DIGITAL CAMERA WITH POSTCARD PRINTING

Description

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/831,235 filed Apr. 26, 2004, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/112,743 filed on Jul. 10, 1998, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,727,951 all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to digital cameras and in particular, the onboard processing of image data captured by the camera.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Recently, digital cameras have become increasingly popular. These cameras normally operate by means of imaging a desired image utilising a charge coupled device (CCD) array and storing the imaged scene on an electronic storage medium for later down loading onto a computer system for subsequent manipulation and printing out. Normally, when utilising a computer system to print out an image, sophisticated software may available to manipulate the image in accordance with requirements.

Unfortunately such systems require significant post processing of a captured image and normally present the image in an orientation to which it was taken, relying on the post processing process to perform any necessary or required modifications of the captured image. Also, much of the environmental information available when the picture was taken is lost. Furthermore, the type or size of the media substrate and the types of ink used to print the image can also affect the image quality. Accounting for these factors during post processing of the captured image data can be complex and time consuming.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the present invention provides a digital camera comprising:

an image sensor for capturing an image;

an image processor for processing image data from the image sensor and transmitting processed data to a printhead; and,

an effects interface for user input of one or more predetermined image manipulations; such that,

the processed data transmitted to the printhead incorporate the selected image manipulations.

The present invention allows the user to perform many common image manipulations when the image is captured by inputting required effect via the interface. This permits the user to print the images in the camera without first downloading to a desktop system.

Preferably, data relating to the image manipulations are stored on separate portable memory devices for connection to the effects interface.

In a further preferred form, the image manipulations comprise image rotations, borders, text or clip art.

In yet another preferred form, further adapted for use with a media cartridge comprising a supply of media substrate on which images can be printed, and an information store with information relating to the media substrate, wherein the camera further comprises a cartridge interface for accessing the information such that the image processor can utilise the information relating to the media substrate.

The camera accesses information about the media substrate so that the image processor can utilise the information to enhance the quality of the printed image.

Preferably, the media substrate has postcard formatting printed on its reverse surface so that the camera can produce personalised postcards, and the information store has the dimensions of the postcard formatting to allow the image processor to align printed images with the postcard formatting.

In a further preferred form the cartridge further comprises an ink supply for the printhead and the information store is an authentication chip that allows the image processor to confirm that the media substrate and the ink supply is suitable for use with the camera.

According to a related aspect, there is provided a digital camera for sensing and storing an image, the camera comprising:

an image sensor with a charge coupled device (CCD) for capturing image data relating to a sensed image, and an auto exposure setting for adjusting the image data captured by the CCD in response to the lighting conditions at image capture; and,

an image processor for processing image data from the CCD and storing the processed data; wherein,

the image processor is adapted to use information from the auto exposure setting relating to the lighting conditions at image capture when processing the image data from the CCD.

Utilising the auto exposure setting to determine an advantageous re-mapping of colours within the image allows the processor to produce an amended image having colours within an image transformed to account of the auto exposure setting. The processing can comprise re-mapping image colours so they appear deeper and richer when the exposure setting indicates low light conditions and re-mapping image colours to be brighter and more saturated when the auto exposure setting indicates bright light conditions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings which:

FIG. 1A illustrates an example camera device;

FIG. 1B illustrates the method of operation of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 2 illustrates a form of print roll ready for purchase by a consumer;

FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view, partly in section, of an alternative form of a print roll;

FIG. 4 is a left side exploded perspective view of the print roll of FIG. 3; and,

FIG. 5 is a right side exploded perspective view of a single print roll.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

The preferred embodiment is preferable implemented through suitable programming of a hand held camera device such as that described in the present applicant's application entitled “A Digital Image Printing Camera with Image Processing Capability”, the content of which is hereby specifically incorporated by cross reference and the details of which, and other related applications are set out in the tables below. An example of a camera device 100 is shown in FIG. 1A.

The aforementioned patent specification discloses a camera system, hereinafter known as an “Artcam” type camera, wherein sensed images can be directly printed out by an Artcam portable camera unit. Further, the aforementioned specification discloses means and methods for performing various manipulations on images captured by the camera sensing device leading to the production of various effects in any output image. The manipulations are disclosed to be highly flexible in nature and can be implemented through the insertion into the Artcam of cards having encoded thereon various instructions for the manipulation of images, the cards hereinafter being known as Artcards. The Artcam further has significant onboard processing power by an Artcam Central Processor unit (ACP) which is interconnected to a memory device for the storage of important data and images.

In the preferred embodiment, the Artcam has an auto exposure sensor for determining the light level associated with the captured image. This auto exposure sensor is utilised to process the image in accordance with the set light value so as to enhance portions of the image.

Preferably, the area image sensor includes a means for determining the light conditions when capturing an image. The area image sensor adjusts the dynamic range of values captured by the CCD in accordance with the detected level sensor. The captured image is transferred to the Artcam central processor and stored in the memory store. Intensity information, as determined by the area image sensor, is also forwarded to the ACP. This information is utilised by the Artcam central processor to manipulate the stored image to enhance certain effects.

Turning now to FIG. 1, the auto exposure setting information 1 is utilised in conjunction with the stored image 2 to process the image by utilising the ACP. The processed image is returned to the memory store for later printing out 4 on the output printer.

A number of processing steps can be undertaken in accordance with the determined light conditions. Where the auto exposure setting 1 indicates that the image was taken in a low light condition, the image pixel colours are selectively re-mapped so as to make the image colours stronger, deeper and richer.

Where the auto exposure information indicates that highlight conditions were present when the image was taken, the image colours can be processed to make them brighter and more saturated. The re-colouring of the image can be undertaken by conversion of the image to a hue-saturation-value (HSV) format and an alteration of pixel values in accordance with requirements. The pixel values can then be output converted to the required output colour format of printing.

Of course, many different re-colouring techniques may be utilised. Preferably, the techniques are clearly illustrated on the pre-requisite Artcard inserted into the reader.

Alternatively, the image processing algorithms can be automatically applied and hard-wired into the camera for utilization in certain conditions.

Alternatively, the Artcard inserted could have a number of manipulations applied to the image which are specific to the auto-exposure setting. For example, clip arts containing candles etc could be inserted in a dark image and large suns inserted in bright images.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 to 5, the Artcam prints the images onto media stored in a replaceable print roll 5. In some preferred embodiments, the operation of the camera device is such that when a series of images is printed on a first surface of the print roll, the corresponding backing surface has a ready made postcard which can be immediately dispatched at the nearest post office box within the jurisdiction. In this way, personalized postcards can be created.

It would be evident that when utilising the postcard system as illustrated FIG. 2 only predetermined image sizes are possible as the synchronization between the backing postcard portion and the front image must be maintained. This can be achieved by utilising the memory portions of the authentication chip stored within the print roll 5 to store details of the length of each postcard backing format sheet. This can be achieved by either having each postcard the same size or by storing each size within the print rolls on-board print chip memory.

In an alternative embodiment, there is provided a modified form of print roll which can be constructed mostly from injection moulded plastic pieces suitably snapped fitted together. The modified form of print roll has a high ink storage capacity in addition to a somewhat simplified construction. The print media onto which the image is to be printed is wrapped around a plastic sleeve former for simplified construction. The ink media reservoir has a series of air vents which are constructed so as to minimise the opportunities for the ink flow out of the air vents. Further, a rubber seal is provided for the ink outlet holes with the rubber seal being pierced on insertion of the print roll into a camera system. Further, the print roll includes a print media ejection slot and the ejection slot includes a surrounding moulded surface which provides and assists in the accurate positioning of the print media ejection slot relative to the printhead within the printing or camera system.

Turning to FIG. 3 there is illustrated a single point roll unit 5 in an assembled form with a partial cutaway showing internal portions of the print roll. FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 illustrate left and right side exploded perspective views respectively. The print roll 5 is constructed around the internal core portion 6 which contains an internal ink supply. Outside of the core portion 6 is provided a former 7 around which is wrapped a paper or film supply 8. Around the paper supply it is constructed two cover pieces 9, 10 which snap together around the print roll so as to form a covering unit as illustrated in FIG. 3. The bottom cover piece 10 includes a slot 11 through which the output of the print media 12 for interconnection with the camera system.

Two pinch rollers 13, 14 are provided to pinch the paper against a drive pinch roller 15 so they together provide for a decurling of the paper around the roller 15. The decurling acts to negate the strong curl that may be imparted to the paper from being stored in the form of print roll for an extended period of time. The rollers 13, 14 are provided to form a snap fit with end portions of the cover base portion 10 and the roller 15 which includes a cogged end 16 for driving, snap fits into the upper cover piece 9 so as to pinch the paper 12 firmly between.

The cover pieces 9, 10 includes an end protuberance or lip 17. The end lip 17 is provided for accurately alignment of the exit hole of the paper with a corresponding printing heat platen structure within the camera system. In this way, accurate alignment or positioning of the exiting paper relative to an adjacent printhead is provided for full guidance of the paper to the printhead.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

The present invention is best utilized in the Artcam device, the details of which are set out in the following paragraphs.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal inkjet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal inkjet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric inkjet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per print head, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewide print heads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the inkjet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new inkjet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the inkjet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. 45 different inkjet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table below.

