DIGITAL CAMERA FOR PROCESSING AND PRINTING IMAGES

Description

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/831,234 filed on Apr. 26, 2004, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/112,743 filed on Jul. 10, 1998, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,727,951 all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to digital cameras and in particular, the onboard processing and printing of images captured by the camera.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Recently, digital cameras have become increasingly popular. These cameras normally operate by means of imaging a desired image utilising a charge coupled device (CCD) array and storing the imaged scene on an electronic storage medium for later down loading onto a computer system for subsequent manipulation and printing out. Normally, when utilising a computer system to print out an image, sophisticated software may available to manipulate the image in accordance with requirements.

Unfortunately such systems require significant post processing of a captured image and normally present the image in an orientation to which it was taken, relying on the post processing process to perform any necessary or required modifications of the captured image. Further, much of the environmental information available when the picture was taken is lost.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide for the utilisation of exposure information in an image specific manner.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a digital camera for sensing and storing an image, the camera comprising:

an image sensor with a charge coupled device (CCD) for capturing image data relating to a sensed image, and an auto exposure setting for adjusting the image data captured by the CCD in response to the lighting conditions at image capture; and,

an image processor for processing image data from the CCD and storing the processed data; wherein,

the image processor is adapted to use information from the auto exposure setting relating to the lighting conditions at image capture when processing the image data from the CCD.

Utilising the auto exposure setting to determine an advantageous re-mapping of colours within the image allows the processor to produce an amended image having colours within an image transformed to account of the auto exposure setting. The processing can comprise re-mapping image colours so they appear deeper and richer when the exposure setting indicates low light conditions and re-mapping image colours to be brighter and more saturated when the auto exposure setting indicates bright light conditions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a digital camera of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 2 illustrates a form of print roll ready for purchase by a consumer;

FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view, partly in section, of an alternative form of a print roll;

FIG. 4 is a left side exploded perspective view of the print roll of FIG. 3; and,

FIG. 5 is a right side exploded perspective view of a single print roll.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

The preferred embodiment is preferable implemented through suitable programming of a hand held camera device such as that described in the present applicant's application entitled “A Digital Image Printing Camera with Image Processing Capability”, the content of which is hereby specifically incorporated by cross reference and the details of which, and other related applications are set out in the tables below.

The aforementioned patent specification discloses a camera system, hereinafter known as an “Artcam” type camera, wherein sensed images can be directly printed out by an Artcam portable camera unit. Further, the aforementioned specification discloses means and methods for performing various manipulations on images captured by the camera sensing device leading to the production of various effects in any output image. The manipulations are disclosed to be highly flexible in nature and can be implemented through the insertion into the Artcam of cards having encoded thereon various instructions for the manipulation of images, the cards hereinafter being known as Artcards. The Artcam further has significant onboard processing power by an Artcam Central Processor unit (ACP) which is interconnected to a memory device for the storage of important data and images.

In the preferred embodiment, the Artcam has an auto exposure sensor for determining the light level associated with the captured image. This auto exposure sensor is utilised to process the image in accordance with the set light value so as to enhance portions of the image.

Preferably, the area image sensor includes a means for determining the light conditions when capturing an image. The area image sensor adjusts the dynamic range of values captured by the CCD in accordance with the detected level sensor. The captured image is transferred to the Artcam central processor and stored in the memory store. Intensity information, as determined by the area image sensor, is also forwarded top the ACP. This information is utilised by the Artcam central processor to manipulate the stored image to enhance certain effects.

Turning now to FIG. 1, Artcam 20 is illustrated in which auto exposure setting information 1 is utilised in conjunction with stored image 2 to process the image by utilising ACP 3. The processed image is returned to the memory store 2 for later printing out on printer 4 or printed directly.

A number of processing steps can be undertaken in accordance with the determined light conditions. Where the auto exposure setting 1 indicates that the image was taken in a low light condition, the image pixel colours are selectively re-mapped so as to make the image colours stronger, deeper and richer.

Where the auto exposure information indicates that highlight conditions were present when the image was taken, the image colours can be processed to make them brighter and more saturated. The re-colouring of the image can be undertaken by conversion of the image to a hue-saturation-value (HSV) format and an alteration of pixel values in accordance with requirements. The pixel values can then be output converted to the required output colour format of printing.

