsewhere in the specification and claims, individual numerical range values and/or limits can be combined to form new, or non-disclosed, ranges.

In one embodiment, a hybrid vehicle according to the present invention can further comprise a housing enclosure, wherein the motor (M1) and the hydraulic pump (P2) are hermetically sealed in the same housing enclosure. In some embodiments, the hybrid vehicles of the present invention utilize a thermodynamic working fluid (FA) that is a transcritical working fluid.

In one embodiment, a hybrid vehicle according to the present invention can further comprise at least two hydraulic motors (WM1 and WM2) and at least two wheels, wherein the at least two hydraulic motors (WM1 and WM2) drive the hybrid vehicle's at least two wheels. Additionally, in this embodiment, the at least two hydraulic motors (WM1 and WM2) can be magnetically coupled to the at least two wheels.

In another embodiment, a hybrid power generating system in accordance with the present invention comprises a thermodynamic working fluid (FA) in a first thermodynamic cycle (C1); a pump (P1); a motor (M1); a high pressure accumulator; a low pressure reservoir; a first thermodynamic cycle mass regulator operable to control the total mass within the first thermodynamic cycle (C1); a control system and at least one valve to control the mass flow into and out of the high pressure accumulator; at least one heat exchanger; and a heat pump system in a second thermodynamic cycle (C2), wherein the thermodynamic working fluid (FA) is concurrently operable to create vehicle motion through the motor (M1) and to create passenger cabin cooling or heating through the expansion and/or contraction of the thermodynamic working fluid (FA).

In still another embodiment, a hybrid power generating system according to the present invention has at least one valve to regulate mass flow in the second thermodynamic cycle (C2), and wherein the second thermodynamic cycle (C2) is capable of operating independent of the first thermodynamic cycle (C1) by drawing the thermodynamic working fluid (FA) from the high pressure accumulator. In one instance, in the above hybrid power generating system, the first thermodynamic cycle (C1) has a high pressure stage at pressure (HP1), the second thermodynamic cycle (C2) has a high pressure stage at pressure (HP2), and the high pressure stage at pressure (HP2) is lower than the high pressure stage at pressure (HP1). In another instance, in the above hybrid power generating system, the first thermodynamic cycle (C1) has a low pressure stage at pressure (LP1), the second thermodynamic cycle (C2) has a high pressure stage at pressure (HP2), and the low pressure stage at pressure (LP1) is higher than the high pressure stage at pressure (HP2).

In yet another embodiment, a hybrid power generation system according to the present invention has a second thermodynamic cycle (C2) that further comprises a waste heat recovery system from a combustion engine; an expansion device (E2); a waste heat recovery system bypass valve; a condenser and an expansion device, wherein the condenser is upstream of the expansion device and downstream of the waste heat recovery system bypass valve. In one instance, this embodiment also comprises a waste heat recovery external heating valve (VE); a waste heat recovery internal heating valve (VI), wherein the waste heat recovery external heating valve (VE) is upstream of the waste heat recovery internal heating valve (VI), wherein the waste heat recovery external heating valve is operable to heat a heat transfer fluid (FB).

In one instance, a hybrid power generation system according to the present invention has, at an ambient temperature (OT), a first thermodynamic cycle (C1) having a condensing temperature (CT1), wherein the first thermodynamic cycle (C1) has a peak high pressure temperature (PK1), and wherein the total mass (TM1) within the first thermodynamic cycle (C1) is a dynamic function of at least one temperature selected from the ambient temperature (OT), the condensing temperature (CT1), or the peak high pressure temperature (PK1). In one embodiment, the ambient temperature (OT) is in the range of about −40° C. to about 60° C., or from about −30° C. to about 50° C., or even from about −20° C. to about 40° C. Here, as well as elsewhere in the specification and claims, individual numerical range values and/or limits can be combined to form new, or non-disclosed, ranges.

In another instance, a hybrid power generation system according to the present invention has, at an ambient temperature (OT), a thermodynamic cycle (C1) having a condensing temperature (CT1), wherein the first thermodynamic cycle (C1) has a peak high pressure temperature (PK1), and wherein the peak high pressure temperature (PK1) is a dynamic function of at least one temperature selected from the ambient temperature (OT) or the condensing temperature (CT1). In one embodiment, the ambient temperature (OT) is in the ranges discussed above, while the condensing temperature (CT1) is in the range of about −10° C. to about 60° C., or from about 0° C. to about 50° C., or even from about 10° C. to about 30° C. Here, as well as elsewhere in the specification and claims, individual numerical range values and/or limits can be combined to form new, or non-disclosed, ranges.