The inkjet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the print head is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the print head is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the inkjet type. The smallest print head designed is IJ38, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The print heads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the print head by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The print head is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

CROSS-REFERENCED APPLICATIONS

The following table is a guide to cross-referenced patent applications filed concurrently herewith and discussed hereinafter with the reference being utilized in subsequent tables when referring to a particular case:

Docket
No	Reference	Title

IJ01US	6227652	Radiant Plunger Ink Jet Printer
IJ02US	6213588	Electrostatic Ink Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ03US	6213589	Planar Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink
		Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ04US	6231163	Stacked Electrostatic Ink Jet Printing
		Mechanism
IJ05US	6247795	Reverse Spring Lever Ink Jet Printing
		Mechanism
IJ06US	6394581	Paddle Type Ink Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ07US	6244691	Ink Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ08US	6257704	Planar Swing Grill Electromagnetic Ink
		Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ09US	6416168	Pump Action Refill Ink Jet Printing
		Mechanism
IJ10US	6220694	Pulsed Magnetic Field Ink Jet Printing
		Mechanism
IJ11US	6257705	Two Plate Reverse Firing Electromagnetic
		Ink Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ12US	6247794	Linear Stepper Actuator Ink Jet Printing
		Mechanism
IJ13US	6234610	Gear Driven Shutter Ink Jet Printing
		Mechanism
IJ14US	6247793	Tapered Magnetic Pole Electromagnetic
		Ink Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ15US	6264306	Linear Spring Electromagnetic Grill Ink
		Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ16US	6241342	Lorenz Diaphragm Electromagnetic Ink Jet
		Printing Mechanism
IJ17US	6247792	PTFE Surface Shooting Shuttered
		Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet Printing
		Mechanism
IJ18US	6264307	Buckle Grill Oscillating Pressure Ink
		Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ19US	6254220	Shutter Based Ink Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ20US	6234611	Curling Calyx Thermoelastic Ink Jet
		Printing Mechanism
IJ21US	6302528	Thermal Actuated Ink Jet Printing
		Mechanism
IJ22US	6283582	Iris Motion Ink Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ23US	6239821	Direct Firing Thermal Bend Actuator Ink
		Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ24US	6338547	Conductive PTFE Bend Actuator Vented Ink
		Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ25US	6247796	Magnetostrictive Ink Jet Printing
		Mechanism
IJ26US	6557977	Shape Memory Alloy Ink Jet Printing
		Mechanism
IJ27US	6390603	Buckle Plate Ink Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ28US	6362843	Thermal Elastic Rotary Impeller Ink Jet
		Printing Mechanism
IJ29US	6293653	Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet
		Printing Mechanism
IJ30US	6312107	Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Using PTFE
		Corrugated Heater Ink Jet Printing
		Mechanism
IJ31US	6227653	Bend Actuator Direct Ink Supply Ink Jet
		Printing Mechanism
IJ32US	6234609	High Young's Modulus Thermoelastic Ink
		Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ33US	6238040	Thermally Actuated Slotted Chamber Wall
		Ink Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ34US	6188415	Ink Jet Printer having a Thermal
		Actuator Comprising an External Coil
		Spring
IJ35US	6227654	Trough Container Ink Jet Printing
		Mechanism with Paddle
IJ36US	6209989	Dual Chamber Single Actuator Ink Jet
		Printing Mechanism
IJ37US	6247791	Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Fulcrum
		Actuator Ink Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ38US	6336710	Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Actuator
		Ink Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ39US	6217153	Single Bend Actuator Cupped Paddle Ink
		Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ40US	6416167	Thermally Actuated Ink Jet Printing
		Mechanism having a Series of Thermal
		Actuator Units
IJ41US	6243113	Thermally Actuated Ink Jet Printing
		Mechanism including a Tapered Heater
		Element
IJ42US	6283581	Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink
		Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ43US	6247790	Inverted Radial Back-Curling
		Thermoelastic Ink Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ44US	6260953	Surface Bend Actuator Vented Ink Supply
		Ink Jet Printing Mechanism
IJ45US	6267469	A Solenoid Actuated Magnetic Plate Ink
		Jet Printing Mechanism

Tables of Drop-on-Demand Inkjets

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual inkjet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of inkjet types.

Actuator mechanism (18 types)

Basic operation mode (7 types)

Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)

Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)

Actuator motion (19 types)

Nozzle refill method (4 types)

Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)

Nozzle clearing method (9 types)

Nozzle plate construction (9 types)

Drop ejection direction (5 types)

Ink type (7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of inkjet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable inkjet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain inkjet types have been investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45 above.

Other inkjet configurations can readily be derived from these 45 examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into inkjet print heads with characteristics superior to any currently available inkjet technology.

Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the examples column. In some cases, a printer may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.

Actuator Mechanism (Applied Only to Selected Ink Drops)