Of course, many different re-colouring techniques may be utilised. Preferably, the techniques are clearly illustrated on the pre-requisite Artcard inserted into the reader. Alternatively, the image processing algorithms can be automatically applied and hard-wired into the camera for utilization in certain conditions.

Alternatively, the Artcard inserted could have a number of manipulations applied to the image which are specific to the auto-exposure setting. For example, clip arts containing candles etc could be inserted in a dark image and large suns inserted in bright images.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 to 5, the Artcam prints the images onto media stored in a replaceable print roll 5. In some preferred embodiments, the operation of the camera device is such that when a series of images is printed on a first surface of the print roll, the corresponding backing surface has a ready made postcard which can be immediately dispatched at the nearest post office box within the jurisdiction. In this way, personalized postcards can be created.

It would be evident that when utilising the postcard system as illustrated FIG. 2 only predetermined image sizes are possible as the synchronization between the backing postcard portion and the front image must be maintained. This can be achieved by utilising the memory portions of the authentication chip stored within the print roll 5 to store details of the length of each postcard backing format sheet. This can be achieved by either having each postcard the same size or by storing each size within the print rolls on-board print chip memory.

In an alternative embodiment, there is provided a modified form of print roll which can be constructed mostly from injection moulded plastic pieces suitably snapped fitted together. The modified form of print roll has a high ink storage capacity in addition to a somewhat simplified construction. The print media onto which the image is to be printed is wrapped around a plastic sleeve former for simplified construction. The ink media reservoir has a series of air vents which are constructed so as to minimise the opportunities for the ink flow out of the air vents. Further, a rubber seal is provided for the ink outlet holes with the rubber seal being pierced on insertion of the print roll into a camera system. Further, the print roll includes a print media ejection slot and the ejection slot includes a surrounding moulded surface which provides and assists in the accurate positioning of the print media ejection slot relative to the printhead within the printing or camera system.

Turning to FIG. 3 there is illustrated a single point roll unit 5 in an assembled form with a partial cutaway showing internal portions of the print roll. FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 illustrate left and right side exploded perspective views respectively. The print roll 5 is constructed around the internal core portion 6 which contains an internal ink supply. Outside of the core portion 6 is provided a former 7 around which is wrapped a paper or film supply 8. Around the paper supply it is constructed two cover pieces 9, 10 which snap together around the print roll so as to form a covering unit as illustrated in FIG. 3. The bottom cover piece 10 includes a slot 11 through which the output of the print media 12 for interconnection with the camera system.

Two pinch rollers 13, 14 are provided to pinch the paper against a drive pinch roller 15 so they together provide for a decurling of the paper around the roller 15. The decurling acts to negate the strong curl that may be imparted to the paper from being stored in the form of print roll for an extended period of time. The rollers 13, 14 are provided to form a snap fit with end portions of the cover base portion 10 and the roller 15 which includes a cogged end 16 for driving, snap fits into the upper cover piece 9 so as to pinch the paper 12 firmly between.

The cover pieces 9, 10 includes an end protuberance or lip 17. The end lip 17 is provided for accurately alignment of the exit hole of the paper with a corresponding printing heat platen structure within the camera system. In this way, accurate alignment or positioning of the exiting paper relative to an adjacent printhead is provided for full guidance of the paper to the printhead.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

The present invention is best utilized in the Artcam device, the details of which are set out in the following paragraphs.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal inkjet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal inkjet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric inkjet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per print head, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewide print heads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the inkjet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new inkjet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the inkjet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. 45 different inkjet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table below.

The inkjet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the print head is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the print head is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the inkjet type. The smallest print head designed is IJ38, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The print heads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the print head by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The print head is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

CROSS-REFERENCED APPLICATIONS

The following table is a guide to cross-referenced patent applications filed concurrently herewith and discussed hereinafter with the reference being utilized in subsequent tables when referring to a particular case:

Docket
No.	Reference	Title
IJ01US	6,227,652	Radiant Plunger Ink Jet Printer
IJ02US	6,213,588	Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer
IJ03US	6,213,589	Planar Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet
IJ04US	6,231,163	Stacked Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer
IJ05US	6,247,795	Reverse Spring Lever Ink Jet Printer
IJ06US	6,394,581	Paddle Type Ink Jet Printer
IJ07US	6,244,691	Permanent Magnet Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer
IJ08US	6,257,704	Planar Swing Grill Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer
IJ09US	6,416,168	Pump Action Refill Ink Jet Printer
IJ10US	6,220,694	Pulsed Magnetic Field Ink Jet Printer
IJ11US	6,257,705	Two Plate Reverse Firing Electromagnetic Ink Jet
		Printer
IJ12US	6,247,794	Linear Stepper Actuator Ink Jet Printer
IJ13US	6,234,610	Gear Driven Shutter Ink Jet Printer
IJ14US	6,247,793	Tapered Magnetic Pole Electromagnetic Ink Jet
		Printer
IJ15US	6,264,306	Linear Spring Electromagnetic Grill Ink Jet
		Printer
IJ16US	6,241,342	Lorenz Diaphragm Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer
IJ17US	6,247,792	PTFE Surface Shooting Shuttered Oscillating
		Pressure Ink Jet Printer
IJ18US	6,264,307	Buckle Grip Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet Printer
IJ19US	6,254,220	Shutter Based Ink Jet Printer
IJ20US	6,234,611	Curling Calyx Thermoelastic Ink Jet Printer
IJ21US	6,302,528	Thermal Actuated Ink Jet Printer
IJ22US	6,283,582	Iris Motion Ink Jet Printer
IJ23US	6,239,821	Direct Firing Thermal Bend Actuator Ink Jet
		Printer
IJ24US	6,338,547	Conductive PTFE Ben Activator Vented Ink Jet
		Printer
IJ25US	6,247,796	Magnetostrictive Ink Jet Printer
IJ26US	6,557,977	Shape Memory Alloy Ink Jet Printer
IJ27US	6,390,603	Buckle Plate Ink Jet Printer
IJ28US	6,362,843	Thermal Elastic Rotary Impeller Ink Jet Printer
IJ29US	6,293,653	Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer
IJ30US	6,312,107	Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Using PTFE and
		Corrugated Copper Ink Jet Printer
IJ31US	6,227,653	Bend Actuator Direct Ink Supply Ink Jet Printer
IJ32US	6,234,609	A High Young's Modulus Thermoelastic Ink Jet
		Printer
IJ33US	6,238,040	Thermally actuated slotted chamber wall ink jet
		printer
IJ34US	6,188,415	Ink Jet Printer having a thermal actuator
		comprising an external coiled spring
IJ35US	6,227,654	Trough Container Ink Jet Printer
IJ36US	6,209,989	Dual Chamber Single Vertical Actuator Ink Jet
IJ37US	6,247,791	Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Fulcrum Actuator
		Ink Jet
IJ38US	6,336,710	Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Actuator Ink Jet
IJ39US	6,217,153	A single bend actuator cupped paddle ink jet
		printing device
IJ40US	6,416,167	A thermally actuated ink jet printer having a
		series of thermal actuator units
IJ41US	6,243,113	A thermally actuated ink jet printer including a
		tapered heater element
IJ42US	6,283,581	Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet
IJ43US	6,247,790	Inverted Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet
IJ44US	6,260,953	Surface bend actuator vented ink supply ink jet
		printer
IJ45US	6,267,469	Coil Acutuated Magnetic Plate Ink Jet Printer

Tables of Drop-on-Demand Inkjets

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual inkjet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of inkjet types.

	Actuator mechanism	(18 types)
	Basic operation mode	(7 types)
	Auxiliary mechanism	(8 types)
	Actuator amplification or modification method	(17 types)
	Actuator motion	(19 types)
	Nozzle refill method	(4 types)
	Method of restricting back-flow through inlet	(10 types)
	Nozzle clearing method	(9 types)
	Nozzle plate construction	(9 types)
	Drop ejection direction	(5 types)
	Ink type	(7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of inkjet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable inkjet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain inkjet types have been investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45 above.

Other inkjet configurations can readily be derived from these 45 examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into inkjet print heads with characteristics superior to any currently available inkjet technology.

Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the examples column. In some cases, a printer may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.