In yet another embodiment, a hybrid power generation system according to the present invention has a pressure ratio (PR1) between the low pressure stage (LP1) and the high pressure stage (HP1) of (HP1) divided by (LP1), wherein the peak high pressure temperature (PK1) is a dynamic function of the pressure ratio (PR1). Here the pressure ranges for (LP1) and (HP1) are within the ranges discussed above.

In yet another embodiment, a hybrid power generation system according to the present invention comprises a first thermodynamic cycle (C1) comprising a thermodynamic working fluid (F1); a high pressure stage (HP1); a low pressure stage (LP1); and a phase change temperature (PC1) at the high pressure stage (HP1); a second thermodynamic cycle (C2) comprising a thermodynamic working fluid (F2); a high pressure stage (HP2); a low pressure stage (LP2); and a phase change temperature (PC2) at the low pressure stage (LP2), wherein the thermodynamic working fluid (F1) is different from the thermodynamic working fluid (F2), and wherein the phase change temperature (PC1) is lower than the phase change temperature (PC2) by at least 2 degrees Kelvin. Here the pressure ranges for (LP1), (LP2), (HP1) and (HP1) are within the ranges discussed above.

In one instance, a hybrid power generation system according to the above embodiment utilizes a second thermodynamic cycle (C2) that is an absorption heat pump cycle comprising an absorbent (AB2), and an absorber, wherein the thermodynamic working fluid (F2) is the absorbate of the absorption heat pump, wherein the first thermodynamic cycle (C1) is in fluid communication with the second thermodynamic cycle (C2) absorber, wherein the absorber produces heat of absorption when the thermodynamic working fluid (F2) is mixed with the absorbent (AB2), and wherein the heat of absorption is transferred from the second thermodynamic cycle (C2) to the first thermodynamic cycle (C1).

In another instance, a hybrid power generation system according to the present invention utilizes a heat of absorption at a temperature (AT2), wherein the temperature (AT2) is greater than the phase change temperature (PC1) by at least 2 degrees Kelvin, having a first thermodynamic working fluid (F1) within a thermodynamic cycle having a high pressure (HP1), has an expander inlet temperature (EIT1), and has a low pressure (LP1); and a second thermodynamic working fluid (F2) within a second thermodynamic cycle in thermal communication with the first thermodynamic cycle having a high pressure (HP2), a pump discharge temperature (PDT2), an expander inlet temperature (EIT2). In yet another instance, a hybrid power generation system according to the present invention utilizes the heat of vaporization from the phase change of the thermodynamic working fluid (F2) from vapor to liquid (or from supercritical fluid to liquid) to change the phase of the thermodynamic working fluid (F1) from a liquid to vapor (or from liquid to supercritical fluid), wherein the temperature (AT2) is greater than the phase change temperature (PC1) by at least 2 degrees Kelvin. The pressures for (LP1), (LP2), (HP1), and (HP2) are dynamically determined to ensure the phase change of both thermodynamic cycles overlap as a function of temperature. In one embodiment, the temperature for (AT2) is in the range of about 90° C. to about 160° C., or from about 110° C. to about 150° C., or even from about 120° C. to about 140° C. Here, as well as elsewhere in the specification and claims, individual numerical range values and/or limits can be combined to form new, or non-disclosed, ranges.

In still yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to a hybrid vehicle having a power generating system and a passenger shock absorber system comprising a thermodynamic working fluid (FA) in a first thermodynamic cycle (C1); a pump (P1); a motor (M1); a high pressure accumulator; a low pressure reservoir; and at least one heat exchanger, wherein the thermodynamic working fluid (FA) is concurrently operable to create either vehicle motion through the motor (M1) or electricity through a generator and is operable as the passenger shock absorber system compressing the thermodynamic working fluid (FA).

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will not be discussed with reference to the attached Figures. Such embodiments are merely exemplary in nature and not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention in any manner. With regard to FIGS. 1 through 6, like reference numerals refer to like parts.

FIG. 1 depicts a parallel-series hybrid configuration of a hybrid power system 100 in a vehicle 102 having wheels 104 and front and rear axles 106 and 108, respectively. As would be apparent to those of skill in the art, the hybrid power system 100 can be applied to any type of vehicle including, but not limited to, cars, trucks, semis, boats, personal water craft, and planes. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, axle 108 has a transmission 110 that is operatively coupled to a parallel-series controller 112. Controller 112 is also operatively coupled to a hydraulic motor 114, a pump 116 and an engine 118. Engine 118 can be a fossil fuel-based engine, an alternative fuel-based engine, an electrical motor/engine, or any other type of engine so long as engine 118 can supply power to controller 112. Turning to hydraulic motor 114 and pump 116, these portions of hybrid power system 100 are in fluid connection with reservoir 120 and accumulator 122 via a suitable array of hydraulic piping 124. Given this, the hydraulic portion of hybrid power system 100 contains therein a suitable working fluid, or even a suitable thermodynamic working fluid. Such fluids include, but are not limited to, typical hydraulic fluids (e.g., hydraulic oils), or even inert gases that are contained within the system under pressure so as to place them in a fluidic state, or supercritical state. Such inert gases include, but are not limited to, those discussed above. Based upon the actions of controller 112, vehicle 102 is powered by either one or both of hydraulic motor 114 and engine 118 via power routed through transmission 110.