Actuator
Mechanism	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
Thermal	An electrothermal heater heats the	Large force generated	High power	Canon Bubblejet 1979
bubble	ink to above boiling point,	Simple construction	Ink carrier limited to water	Endo et al GB
	transferring significant heat to the	No moving parts	Low efficiency	patent 2,007,162
	aqueous ink. A bubble nucleates	Fast operation	High temperatures required	Xerox heater-in-pit
	and quickly forms, expelling the	Small chip area required for	High mechanical stress	1990 Hawkins et al
	ink.	actuator	Unusual materials required	U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181
	The efficiency of the process is		Large drive transistors	Hewlett-Packard TIJ
	low, with typically less than		Cavitation causes actuator failure	1982 Vaught et al
	0.05% of the electrical energy		Kogation reduces bubble formation	U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,728
	being transformed into kinetic		Large print heads are difficult to
	energy of the drop.		fabricate
Piezoelectric	A piezoelectric crystal such as	Low power consumption	Very large area required for actuator	Kyser et al U.S. Pat. No.
	lead lanthanum zirconate (PZT) is	Many ink types can be used	Difficult to integrate with electronics	3,946,398
	electrically activated, and either	Fast operation	High voltage drive transistors required	Zoltan U.S. Pat.
	expands, shears, or bends to apply	High efficiency	Full pagewidth print heads impractical	No. 3,683,212
	pressure to the ink, ejecting drops.		due to actuator size	1973 Stemme U.S.
			Requires electrical poling in high field	Pat. No. 3,747,120
			strengths during manufacture	Epson Stylus
				Tektronix IJ04
Electro-	An electric field is used to	Low power consumption	Low maximum strain (approx. 0.01%)	Seiko Epson, Usui et
strictive	activate electrostriction in relaxor	Many ink types can be used	Large area required for actuator due to	all JP 253401/96
	materials such as lead lanthanum	Low thermal expansion	low strain	IJ04
	zirconate titanate (PLZT) or lead	Electric field strength	Response speed is marginal (~ 10 μs)
	magnesium niobate (PMN).	required (approx. 3.5 V/μm)	High voltage drive transistors required
		can be generated	Full pagewidth print heads impractical
		without difficulty	due to actuator size
		Does not require electrical
		poling
Ferroelectric	An electric field is used to induce	Low power consumption	Difficult to integrate with electronics	IJ04
	a phase transition between the	Many ink types can be used	Unusual materials such as PLZSnT are
	antiferroelectric (AFE) and	Fast operation (<1 μs)	required
	ferroelectric (FE) phase.	Relatively high longitudinal	Actuators require a large area
	Perovskite materials such as tin	strain
	modified lead lanthanum	High efficiency
	zirconate titanate (PLZSnT)	Electric field strength of
	exhibit large strains of up to 1%	around 3 V/μm can be
	associated with the AFE to FE	readily provided
	phase transition.
Electrostatic	Conductive plates are separated	Low power consumption	Difficult to operate electrostatic	IJ02, IJ04
plates	by a compressible or fluid	Many ink types can be used	devices in an aqueous environment
	dielectric (usually air). Upon	Fast operation	The electrostatic actuator will
	application of a voltage, the plates		normally need to be separated from
	attract each other and displace		the ink
	ink, causing drop ejection. The		Very large area required to achieve
	conductive plates may be in a		high forces
	comb or honeycomb structure, or		High voltage drive transistors may be
	stacked to increase the surface		required
	area and therefore the force.		Full pagewidth print heads are not
			competitive due to actuator size
Electrostatic	A strong electric field is applied	Low current consumption	High voltage required	1989 Saito et al,
pull on ink	to the ink, whereupon electrostatic	Low temperature	May be damaged by sparks due to air	U.S. Pat. No. 4,799,068
	attraction accelerates the ink		breakdown	1989 Miura et al,
	towards the print medium.		Required field strength increases as	U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,954
			the drop size decreases	Tone-jet
			High voltage drive transistors required
			Electrostatic field attracts dust
Permanent	An electromagnet directly attracts	Low power consumption	Complex fabrication	IJ07, IJ10
magnet	a permanent magnet, displacing	Many ink types can be used	Permanent magnetic material such as
electro-	ink and causing drop ejection.	Fast operation	Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB)
magnetic	Rare earth magnets with a field	High efficiency	required.
	strength around 1 Tesla can be	Easy extension from single	High local currents required
	used. Examples are: Samarium	nozzles to pagewidth	Copper metalization should be used
	Cobalt (SaCo) and magnetic	print heads	for long electromigration lifetime
	materials in the neodymium iron		and low resistivity
	boron family (NdFeB,		Pigmented inks are usually infeasible
	NdDyFeBNb, NdDyFeB, etc)		Operating temperature limited to the
			Curie temperature (around 540 K)
Soft magnetic	A solenoid induced a magnetic	Low power consumption	Complex fabrication	IJ01, IJ05, IJ08, IJ10
core electro-	field in a soft magnetic core or	Many ink types can be used	Materials not usually present in a	IJ12, IJ14, IJ15, IJ17
magnetic	yoke fabricated from a ferrous	Fast operation	CMOS fab such as NiFe, CoNiFe,
	material such as electroplated iron	High efficiency	or CoFe are required
	alloys such as CoNiFe [1], CoFe,	Easy extension from single	High local currents required
	or NiFe alloys. Typically, the soft	nozzles to pagewidth	Copper metalization should be used
	magnetic material is in two parts,	print heads	for long electromigration lifetime
	which are normally held apart by		and low resistivity
	a spring. When the solenoid is		Electroplating is required
	actuated, the two parts attract,		High saturation flux density is
	displacing the ink.		required (2.0-2.1 T is achievable
			with CoNiFe [1])
Magnetic	The Lorenz force acting on a	Low power consumption	Force acts as a twisting motion	IJ06, IJ11, IJ13, IJ16
Lorenz force	current carrying wire in a	Many ink types can be used	Typically, only a quarter of the
	magnetic field is utilized.	Fast operation	solenoid length provides force in a
	This allows the magnetic field to	High efficiency	useful direction
	be supplied externally to the print	Easy extension from single	High local currents required
	head, for example with rare earth	nozzles to pagewidth	Copper metalization should be used
	permanent magnets.	print heads	for long electromigration lifetime
	Only the current carrying wire		and low resistivity
	need be fabricated on the print-		Pigmented inks are usually infeasible
	head, simplifying materials
	requirements.
Magneto-	The actuator uses the giant	Many ink types can be used	Force acts as a twisting motion	Fischenbeck,
striction	magnetostrictive effect of	Fast operation	Unusual materials such as Terfenol-D	U.S. Pat. No. 4,032,929
	materials such as Terfenol-D (an	Easy extension from single	are required	IJ25
	alloy of terbium, dysprosium and	nozzles to pagewidth	High local currents required
	iron developed at the Naval	print heads	Copper metalization should be used
	Ordnance Laboratory, hence Ter-	High force is available	for long electromigration lifetime
	Fe-NOL). For best efficiency, the		and low resistivity
	actuator should be pre-stressed to		Pre-stressing may be required
	approx. 8 MPa.
Surface	Ink under positive pressure is held	Low power consumption	Requires supplementary force to effect	Silverbrook, EP 0771
tension	in a nozzle by surface tension.	Simple construction	drop separation	658 A2 and related
reduction	The surface tension of the ink is	No unusual materials	Requires special ink surfactants	patent applications
	reduced below the bubble	required in fabrication	Speed may be limited by surfactant
	threshold, causing the ink to	High efficiency	properties
	egress from the nozzle.	Easy extension from single
		nozzles to pagewidth
		print heads
Viscosity	The ink viscosity is locally	Simple construction	Requires supplementary force to effect	Silverbrook, EP 0771
reduction	reduced to select which drops are	No unusual materials	drop separation	658 A2 and related
	to be ejected. A viscosity	required in fabrication	Requires special ink viscosity	patent applications
	reduction can be achieved	Easy extension from single	properties
	electrothermally with most inks,	nozzles to pagewidth	High speed is difficult to achieve
	but special inks can be engineered	print heads	Requires oscillating ink pressure
	for a 100:1 viscosity reduction.		A high temperature difference
			(typically 80 degrees) is required
Acoustic	An acoustic wave is generated and	Can operate without a	Complex drive circuitry	1993 Hadimioglu et
	focussed upon the drop ejection	nozzle plate	Complex fabrication	al, EUP 550,192
	region.		Low efficiency	1993 Elrod et al, EUP
			Poor control of drop position	572,220
			Poor control of drop volume
Thermoelastic	An actuator which relies upon	Low power consumption	Efficient aqueous operation requires a	IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, IJ18
bend	differential thermal expansion	Many ink types can be used	thermal insulator on the hot side	IJ19, IJ20, IJ21, IJ22
actuator	upon Joule heating is used.	Simple planar fabrication	Corrosion prevention can be difficult	IJ23, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28
		Small chip area required for	Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as	IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32
		each actuator	pigment particles may jam the bend	IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36
		Fast operation	actuator	IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40
		High efficiency		IJ41
		CMOS compatible voltages
		and currents
		Standard MEMS processes
		can be used
		Easy extension from single
		nozzles to pagewidth
		print heads
High CTE	A material with a very high	High force can be generated	Requires special material (e.g. PTFE)	IJ09, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20
thermoelastic	coefficient of thermal expansion	PTFE is a candidate for low	Requires a PTFE deposition process,	IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24
actuator	(CTE) such as	dielectric constant	which is not yet standard in ULSI	IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30
	polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is	insulation in ULSI	fabs	IJ31, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44
	used. As high CTE materials are	Very low power	PTFE deposition cannot be followed
	usually non-conductive, a heater	consumption	with high temperature (above 350° C.)
	fabricated from a conductive	Many ink types can be used	processing
	material is incorporated. A 50 μm	Simple planar fabrication	Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as
	long PTFE bend actuator with	Small chip area required for	pigment particles may jam the bend
	polysilicon heater and 15 mW	each actuator	actuator
	power input can provide 180 μN	Fast operation
	force and 10 μm deflection.	High efficiency
	Actuator motions include:	CMOS compatible voltages
	1) Bend	and currents
	2) Push	Easy extension from single
	3) Buckle	nozzles to pagewidth
	4) Rotate	print heads
Conductive	A polymer with a high coefficient	High force can be generated	Requires special materials	IJ24
polymer	of thermal expansion (such as	Very low power	development (High CTE conductive
thermoelastic	PTFE) is doped with conducting	consumption	polymer)
actuator	substances to increase its	Many ink types can be used	Requires a PTFE deposition process,
	conductivity to about 3 orders of	Simple planar fabrication	which is not yet standard in ULSI
	magnitude below that of copper.	Small chip area required for	fabs
	The conducting polymer expands	each actuator	PTFE deposition cannot be followed
	when resistively heated.	Fast operation	with high temperature (above 350° C.)
	Examples of conducting dopants	High efficiency	processing
	include:	CMOS compatible voltages	Evaporation and CVD deposition
	1) Carbon nanotubes	and currents	techniques cannot be used
	2) Metal fibers	Easy extension from single	Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as
	3) Conductive polymers such as	nozzles to pagewidth	pigment particles may jam the bend
	doped polythiophene	print heads	actuator
	4) Carbon granules
Shape	A shape memory alloy such as	High force is available	Fatigue limits maximum number of	IJ26
memory alloy	TiNi (also known as Nitinol -	(stresses of hundreds of	cycles
	Nickel Titanium alloy developed	MPa)	Low strain (1%) is required to extend
	at the Naval Ordnance	Large strain is available	fatigue resistance
	Laboratory) is thermally switched	(more than 3%)	Cycle rate limited by heat removal
	between its weak martensitic state	High corrosion resistance	Requires unusual materials (TiNi)
	and its high stiffness austenic	Simple construction	The latent heat of transformation must
	state. The shape of the actuator in	Easy extension from single	be provided
	its martensitic state is deformed	nozzles to pagewidth	High current operation
	relative to the austenic shape. The	print heads	Requires pre-stressing to distort the
	shape change causes ejection of a	Low voltage operation	martensitic state
	drop.
Linear	Linear magnetic actuators include	Linear Magnetic actuators	Requires unusual semiconductor	IJ12
Magnetic	the Linear Induction Actuator	can be constructed with	materials such as soft magnetic
Actuator	(LIA), Linear Permanent Magnet	high thrust, long travel,	alloys (e.g. CoNiFe [1])
	Synchronous Actuator (LPMSA),	and high efficiency using	Some varieties also require permanent
	Linear Reluctance Synchronous	planar semiconductor	magnetic materials such as
	Actuator (LRSA), Linear	fabrication techniques	Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB)
	Switched Reluctance Actuator	Long actuator travel is	Requires complex multi-phase drive
	(LSRA), and the Linear Stepper	available	circuitry
	Actuator (LSA).	Medium force is available	High current operation
		Low voltage operation

Basic Operation Mode

Operational mode	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
Actuator directly	This is the simplest mode of	Simple operation	Drop repetition rate is usually limited	Thermal inkjet
pushes ink	operation: the actuator directly	No external fields required	to less than 10 KHz. However, this	Piezoelectric inkjet
	supplies sufficient kinetic energy	Satellite drops can be	is not fundamental to the method,	IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, IJ04
	to expel the drop. The drop must	avoided if drop velocity is	but is related to the refill method	IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ09
	have a sufficient velocity to	less than 4 m/s	normally used	IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, IJ16
	overcome the surface tension.	Can be efficient, depending	All of the drop kinetic energy must be	IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24
		upon the actuator used	provided by the actuator	IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, IJ28
			Satellite drops usually form if drop	IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32
			velocity is greater than 4.5 m/s	IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36
				IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40
				IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44
Proximity	The drops to be printed are	Very simple print head	Requires close proximity between the	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	selected by some manner (e.g.	fabrication can be used	print head and the print media or	658 A2 and related
	thermally induced surface tension	The drop selection means	transfer roller	patent applications
	reduction of pressurized ink).	does not need to provide	May require two print heads printing
	Selected drops are separated from	the energy required to	alternate rows of the image
	the ink in the nozzle by contact	separate the drop from the	Monolithic color print heads are
	with the print medium or a	nozzle	difficult
	transfer roller.
Electrostatic	The drops to be printed are	Very simple print head	Requires very high electrostatic field	Silverbrook, EP 0771
pull on ink	selected by some manner (e.g.	fabrication can be used	Electrostatic field for small nozzle	658 A2 and related
	thermally induced surface tension	The drop selection means	sizes is above air breakdown	patent applications
	reduction of pressurized ink).	does not need to provide	Electrostatic field may attract dust	Tone-Jet
	Selected drops are separated from	the energy required to
	the ink in the nozzle by a strong	separate the drop from the
	electric field.	nozzle
Magnetic pull on	The drops to be printed are	Very simple print head	Requires magnetic ink	Silverbrook, EP 0771
ink	selected by some manner (e.g.	fabrication can be used	Ink colors other than black are	658 A2 and related
	thermally induced surface tension	The drop selection means	difficult	patent applications
	reduction of pressurized ink).	does not need to provide	Requires very high magnetic fields
	Selected drops are separated from	the energy required to
	the ink in the nozzle by a strong	separate the drop from the
	magnetic field acting on the	nozzle
	magnetic ink.
Shutter	The actuator moves a shutter to	High speed (>50 KHz)	Moving parts are required	IJ13, IJ17, IJ21
	block ink flow to the nozzle. The	operation can be achieved	Requires ink pressure modulator
	ink pressure is pulsed at a	due to reduced refill time	Friction and wear must be considered
	multiple of the drop ejection	Drop timing can be very	Stiction is possible
	frequency.	accurate
		The actuator energy can be
		very low
Shuttered	The actuator moves a shutter to	Actuators with small travel	Moving parts are required	IJ08, IJ15, IJ18, IJ19
grill	block ink flow through a grill to	can be used	Requires ink pressure modulator
	the nozzle. The shutter movement	Actuators with small force	Friction and wear must be considered
	need only be equal to the width of	can be used	Stiction is possible
	the grill holes.	High speed (>50 KHz)
		operation can be achieved
Pulsed	A pulsed magnetic field attracts	Extremely low energy	Requires an external pulsed magnetic	IJ10
magnetic pull	an ‘ink pusher’ at the drop	operation is possible	field
on ink pusher	ejection frequency. An actuator	No heat dissipation	Requires special materials for both the
	controls a catch, which prevents	problems	actuator and the ink pusher
	the ink pusher from moving when		Complex construction
	a drop is not to be ejected.

Auxiliary Mechanism (Applied to all Nozzles)

Auxiliary
Mechanism	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
None	The actuator directly fires the ink	Simplicity of construction	Drop ejection energy must be supplied	Most inkjets,
	drop, and there is no external field	Simplicity of operation	by individual nozzle actuator	including
	or other mechanism required.	Small physical size		piezoelectric and
				thermal bubble.
				IJ01-IJ07, IJ09, IJ11
				IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22
				IJ23-IJ45
Oscillating	The ink pressure oscillates,	Oscillating ink pressure can	Requires external ink pressure	Silverbrook, EP 0771
ink pressure	providing much of the drop	provide a refill pulse,	oscillator	658 A2 and related
(including	ejection energy. The actuator	allowing higher operating	Ink pressure phase and amplitude must	patent applications
acoustic	selects which drops are to be fired	speed	be carefully controlled	IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17
stimulation)	by selectively blocking or	The actuators may operate	Acoustic reflections in the ink	IJ18, IJ19, IJ21
	enabling nozzles. The ink pressure	with much lower energy	chamber must be designed for
	oscillation may be achieved by	Acoustic lenses can be used
	vibrating the print head, or	to focus the sound on the
	preferably by an actuator in the	nozzles
	ink supply.
Media proximity	The print head is placed in close	Low power	Precision assembly required	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	proximity to the print medium.	High accuracy	Paper fibers may cause problems	658 A2 and related
	Selected drops protrude from the	Simple print head	Cannot print on rough substrates	patent applications
	print head further than unselected	construction
	drops, and contact the print
	medium. The drop soaks into the
	medium fast enough to cause drop
	separation.
Transfer	Drops are printed to a transfer	High accuracy	Bulky	Silverbrook, EP 0771
roller	roller instead of straight to the	Wide range of print	Expensive	658 A2 and related
	print medium. A transfer roller	substrates can be used	Complex construction	patent applications
	can also be used for proximity	Ink can be dried on the		Tektronix hot melt
	drop separation.	transfer roller		piezoelectric inkjet
				Any of the IJ series
Electrostatic	An electric field is used to	Low power	Field strength required for separation	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	accelerate selected drops towards	Simple print head	of small drops is near or above air	658 A2 and related
	the print medium.	construction	breakdown	patent applications
				Tone-Jet
Direct	A magnetic field is used to	Low power	Requires magnetic ink	Silverbrook, EP 0771
magnetic	accelerate selected drops of	Simple print head	Requires strong magnetic field	658 A2 and related
field	magnetic ink towards the print	construction		patent applications
	medium.
Cross	The print head is placed in a	Does not require magnetic	Requires external magnet	IJ06, IJ16
magnetic	constant magnetic field. The	materials to be integrated	Current densities may be high,
field	Lorenz force in a current carrying	in the print head	resulting in electromigration
	wire is used to move the actuator.	manufacturing process	problems
Pulsed	A pulsed magnetic field is used to	Very low power operation is	Complex print head construction	IJ10
magnetic	cyclically attract a paddle, which	possible	Magnetic materials required in print
field	pushes on the ink. A small	Small print head size	head
	actuator moves a catch, which
	selectively prevents the paddle
	from moving.

Actuator Amplification or Modification Method

Actuator
amplification	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
None	No actuator mechanical	Operational simplicity	Many actuator mechanisms have	Thermal Bubble Inkjet
	amplification is used. The actuator		insufficient travel, or insufficient	IJ01, IJ02, IJ06, IJ07
	directly drives the drop ejection		force, to efficiently drive the drop	IJ16, IJ25, IJ26
	process.		ejection process
Differential	An actuator material expands	Provides greater travel in a	High stresses are involved	Piezoelectric
expansion	more on one side than on the	reduced print head area	Care must be taken that the materials	IJ03, IJ09, IJ17-IJ24
bend actuator	other. The expansion may be	The bend actuator converts	do not delaminate	IJ27, IJ29-IJ39, IJ42,
	thermal, piezoelectric,	a high force low travel	Residual bend resulting from high	IJ43, IJ44
	magnetostrictive, or other	actuator mechanism to	temperature or high stress during
	mechanism.	high travel, lower force	formation
		mechanism.
Transient	A trilayer bend actuator where the	Very good temperature	High stresses are involved	IJ40, IJ41
bend actuator	two outside layers are identical.	stability	Care must be taken that the materials
	This cancels bend due to ambient	High speed, as a new drop	do not delaminate
	temperature and residual stress.	can be fired before heat
	The actuator only responds to	dissipates
	transient heating of one side or the	Cancels residual stress of
	other.	formation
Actuator	A series of thin actuators are	Increased travel	Increased fabrication complexity	Some piezoelectric
stack	stacked. This can be appropriate	Reduced drive voltage	Increased possibility of short circuits	ink jets
	where actuators require high		due to pinholes	IJ04
	electric field strength, such as
	electrostatic and piezoelectric
	actuators.
Multiple	Multiple smaller actuators are	Increases the force available	Actuator forces may not add linearly,	IJ12, IJ13, IJ18, IJ20
actuators	used simultaneously to move the	from an actuator	reducing efficiency	IJ22, IJ28, IJ42, IJ43
	ink. Each actuator need provide	Multiple actuators can be
	only a portion of the force	positioned to control ink
	required.	flow accurately
Linear Spring	A linear spring is used to	Matches low travel actuator	Requires print head area for the	IJ15
	transform a motion with small	with higher travel	spring
	travel and high force into a longer	requirements
	travel, lower force motion.	Non-contact method of
		motion transformation
Reverse	The actuator loads a spring. When	Better coupling to the ink	Fabrication complexity	IJ05, IJ11
spring	the actuator is turned off, the		High stress in the spring
	spring releases. This can reverse
	the force/distance curve of the
	actuator to make it compatible
	with the force/time requirements
	of the drop ejection.
Coiled	A bend actuator is coiled to	Increases travel	Generally restricted to planar	IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35
actuator	provide greater travel in a reduced	Reduces chip area	implementations due to extreme
	chip area.	Planar implementations are	fabrication difficulty in other
		relatively easy to	orientations.
		fabricate.
Flexure bend	A bend actuator has a small	Simple means of increasing	Care must be taken not to exceed the	IJ10, IJ19, IJ33
actuator	region near the fixture point,	travel of a bend actuator	elastic limit in the flexure area
	which flexes much more readily		Stress distribution is very uneven
	than the remainder of the actuator.		Difficult to accurately model with
	The actuator flexing is effectively		finite element analysis
	converted from an even coiling to
	an angular bend, resulting in
	greater travel of the actuator tip.
Gears	Gears can be used to increase	Low force, low travel	Moving parts are required	IJ13
	travel at the expense of duration.	actuators can be used	Several actuator cycles are required
	Circular gears, rack and pinion,	Can be fabricated using	More complex drive electronics
	ratchets, and other gearing	standard surface MEMS	Complex construction
	methods can be used.	processes	Friction, friction, and wear are
			possible
Catch	The actuator controls a small	Very low actuator energy	Complex construction	IJ10
	catch. The catch either enables or	Very small actuator size	Requires external force
	disables movement of an ink		Unsuitable for pigmented inks
	pusher that is controlled in a bulk
	manner.
Buckle plate	A buckle plate can be used to	Very fast movement	Must stay within elastic limits of the	S. Hirata et al, “An
	change a slow actuator into a fast	achievable	materials for long device life	Ink-jet Head . . . ”,
	motion. It can also convert a high		High stresses involved	Proc. IEEE MEMS,
	force, low travel actuator into a		Generally high power requirement	February 1996, pp 418-423.
	high travel, medium force motion.			IJ18, IJ27
Tapered	A tapered magnetic pole can	Linearizes the magnetic	Complex construction	IJ14
magnetic	increase travel at the expense of	force/distance curve
pole	force.
Lever	A lever and fulcrum is used to	Matches low travel actuator	High stress around the fulcrum	IJ32, IJ36, IJ37
	transform a motion with small	with higher travel
	travel and high force into a	requirements
	motion with longer travel and	Fulcrum area has no linear
	lower force. The lever can also	movement, and can be
	reverse the direction of travel.	used for a fluid seal
Rotary	The actuator is connected to a	High mechanical advantage	Complex construction	IJ28
impeller	rotary impeller. A small angular	The ratio of force to travel	Unsuitable for pigmented inks
	deflection of the actuator results	of the actuator can be
	in a rotation of the impeller vanes,	matched to the nozzle
	which push the ink against	requirements by varying
	stationary vanes and out of the	the number of impeller
	nozzle.	vanes
Acoustic lens	A refractive or diffractive (e.g.	No moving parts	Large area required	1993 Hadimioglu et
	zone plate) acoustic lens is used to		Only relevant for acoustic ink jets	al, EUP 550,192
	concentrate sound waves.			1993 Elrod et al, EUP
				572,220
Sharp	A sharp point is used to	Simple construction	Difficult to fabricate using standard	Tone-jet
conductive	concentrate an electrostatic field.		VLSI processes for a surface
point			ejecting ink-jet
			Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets

Actuator Motion

Actuator
motion	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
Volume	The volume of the actuator	Simple construction in the	High energy is typically required to	Hewlett-Packard
expansion	changes, pushing the ink in all	case of thermal ink jet	achieve volume expansion. This	Thermal Inkjet
	directions.		leads to thermal stress, cavitation,	Canon Bubblejet
			and kogation in thermal ink jet
			implementations
Linear,	The actuator moves in a direction	Efficient coupling to ink	High fabrication complexity may be	IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ07
normal to	normal to the print head surface.	drops ejected normal to	required to achieve perpendicular	IJ11, IJ14
chip surface	The nozzle is typically in the line	the surface	motion
	of movement.
Linear,	The actuator moves parallel to the	Suitable for planar	Fabrication complexity	IJ12, IJ13, IJ15, IJ33,
parallel to	print head surface. Drop ejection	fabrication	Friction	IJ34, IJ35, IJ36
chip surface	may still be normal to the surface.		Stiction
Membrane	An actuator with a high force but	The effective area of the	Fabrication complexity	1982 Howkins U.S. Pat. No.
push	small area is used to push a stiff	actuator becomes the	Actuator size	4,459,601
	membrane that is in contact with	membrane area	Difficulty of integration in a VLSI
	the ink.		process
Rotary	The actuator causes the rotation of	Rotary levers may be used	Device complexity	IJ05, IJ08, IJ13, IJ28
	some element, such a grill or	to increase travel	May have friction at a pivot point
	impeller	Small chip area
		requirements
Bend	The actuator bends when	A very small change in	Requires the actuator to be made from	1970 Kyser et al U.S. Pat. No.
	energized. This may be due to	dimensions can be	at least two distinct layers, or to	3,946,398
	differential thermal expansion,	converted to a large	have a thermal difference across the	1973 Stemme U.S. Pat. No.
	piezoelectric expansion,	motion.	actuator	3,747,120
	magnetostriction, or other form of			IJ03, IJ09, IJ10, IJ19
	relative dimensional change.			IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ29
				IJ30, IJ31, IJ33, IJ34
				IJ35
Swivel	The actuator swivels around a	Allows operation where the	Inefficient coupling to the ink motion	IJ06
	central pivot. This motion is	net linear force on the
	suitable where there are opposite	paddle is zero
	forces applied to opposite sides of	Small chip area
	the paddle, e.g. Lorenz force.	requirements
Straighten	The actuator is normally bent, and	Can be used with shape	Requires careful balance of stresses to	IJ26, IJ32
	straightens when energized.	memory alloys where the	ensure that the quiescent bend is
		austenic phase is planar	accurate
Double bend	The actuator bends in one	One actuator can be used to	Difficult to make the drops ejected by	IJ36, IJ37, IJ38
	direction when one element is	power two nozzles.	both bend directions identical.
	energized, and bends the other	Reduced chip size.	A small efficiency loss compared to
	way when another element is	Not sensitive to ambient	equivalent single bend actuators.
	energized.	temperature
Shear	Energizing the actuator causes a	Can increase the effective	Not readily applicable to other	1985 Fishbeck U.S. Pat. No.
	shear motion in the actuator	travel of piezoelectric	actuator mechanisms	4,584,590
	material.	actuators
Radial	The actuator squeezes an ink	Relatively easy to fabricate	High force required	1970 Zoltan U.S. Pat. No.
constriction	reservoir, forcing ink from a	single nozzles from glass	Inefficient	3,683,212
	constricted nozzle.	tubing as macroscopic	Difficult to integrate with VLSI
		structures	processes
Coil/uncoil	A coiled actuator uncoils or coils	Easy to fabricate as a planar	Difficult to fabricate for non-planar	IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35
	more tightly. The motion of the	VLSI process	devices
	free end of the actuator ejects the	Small area required,	Poor out-of-plane stiffness
	ink.	therefore low cost
Bow	The actuator bows (or buckles) in	Can increase the speed of	Maximum travel is constrained	IJ16, IJ18, IJ27
	the middle when energized.	travel	High force required
		Mechanically rigid
Push-Pull	Two actuators control a shutter.	The structure is pinned at	Not readily suitable for inkjets which	IJ18
	One actuator pulls the shutter, and	both ends, so has a high	directly push the ink
	the other pushes it.	out-of-plane rigidity
Curl inwards	A set of actuators curl inwards to	Good fluid flow to the	Design complexity	IJ20, IJ42
	reduce the volume of ink that they	region behind the actuator
	enclose.	increases efficiency
Curl	A set of actuators curl outwards,	Relatively simple	Relatively large chip area	IJ43
outwards	pressurizing ink in a chamber	construction
	surrounding the actuators, and
	expelling ink from a nozzle in the
	chamber.
Iris	Multiple vanes enclose a volume	High efficiency	High fabrication complexity	IJ22
	of ink. These simultaneously	Small chip area	Not suitable for pigmented inks
	rotate, reducing the volume
	between the vanes.
Acoustic	The actuator vibrates at a high	The actuator can be	Large area required for efficient	1993 Hadimioglu et
vibration	frequency.	physically distant from	operation at useful frequencies	al, EUP 550,192
		the ink	Acoustic coupling and crosstalk	1993 Elrod et al, EUP
			Complex drive circuitry	572,220
			Poor control of drop volume and
			position
None	In various ink jet designs the	No moving parts	Various other tradeoffs are required to	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	actuator does not move.		eliminate moving parts	658 A2 and related
				patent applications
				Tone-jet

Nozzle Refill Method

Nozzle refill
method	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
Surface tension	After the actuator is energized, it	Fabrication simplicity	Low speed	Thermal inkjet
	typically returns rapidly to its	Operational simplicity	Surface tension force relatively small	Piezoelectric inkjet
	normal position. This rapid return		compared to actuator force	IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14
	sucks in air through the nozzle		Long refill time usually dominates the	IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45
	opening. The ink surface tension		total repetition rate
	at the nozzle then exerts a small
	force restoring the meniscus to a
	minimum area.
Shuttered oscillating	Ink to the nozzle chamber is	High speed	Requires common ink pressure	IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17
ink pressure	provided at a pressure that	Low actuator energy, as the	oscillator	IJ18, IJ19, IJ21
	oscillates at twice the drop	actuator need only open	May not be suitable for pigmented
	ejection frequency. When a drop	or close the shutter,	inks
	is to be ejected, the shutter is	instead of ejecting the ink
	opened for 3 half cycles: drop	drop
	ejection, actuator return, and
	refill.
Refill actuator	After the main actuator has	High speed, as the nozzle is	Requires two independent actuators	IJ09
	ejected a drop a second (refill)	actively refilled	per nozzle
	actuator is energized. The refill
	actuator pushes ink into the nozzle
	chamber. The refill actuator
	returns slowly, to prevent its
	return from emptying the chamber
	again.
Positive ink pressure	The ink is held a slight positive	High refill rate, therefore a	Surface spill must be prevented	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	pressure. After the ink drop is	high drop repetition rate	Highly hydrophobic print head	658 A2 and related
	ejected, the nozzle chamber fills	is possible	surfaces are required	patent applications
	quickly as surface tension and ink			Alternative for:
	pressure both operate to refill the			IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14
	nozzle.			IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45