Turning to FIG. 2, system 200 of FIG. 2 is similar in many respects to system 100 of FIG. 1 except that controller 112 and hydraulic motor 114 have been replaced by a combination of an engine 218 and a pump/expander 230. As can be seen from FIG. 2, engine 218 and a pump/expander 230 are operatively connected to one another and to transmission 210 via a fluidic and/or hydraulic drive line 232. Additionally, the embodiment of Figure contains hydraulic piping 124 that is connected to pump/expander 230, accumulator 122, reservoir 120, heat capture device 234, and the cabin heating and cooling unit 236. Given this, the system 200 of this embodiment is not only able to provide power to transmission 210 to move vehicle 102, but provide power, heat and/or heat removal to cabin heating and cooling unit 236. Heat capture device 234 is designed to both capture external usable heat and to dissipate excess internal heat generated by system 200 depending upon the circumstances encountered.

Turning to FIG. 3, system 300 of FIG. 3 is similar in many respects to system 200 of FIG. 2 except that transmission 210 has been replaced by a pump/motor 340 that can be plugged in via plug 342 and recharged via, for example, a battery pack or some other suitable electrical charge storing device (not shown). Additionally, heat capture device 234 has been replaced by a combustor 344 that is designed to generate, when needed, extra heat to feed into the fluidic portion of system 300. As can be seen from FIG. 3, piping 124, that contains therein a suitable working fluid or a thermodynamic working fluid, is operatively connected to pump/motor 340 so as to supply additional fluid-based power to pump/motor 340.

Turning to FIG. 4, system 400 of FIG. 4 is similar in many respects to system 300 of FIG. 3 except that pump/motor 340 has been replaced by an hydraulic motor 350, and combustor 344 has been replaced by generator 352, regenerator 354, and cab heat exchanger and condenser 356. Additionally, this embodiment further includes a proportional control valve 358. As can be seen from FIG. 4, system 400 not only drives motor 350 but serves to “power” cabin heating and cooling unit 236.

Turning to FIG. 5, system 500 of FIG. 5 is a combination of various elements of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. As can be seen from FIG. 5, system 500 “powers” not only hydraulic motor 350 but also, as desired, cabin heating and cooling unit 236. In the embodiment of this Figure, engine 218 can be any suitable type of engine discussed above and acts to power, or supplement, pump 116 when needed.

Turning to FIG. 6, system 600 of FIG. 6 is nearly identical to that of system 500 of FIG. 5 except that a plug-in functionality 680 has been added in connection with hydraulic motor 350 so as to supplement the power delivered to hydraulic motor 350. The plug-in portion of system 600 can function via any suitable charge storing device such as batteries (e.g., Ni—Cd batteries or lithium ion batteries).

Turning to FIG. 7, system 700 of FIG. 7 is nearly identical to that of system 500 of FIG. 5 except that a compressor 790 has been added to the system to provide pressure control to the working fluid, or fluids, of the hybrid power system.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a refrigeration system comprising: a vapor compressor having a working fluid (A) at an inlet pressure of (p1), wherein (p1) is less than the supercritical pressure of working fluid A, wherein the vapor compressor is hydraulically driven by a working fluid (B) at an inlet pressure (p2) and a discharge pressure (p3), wherein the working fluid (B) is comprised of at least one component being working fluid (A), and wherein the inlet pressure (p2) is greater than the supercritical pressure of working fluid (A) operable to increase energy efficiency of vapor compressor. In one embodiment, in the above refrigeration system the discharge pressure (p3) has a density (D3), wherein the inlet pressure (p2) has a density (D2), and wherein the ratio of (D3) to (D2) is less than 1.0:0.65.

In another embodiment, the above refrigeration system utilizes a working fluid (B) that is further comprised of an absorbent of the working fluid (A). In still another embodiment, the above refrigeration system utilizes a working fluid (B) that further comprises an absorbent of the working fluid (A) operable as a lubricant to the vapor compressor.