Method of Restricting Back-Flow Through Inlet

Inlet back-
flow
restriction
method	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
Long inlet channel	The ink inlet channel to the nozzle	Design simplicity	Restricts refill rate	Thermal inkjet
	chamber is made long and	Operational simplicity	May result in a relatively large chip	Piezoelectric inkjet
	relatively narrow, relying on	Reduces crosstalk	area	IJ42, IJ43
	viscous drag to reduce inlet back-		Only partially effective
	flow.
Positive ink pressure	The ink is under a positive	Drop selection and	Requires a method (such as a nozzle	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	pressure, so that in the quiescent	separation forces can be	rim or effective hydrophobizing, or	658 A2 and related
	state some of the ink drop already	reduced	both) to prevent flooding of the	patent applications
	protrudes from the nozzle.	Fast refill time	ejection surface of the print head.	Possible operation of
	This reduces the pressure in the			the following:
	nozzle chamber which is required			IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12
	to eject a certain volume of ink.			IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22,
	The reduction in chamber			IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ41
	pressure results in a reduction in			IJ44
	ink pushed out through the inlet.
Baffle	One or more baffles are placed in	The refill rate is not as	Design complexity	HP Thermal Ink Jet
	the inlet ink flow. When the	restricted as the long inlet	May increase fabrication complexity	Tektronix
	actuator is energized, the rapid ink	method.	(e.g. Tektronix hot melt	piezoelectric ink jet
	movement creates eddies which	Reduces crosstalk	Piezoelectric print heads).
	restrict the flow through the inlet.
	The slower refill process is
	unrestricted, and does not result in
	eddies.
Flexible flap	In this method recently disclosed	Significantly reduces back-	Not applicable to most inkjet	Canon
restricts inlet	by Canon, the expanding actuator	flow for edge-shooter	configurations
	(bubble) pushes on a flexible flap	thermal ink jet devices	Increased fabrication complexity
	that restricts the inlet.		Inelastic deformation of polymer flap
			results in creep over extended use
Inlet filter	A filter is located between the ink	Additional advantage of ink	Restricts refill rate	IJ04, IJ12, IJ24, IJ27
	inlet and the nozzle chamber. The	filtration	May result in complex construction	IJ29, IJ30
	filter has a multitude of small	Ink filter may be fabricated
	holes or slots, restricting ink flow.	with no additional
	The filter also removes particles	process steps
	which may block the nozzle.
Small inlet compared	The ink inlet channel to the nozzle	Design simplicity	Restricts refill rate	IJ02, IJ37, IJ44
to nozzle	chamber has a substantially		May result in a relatively large chip
	smaller cross section than that of		area
	the nozzle, resulting in easier ink		Only partially effective
	egress out of the nozzle than out
	of the inlet.
Inlet shutter	A secondary actuator controls the	Increases speed of the ink-	Requires separate refill actuator and	IJ09
	position of a shutter, closing off	jet print head operation	drive circuit
	the ink inlet when the main
	actuator is energized.
The inlet is located	The method avoids the problem of	Back-flow problem is	Requires careful design to minimize	IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06
behind the	inlet back-flow by arranging the	eliminated	the negative pressure behind the	IJ07, IJ10, IJ11, IJ14
ink-pushing surface	ink-pushing surface of the		paddle	IJ16, IJ22, IJ23, IJ25
	actuator between the inlet and the			IJ28, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33
	nozzle.			IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ39
				IJ40, IJ41
Part of the	The actuator and a wall of the ink	Significant reductions in	Small increase in fabrication	IJ07, IJ20, IJ26, IJ38
actuator	chamber are arranged so that the	back-flow can be	complexity
moves to	motion of the actuator closes off	achieved
shut off the	the inlet.	Compact designs possible
inlet
Nozzle	In some configurations of ink jet,	Ink back-flow problem is	None related to ink back-flow on	Silverbrook, EP 0771
actuator does	there is no expansion or	eliminated	actuation	658 A2 and related
not result in	movement of an actuator which			patent applications
ink back-flow	may cause ink back-flow through			Valve-jet
	the inlet.			Tone-jet
				IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17
				IJ18, IJ19, IJ21

Nozzle Clearing Method

Nozzle
Clearing
method	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
Normal	All of the nozzles are fired	No added complexity on the	May not be sufficient to displace dried	Most ink jet systems
nozzle firing	periodically, before the ink has a	print head	ink	IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12
	chance to dry. When not in use			IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22
	the nozzles are sealed (capped)			IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ45
	against air.
	The nozzle firing is usually
	performed during a special
	clearing cycle, after first moving
	the print head to a cleaning
	station.
Extra power to	In systems which heat the ink, but	Can be highly effective if	Requires higher drive voltage for	Silverbrook, EP 0771
ink heater	do not boil it under normal	the heater is adjacent to	clearing	658 A2 and related
	situations, nozzle clearing can be	the nozzle	May require larger drive transistors	patent applications
	achieved by over-powering the
	heater and boiling ink at the
	nozzle.
Rapid succession	The actuator is fired in rapid	Does not require extra drive	Effectiveness depends substantially	May be used with:
of actuator pulses	succession. In some	circuits on the print head	upon the configuration of the inkjet	IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ11
	configurations, this may cause	Can be readily controlled	nozzle	IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22
	heat build-up at the nozzle which	and initiated by digital		IJ23-IJ25, IJ27-IJ34
	boils the ink, clearing the nozzle.	logic		IJ36-IJ45
	In other situations, it may cause
	sufficient vibrations to dislodge
	clogged nozzles.
Extra power	Where an actuator is not normally	A simple solution where	Not suitable where there is a hard limit	May be used with:
to ink	driven to the limit of its motion,	applicable	to actuator movement	IJ03, IJ09, IJ16, IJ20
pushing	nozzle clearing may be assisted by			IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ27
actuator	providing an enhanced drive			IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32
	signal to the actuator.			IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42
				IJ43, IJ44, IJ45
Acoustic	An ultrasonic wave is applied to	A high nozzle clearing	High implementation cost if system	IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17
resonance	the ink chamber. This wave is of	capability can be	does not already include an acoustic	IJ18, IJ19, IJ21
	an appropriate amplitude and	achieved	actuator
	frequency to cause sufficient force	May be implemented at very
	at the nozzle to clear blockages,	low cost in systems which
	This is easiest to achieve if the	already include acoustic
	ultrasonic wave is at a resonant	actuators
	frequency of the ink cavity.
Nozzle	A microfabricated plate is pushed	Can clear severely clogged	Accurate mechanical alignment is	Silverbrook, EP 0771
clearing plate	against the nozzles. The plate has	nozzles	required	658 A2 and related
	a post for every nozzle. The array		Moving parts are required	patent applications
	of posts		There is risk of damage to the nozzles
			Accurate fabrication is required
Ink pressure	The pressure of the ink is	May be effective where	Requires pressure pump or other	May be used with all
pulse	temporarily increased so that ink	other methods cannot be	pressure actuator	IJ series ink jets
	streams from all of the nozzles.	used	Expensive
	This may be used in conjunction		Wasteful of ink
	with actuator energizing.
Print head	A flexible ‘blade’ is wiped across	Effective for planar print	Difficult to use if print head surface is	Many ink jet systems
wiper	the print head surface. The blade	head surfaces	non-planar or very fragile
	is usually fabricated from a	Low cost	Requires mechanical parts
	flexible polymer, e.g. rubber or		Blade can wear out in high volume
	synthetic elastomer.		print systems
Separate ink	A separate heater is provided at	Can be effective where	Fabrication complexity	Can be used with
boiling heater	the nozzle although the normal	other nozzle clearing		many IJ series ink
	drop e-ection mechanism does	methods cannot be used		jets
	not require it. The heaters do not	Can be implemented at no
	require individual drive circuits,	additional cost in some
	as many nozzles can be cleared	inkjet configurations
	simultaneously, and no imaging is
	required.

Nozzle Plate Construction

Nozzle plate
construction	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
Electroformed	A nozzle plate is separately	Fabrication simplicity	High temperatures and pressures are	Hewlett Packard
nickel	fabricated from electroformed		required to bond nozzle plate	Thermal Inkjet
	nickel, and bonded to the print		Minimum thickness constraints
	head chip.		Differential thermal expansion
Laser ablated	Individual nozzle holes are	No masks required	Each hole must be individually formed	Canon Bubblejet
or drilled	ablated by an intense UV laser in	Can be quite fast	Special equipment required	1988 Sercel et al.,
polymer	a nozzle plate, which is typically a	Some control over nozzle	Slow where there are many thousands	SPIE, Vol. 998
	polymer such as polyimide or	profile is possible	of nozzles per print head	Excimer Beam
	polysulphone	Equipment required is	May produce thin burrs at exit holes	Applications, pp.
		relatively low cost		76-83
				1993 Watanabe et al.,
				U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,604
Silicon micro-	A separate nozzle plate is	High accuracy is attainable	Two part construction	K. Bean, IEEE
machined	micromachined from single		High cost	Transactions on
	crystal silicon, and bonded to the		Requires precision alignment	Electron Devices,
	print head wafer.		Nozzles may be clogged by adhesive	Vol. ED-25, No. 10,
				1978, pp 1185-1195
				Xerox 1990 Hawkins
				et al., U.S. Pat. No.
				4,899,181
Glass	Fine glass capillaries are drawn	No expensive equipment	Very small nozzle sizes are difficult to	1970 Zoltan U.S. Pat. No.
capillaries	from glass tubing. This method	required	form	3,683,212
	has been used for making	Simple to make single	Not suited for mass production
	individual nozzles, but is difficult	nozzles
	to use for bulk manufacturing of
	print heads with thousands of
	nozzles.
Monolithic,	The nozzle plate is deposited as a	High accuracy (<1 μm)	Requires sacrificial layer under the	Silverbrook, EP 0771
surface	layer using standard VLSI	Monolithic	nozzle plate to form the nozzle	658 A2 and related
micro-	deposition techniques. Nozzles	Low cost	chamber	patent applications
machined	are etched in the nozzle plate	Existing processes can be	Surface may be fragile to the touch	IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ11
using VLSI	using VLSI lithography and	used		IJ12, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20
lithographic	etching.			IJ22, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28
processes				IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32
				IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37
				IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41
				IJ42, IJ43, IJ44
Monolithic,	The nozzle plate is a buried etch	High accuracy (<1 μm)	Requires long etch times	IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, IJ07
etched	stop in the wafer. Nozzle	Monolithic	Requires a support wafer	IJ08, IJ09, IJ10, IJ13
through	chambers are etched in the front	Low cost		IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, IJ19
substrate	of the wafer, and the wafer is	No differential expansion		IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, IJ26
	thinned from the back side.
	Nozzles are then etched in the
	etch stop layer.
No nozzle	Various methods have been tried	No nozzles to become	Difficult to control drop position	Ricoh 1995 Sekiya et
plate	to eliminate the nozzles entirely,	clogged	accurately	al U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,413
	to prevent nozzle clogging. These		Crosstalk problems	1993 Hadimioglu et al
	include thermal bubble			EUP 550,192
	mechanisms and acoustic lens			1993 Elrod et al EUP
	mechanisms			572,220
Trough	Each drop ejector has a trough	Reduced manufacturing	Drop firing direction is sensitive to	IJ35
	through which a paddle moves.	complexity	wicking.
	There is no nozzle plate.	Monolithic
Nozzle slit	The elimination of nozzle holes	No nozzles to become	Difficult to control drop position	1989 Saito et al U.S. Pat.
instead of	and replacement by a slit	clogged	accurately	No. 4,799,068
individual	encompassing many actuator		Crosstalk problems
nozzles	positions reduces nozzle clogging,
	but increases crosstalk due to ink
	surface waves