In still another embodiment, the above refrigeration system further comprises a power generating system having an expander, wherein the power generating system has a working fluid (C) comprised of at least one component including working fluid (A). In still another embodiment, the above refrigeration system utilizes a working fluid (A) that is an organic refrigerant. In still another embodiment, the above refrigeration system utilizes a working fluid (A) is an inorganic refrigerant. In still another embodiment, the above refrigeration system according utilizes a working fluid (A) is an ionic liquid.

In yet another embodiment, the above refrigeration system further comprises an absorption heat pump wherein the absorption heat pump has a working fluid (D) comprised of at least one component including working fluid (A). In still another embodiment, the above refrigeration system further comprises of a pressure amplifier. In still another embodiment, the above refrigeration system utilizes a vapor compressor that is hydraulically driven by the working fluid (B) and wherein the working fluid (B) is operable as weak solution of the absorption heat pump. In still another embodiment, the above refrigeration system further comprises a pressure amplifier wherein the weak solution pressure is increased by the pressure amplifier prior to expanding through the vapor compressor operable as a hydraulically driven device by working fluid (B) to compress the working fluid (A).

In still another embodiment, the systems of the present invention can further permit the utilization of the working fluid (e.g., thermodynamic fluid) post-expander discharge (engine circuit) or expansion valve (air conditioning circuit) to provide cooling to one or more electrical generators. In one embodiment, the generator is can be comprised of an inner rotor that is void of permanent magnets. In another embodiment, the generator has an inner rotor that is a direct double helix design. In still another embodiment, the generator is comprised of a control system that is capable of modulating the electrical/magnetic field intensity.

In one instance, the expander of a system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, if present, is a ramjet. In another embodiment, the expander, if present, is a rim-rotor ramjet. In still another embodiment, the expander, if present, is a rim-rotor ramjet that has a rim-rotor that is comprised of an air bearing/air-foil bearing. In one instance, the configuration of the electrical generator is such that the electrical generator inner rotor is interior to the rim-rotor inner rotor. In another embodiment, the configuration of the electrical generator is such that the electrical generator outer rotor is the rim-rotor of the ramjet. In still another embodiment, the configuration of the electrical generator is such that the electrical generator outer rotor is external of the rim-rotor of the ramjet. In still another embodiment, the system of the present invention further comprises an air bearing that utilizes the thermodynamic cycle of the working fluid.

In still another embodiment, the system of the present invention has an electrical generator designed in such a manner that the electrical generator's inner rotor and outer rotor both have diameters less than the ramjet rim-rotor, whereby either the electrical generator inner rotor or the outer rotor is connected to the ramjet output shaft, and the other is free from the ramjet output shaft.

In still another embodiment, a system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention comprises an expander that is connected to both an electrical generator and a hydraulic pump. In yet another embodiment, a system in accordance with the present invention further comprises a control system such that the control system varies the electrical generator electrical/magnetic flux to provide a relatively constant torque between the sum of the torque from the hydraulic pump and electrical generator.

In still another embodiment, a system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is a power generating system with an integrated heat pump or vapor compressor in combination with at least one heat exchanger, wherein the power generating system and the heat pump or vapor compressor system utilize the same working fluid, and wherein the working fluid is pulsed into the at least one heat exchanger operable to increase the energy efficiency of the system (coefficient of performance). In one embodiment, this system comprises at least one heat exchanger that is comprised of at least two heat exchangers, and wherein a working fluid is pulsed sequentially into the at least one heat exchanger.

In still another embodiment, a system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is a power generating system with an integrated heat pump or vapor compressor system, wherein the power generating system and the heat pump or vapor compressor system utilize the same working fluid, and wherein the heat pump or vapor compressor system is a hydraulically driven device utilizing the same working fluid wherein the working fluid for the hydraulically driven device remains at above the supercritical pressure of the working fluid operable to increase energy efficiency of the power generating system. In one embodiment, this system utilizes a working fluid where such a fluid for the hydraulically driven device remains above the supercritical pressure of the working fluid and the working fluid at the high-side pressure of the hydraulically driven device has a density that is no greater than 35% more than the low-side pressure of the hydraulically driven device. In another embodiment, the density is no greater than 20%, or even no greater than 10%.

In one embodiment, the working fluid, or fluids, of the present invention can be further selected from the group of organic working fluids (as known in the art), HVAC refrigerants (as known in the art), inorganic working fluids including ammonia and water, and ionic liquids.

As would be apparent to those of skill in the art, the systems of the present invention, although described in relation to land vehicles (e.g., cars), is applicable to any type of vehicle.

Although the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain embodiments detailed herein, other embodiments can achieve the same results. Variations and modifications of the present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and the present invention is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications and equivalents.