Drop Ejection Direction

Ejection
direction	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
Edge	Ink flow is along the surface of	Simple construction	Nozzles limited to edge	Canon Bubblejet 1979
(‘edge shooter’)	the chip, and ink drops are ejected	No silicon etching required	High resolution is difficult	Endo et al GB
	from the chip edge.	Good heat sinking via	Fast color printing requires one print	patent 2,007,162
		substrate	head per color	Xerox heater-in-pit
		Mechanically strong		1990 Hawkins et al
		Ease of chip handing		U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181
				Tone-jet
Surface	Ink flow is along the surface of	No bulk silicon etching	Maximum ink flow is severely	Hewlett-Packard TIJ
(‘roof shooter’)	the chip, and ink drops are ejected	required	restricted	1982 Vaught et al
	from the chip surface, normal to	Silicon can make an		U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,728
	the plane of the chip.	effective heat sink		IJ02, IJ11, IJ12, IJ20
		Mechanical strength		IJ22
Through	Ink flow is through the chip, and	High ink flow	Requires bulk silicon etching	Silverbrook, EP 0771
chip, forward	ink drops are ejected from the	Suitable for pagewidth print		658 A2 and related
(‘up shooter’)	front surface of the chip.	High nozzle packing density		patent applications
		therefore low		IJ04, IJ17, IJ18, IJ24
		manufacturing cost		IJ27-IJ45
Through	Ink flow is through the chip, and	High ink flow	Requires wafer thinning	IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06
chip, reverse	ink drops are ejected from the rear	Suitable for pagewidth print	Requires special handling during	IJ07, IJ08, IJ09, IJ10
(‘down shooter’)	surface of the chip.	High nozzle packing density	manufacture	IJ13, IJ14, IJ15, IJ16
		therefore low		IJ19, IJ21, IJ23, IJ25
		manufacturing cost		IJ26
Through	Ink flow is through the actuator,	Suitable for piezoelectric	Pagewidth print heads require several	Epson Stylus
actuator	which is not fabricated as part of	print heads	thousand connections to drive	Tektronix hot melt
	the same substrate as the drive		circuits	piezoelectric ink
	transistors.		Cannot be manufactured in standard	jets
			CMOS fabs
			Complex assembly required

Ink Type

Ink type	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
Aqueous, dye	Water based ink which typically	Environmentally friendly	Slow drying	Most existing inkjets
	contains: water, dye, surfactant,	No odor	Corrosive	All IJ series ink jets
	humectant, and biocide.		Bleeds on paper	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	Modern ink dyes have high water-		May strikethrough	658 A2 and related
	fastness, light fastness		Cockles paper	patent applications
Aqueous,	Water based ink which typically	Environmentally friendly	Slow drying	IJ02, IJ04, IJ21, IJ26
pigment	contains: water, pigment,	No odor	Corrosive	IJ27, IJ30
	surfactant, humectant, and	Reduced bleed	Pigment may clog nozzles	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	biocide.	Reduced wicking	Pigment may clog actuator	658 A2 and related
	Pigments have an advantage in	Reduced strikethrough	mechanisms	patent applications
	reduced bleed, wicking and		Cockles paper	Piezoelectric ink-jets
	strikethrough.			Thermal ink jets (with
				significant
				restrictions)
Methyl Ethyl	MEK is a highly volatile solvent	Very fast drying	Odorous	All IJ series ink jets
Ketone (MEK)	used for industrial printing on	Prints on various substrates	Flammable
	difficult surfaces such as	such as metals and
	aluminum cans.	plastics
Alcohol	Alcohol based inks can be used	Fast drying	Slight odor	All IJ series ink jets
(ethanol, 2-	where the printer must operate at	Operates at sub-freezing	Flammable
butanol, and	temperatures below the freezing	temperatures
others)	point of water. An example of this	Reduced paper cockle
	is in-camera consumer	Low cost
	photographic printing.
Phase	The ink is solid at room	No drying time-ink	High viscosity	Tektronix hot melt
change	temperature, and is melted in the	instantly freezes on the	Printed ink typically has a ‘waxy’ feel	piezoelectric ink
(hot melt)	print head before jetting. Hot melt	print medium	Printed pages may ‘block’	jets
	inks are usually wax based, with a	Almost any print medium	Ink temperature may be above the	1989 Nowak U.S. Pat. No.
	melting point around 80° C. After	can be used	curie point of permanent magnets	4,820,346
	jetting the ink freezes almost	No paper cockle occurs	Ink heaters consume power	All IJ series ink jets
	instantly upon contacting the print	No wicking occurs	Long warm-up time
	medium or a transfer roller.	No bleed occurs
		No strikethrough occurs
Oil	Oil based inks are extensively	High solubility medium for	High viscosity: this is a significant	All IJ series ink jets
	used in offset printing. They have	some dyes	limitation for use in inkjets, which
	advantages in improved	Does not cockle paper	usually require a low viscosity.
	characteristics on paper	Does not wick through	Some short chain and multi-
	(especially no wicking or cockle).	paper	branched oils have a sufficiently
	Oil soluble dies and pigments are		low viscosity.
	required.		Slow drying
Microemulsion	A microemulsion is a stable, self	Stops ink bleed	Viscosity higher than water	All IJ series ink jets
	forming emulsion of oil, water,	High dye solubility	Cost is slightly higher than water
	and surfactant. The characteristic	Water, oil, and amphiphilic	based ink
	drop size is less than 100 nm, and	soluble dies can be used	High surfactant concentration required
	is determined by the preferred	Can stabilize pigment	(around 5%)
	curvature of the surfactant.	suspensions

Ink Jet Printing

A large number of new forms of ink jet printers have been developed to facilitate alternative ink jet technologies for the image processing and data distribution system. Various combinations of ink jet devices can be included in printer devices incorporated as part of the present invention. Australian Provisional Patent Applications relating to these ink jets which are specifically incorporated by cross reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian			US Patent/Patent
Provisional			Application and Filing
Number	Filing Date	Title	Date
PO8066	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,227,652
		(IJ01)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8072	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,213,588
		(IJ02)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8040	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,213,589
		(IJ03)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8071	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,231,163
		(IJ04)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8047	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,247,795
		(IJ05)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8035	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,394,581
		(IJ06)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8044	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,244,691
		(IJ07)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8063	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,257,704
		(IJ08)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8057	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,416,168
		(IJ09)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8056	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,220,694
		(IJ10)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8069	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,257,705
		(IJ11)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8049	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,247,794
		(IJ12)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8036	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,234,610
		(IJ13)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8048	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,247,793
		(IJ14)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8070	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,264,306
		(IJ15)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8067	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,241,342
		(IJ16)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8001	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,247,792
		(IJ17)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8038	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,264,307
		(IJ18)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8033	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,254,220
		(IJ19)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8002	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,234,611
		(IJ20)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8068	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,302,528
		(IJ21)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8062	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,283,582
		(IJ22)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8034	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,239,821
		(IJ23)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8039	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,338,547
		(IJ24)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8041	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,247,796
		(IJ25)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8004	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	09/113,122
		(IJ26)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8037	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,390,603
		(IJ27)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8043	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,362,843
		(IJ28)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8042	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,293,653
		(IJ29)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8064	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,312,107
		(IJ30)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9389	23-Sep-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,227,653
		(IJ31)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9391	23-Sep-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,234,609
		(IJ32)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0888	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,238,040
		(IJ33)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0891	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,188,415
		(IJ34)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0890	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,227,654
		(IJ35)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0873	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,209,989
		(IJ36)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0993	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,247,791
		(IJ37)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0890	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,336,710
		(IJ38)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP1398	19-Jan-98	An Image Creation Method and	6,217,153
		Apparatus (IJ39)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP2592	25-Mar-98	An Image Creation Method and	6,416,167
		Apparatus (IJ40)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP2593	25-Mar-98	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,243,113
		(IJ41)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3991	9-Jun-98	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,283,581
		(IJ42)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3987	9-Jun-98	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,247,790
		(IJ43)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3985	9-Jun-98	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,260,953
		(IJ44)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3983	9-Jun-98	Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,267,469
		(IJ45)	(Jul. 10, 1998)

Ink Jet Manufacturing

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor fabrication techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable manufacturing techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian			US Patent/Patent
Provisional	Filing		Application and Filing
Number	Date	Title	Date
PO7935	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,224,780
		Creation Apparatus (IJM01)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7936	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,235,212
		Creation Apparatus (IJM02)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7937	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,280,643
		Creation Apparatus (IJM03)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8061	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,284,147
		Creation Apparatus (IJM04)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8054	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,214,244
		Creation Apparatus (IJM05)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8065	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,071,750
		Creation Apparatus (IJM06)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8055	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,267,905
		Creation Apparatus (IJM07)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8053	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,251,298
		Creation Apparatus (IJM08)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8078	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,258,285
		Creation Apparatus (IJM09)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7933	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,225,138
		Creation Apparatus (IJM10)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7950	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,241,904
		Creation Apparatus (IJM11)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7949	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,299,786
		Creation Apparatus (IJM12)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8060	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	09/113,124
		Creation Apparatus (IJM13)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8059	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,231,773
		Creation Apparatus (IJM14)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8073	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,190,931
		Creation Apparatus (IJM15)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8076	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,248,249
		Creation Apparatus (IJM16)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8075	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,290,862
		Creation Apparatus (IJM17)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8079	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,241,906
		Creation Apparatus (IJM18)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8050	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	09/113,116
		Creation Apparatus (IJM19)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8052	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,241,905
		Creation Apparatus (IJM20)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7948	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,451,216
		Creation Apparatus (IJM21)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7951	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,231,772
		Creation Apparatus (IJM22)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8074	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,274,056
		Creation Apparatus (IJM23)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7941	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,290,861
		Creation Apparatus (IJM24)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8077	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,248,248
		Creation Apparatus (IJM25)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8058	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,306,671
		Creation Apparatus (IJM26)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8051	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,331,258
		Creation Apparatus (IJM27)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8045	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,110,754
		Creation Apparatus (IJM28)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7952	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,294,101
		Creation Apparatus (IJM29)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8046	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,416,679
		Creation Apparatus (IJM30)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8503	11-Aug-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,264,849
		Creation Apparatus (IJM30a)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9390	23-Sep-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,254,793
		Creation Apparatus (IJM31)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9392	23-Sep-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,235,211
		Creation Apparatus (IJM32)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0889	12-Dec-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,235,211
		Creation Apparatus (IJM35)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0887	12-Dec-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,264,850
		Creation Apparatus (IJM36)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0882	12-Dec-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,258,284
		Creation Apparatus (IJM37)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0874	12-Dec-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,258,284
		Creation Apparatus (IJM38)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP1396	19-Jan-98	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,228,668
		Creation Apparatus (IJM39)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP2591	25-Mar-98	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,180,427
		Creation Apparatus (IJM41)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3989	9-Jun-98	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,171,875
		Creation Apparatus (IJM40)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3990	9-Jun-98	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,267,904
		Creation Apparatus (IJM42)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3986	9-Jun-98	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,245,247
		Creation Apparatus (IJM43)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3984	9-Jun-98	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,245,247
		Creation Apparatus (IJM44)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3982	9-Jun-98	A Method of Manufacture of an Image	6,231,148
		Creation Apparatus (IJM45)	(Jul. 10, 1998)

Fluid Supply

Further, the present application may utilize an ink delivery system to the ink jet head. Delivery systems relating to the supply of ink to a series of ink jet nozzles are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications, the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian			US Patent/Patent
Provisional			Application
Number	Filing Date	Title	and Filing Date
PO8003	15-Jul-97	Supply Method	6,350,023
		and Apparatus (F1)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8005	15-Jul-97	Supply Method	6,318,849
		and Apparatus (F2)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9404	23-Sep-97	A Device and	09/113,101
		Method (F3)	(Jul. 10, 1998)

MEMS Technology

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor microelectromechanical techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable microelectromechanical techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian			US Patent/Patent
Provisional			Application
Number	Filing Date	Title	and Filing Date
PO7943	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS01)
PO8006	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS02)	6,087,638
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8007	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS03)	09/113,093
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8008	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS04)	6,340,222
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8010	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS05)	6,041,600
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8011	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS06)	6,299,300
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7947	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS07)	6,067,797
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7945	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS08)	09/113,081
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7944	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS09)	6,286,935
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7946	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS10)	6,044,646
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9393	23-Sep-97	A Device and Method	09/113,065
		(MEMS11)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0875	12-Dec-97	A Device (MEMS12)	09/113,078
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0894	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method	09/113,075
		(MEMS13)	(Jul. 10, 1998)

IR Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a disposable camera system such as those described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian
Provisional			US Patent/Patent
Number	Filing Date	Title	Application and Filing Date
PP0895	12-Dec-97	An Image Creation Method and	6,231,148
		Apparatus (IR01)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0870	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR02)	09/113,106
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0869	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR04)	6,293,658
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0887	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and	09/113,104
		Apparatus (IR05)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0885	12-Dec-97	An Image Production System	6,238,033
		(IR06)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0884	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and	6,312,070
		Apparatus (IR10)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0886	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and	6,238,111
		Apparatus (IR12)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0871	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR13)	09/113,086
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0876	12-Dec-97	An Image Processing Method and	09/113,094
		Apparatus (IR14)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0877	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR16)	6,378,970
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0878	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR17)	6,196,739
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0879	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR18)	09/112,774
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0883	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR19)	6,270,182
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0880	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR20)	6,152,619
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0881	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR21)	09/113,092
			(Jul. 10, 1998)

DotCard Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a data distribution system such as that described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian			US Patent/Patent
Provisional			Application and
Number	Filing Date	Title	Filing Date
PP2370	16-Mar-98	Data Processing Method	09/112,781
		and Apparatus (Dot01)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP2371	16-Mar-98	Data Processing Method	09/113,052
		and Apparatus (Dot02)	(Jul. 10, 1998)

Artcam Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of camera and data processing techniques such as an Artcam type device as described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian
Provisional			US Patent/Patent
Number	Filing Date	Title	Application and Filing Date
PO7991	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	09/113,060
		Apparatus (ART01)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7988	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	6,476,863
		Apparatus (ART02)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7993	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	09/113,073
		Apparatus (ART03)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9395	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,322,181
		(ART04)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8017	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	09/112,747
		Apparatus (ART06)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8014	15-Jul-97	Media Device (ART07)	6,227,648
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8025	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	09/112,750
		Apparatus (ART08)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8032	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	09/112,746
		Apparatus (ART09)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7999	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	09/112,743
		Apparatus (ART10)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7998	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	09/112,742
		Apparatus (ART11)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8031	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	09/112,741
		Apparatus (ART12)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8030	15-Jul-97	Media Device (ART13)	6,196,541
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7997	15-Jul-97	Media Device (ART15)	6,195,150
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7979	15-Jul-97	Media Device (ART16)	6,362,868
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8015	15-Jul-97	Media Device (ART17)	09/112,738
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7978	15-Jul-97	Media Device (ART18)	09/113,067
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7982	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,431,669
		(ART19)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7989	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,362,869
		(ART20)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8019	15-Jul-97	Media Processing Method and	6,472,052
		Apparatus (ART21)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7980	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	6,356,715
		Apparatus (ART22)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8018	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	09/112,777
		Apparatus (ART24)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7938	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	09/113,224
		Apparatus (ART25)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8016	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	6,366,693
		Apparatus (ART26)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8024	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	6,329,990
		Apparatus (ART27)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7940	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,072
		(ART28)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7939	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,785
		(ART29)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8501	11-Aug-97	Image Processing Method and	6,137,500
		Apparatus (ART30)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8500	11-Aug-97	Image Processing Method and	09/112,796
		Apparatus (ART31)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7987	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,071
		(ART32)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8022	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	6,398,328
		Apparatus (ART33)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8497	11-Aug-97	Image Processing Method and	09/113,090
		Apparatus (ART34)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8020	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,431,704
		(ART38)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8023	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,222
		(ART39)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8504	11-Aug-97	Image Processing Method and	09/112,786
		Apparatus (ART42)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8000	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,415,054
		(ART43)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7977	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,782
		(ART44)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7934	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,056
		(ART45)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7990	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,059
		(ART46)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8499	11-Aug-97	Image Processing Method and	6,486,886
		Apparatus (ART47)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8502	11-Aug-97	Image Processing Method and	6,381,361
		Apparatus (ART48)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7981	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,317,192
		(ART50)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7986	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,057
		(ART51)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7983	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,054
		(ART52)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8026	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	09/112,752
		Apparatus (ART53)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8027	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	09/112,759
		Apparatus (ART54)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8028	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and	09/112,757
		Apparatus (ART56)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9394	23-Sep-97	Image Processing Method and	6,357,135
		Apparatus (ART57)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9396	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,107
		(ART58)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9397	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,271,931
		(ART59)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9398	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,353,772
		(ART60)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9399	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,106,147
		(ART61)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9400	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,790
		(ART62)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9401	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,304,291
		(ART63)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9402	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,788
		(ART64)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9403	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,305,770
		(ART65)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9405	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,289,262
		(ART66)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0959	16-Dec-97	A Data Processing Method	6,315,200
		and Apparatus (ART68)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP1397	19-Jan-98	A Media Device (ART69)	6,217,165
			(Jul. 10, 1998)