Actuator Mechanism (Applied Only to Selected Ink Drops)

Actuator
Mechanism	Description	Advantages
Thermal bubble	An electrothermal heater heats the ink to	Large force generated
	above boiling point, transferring	Simple construction
	significant heat to the aqueous ink. A	No moving parts
	bubble nucleates and quickly forms,	Fast operation
	expelling the ink.	Small chip area required for
	The efficiency of the process is low, with	actuator
	typically less than 0.05% of the electrical
	energy being transformed into kinetic energy
	of the drop.
Piezoelectric	A piezoelectric crystal such as lead	Low power consumption
	lanthanum zirconate (PZT) is electrically	Many ink types can be used
	activated, and either expands, shears, or	Fast operation
	bends to apply pressure to the ink,	High efficiency
	ejecting drops.
Electro-strictive	An electric field is used to activate	Low power consumption
	electrostriction in relaxor materials such	Many ink types can be used
	as lead lanthanum zirconate titanate	Low thermal expansion
	(PLZT) or lead magnesium niobate	Electric field strength required
	(PMN).	(approx. 3.5 V/μm) can be
		generated without difficulty
		Does not require electrical
		poling
Ferroelectric	An electric field is used to induce a	Low power consumption
	phase transition between the	Many ink types can be used
	antiferroelectric (AFE) and ferroelectric	Fast operation (<1 μs)
	(FE) phase. Perovskite materials such as	Relatively high longitudinal
	tin modified lead lanthanum zirconate	strain
	titanate (PLZSnT) exhibit large strains of	High efficiency
	up to 1% associated with the AFE to FE	Electric field strength of
	phase transition.	around 3 V/μm can be readily
		provided
Electrostatic	Conductive plates are separated by a	Low power consumption
plates	compressible or fluid dielectric (usually	Many ink types can be used
	air). Upon application of a voltage, the	Fast operation
	plates attract each other and displace ink,
	causing drop ejection. The conductive
	plates may be in a comb or honeycomb
	structure, or stacked to increase the
	surface area and therefore the force.
Electrostatic	A strong electric field is applied to the	Low current consumption
pull on ink	ink, whereupon electrostatic attraction	Low temperature
	accelerates the ink towards the print
	medium.
Permanent	An electromagnet directly attracts a	Low power consumption
magnet electro-	permanent magnet, displacing ink and	Many ink types can be used
magnetic	causing drop ejection. Rare earth	Fast operation
	magnets with a field strength around 1	High efficiency
	Tesla can be used. Examples are:	Easy extension from single
	Samarium Cobalt (SaCo) and magnetic	nozzles to pagewidth print
	materials in the neodymium iron boron	heads
	family (NdFeB, NdDyFeBNb,
	NdDyFeB, etc)
Soft magnetic	A solenoid induced a magnetic field in a	Low power consumption
core electro-	soft magnetic core or yoke fabricated	Many ink types can be used
magnetic	from a ferrous material such as	Fast operation
	electroplated iron alloys such as CoNiFe	High efficiency
	[1], CoFe, or NiFe alloys. Typically, the	Easy extension from single
	soft magnetic material is in two parts,	nozzles to pagewidth print
	which are normally held apart by a	heads
	spring. When the solenoid is actuated,
	the two parts attract, displacing the ink.
Magnetic	The Lorenz force acting on a current	Low power consumption
Lorenz force	carrying wire in a magnetic field is	Many ink types can be used
	utilized.	Fast operation
	This allows the magnetic field to be	High efficiency
	supplied externally to the print head, for	Easy extension from single
	example with rare earth permanent	nozzles to pagewidth print
	magnets.	heads
	Only the current carrying wire need be
	fabricated on the print-head, simplifying
	materials requirements.
Magneto-	The actuator uses the giant	Many ink types can be used
striction	magnetostrictive effect of materials such	Fast operation
	as Terfenol-D (an alloy of terbium,	Easy extension from single
	dysprosium and iron developed at the	nozzles to pagewidth print
	Naval Ordnance Laboratory, hence Ter-	heads
	Fe-NOL). For best efficiency, the	High force is available
	actuator should be pre-stressed to
	approx. 8 MPa.
Surface tension	Ink under positive pressure is held in a	Low power consumption
reduction	nozzle by surface tension. The surface	Simple construction
	tension of the ink is reduced below the	No unusual materials required
	bubble threshold, causing the ink to	in fabrication
	egress from the nozzle.	High efficiency
		Easy extension from single
		nozzles to pagewidth print
		heads
Viscosity	The ink viscosity is locally reduced to	Simple construction
reduction	select which drops are to be ejected. A	No unusual materials required
	viscosity reduction can be achieved	in fabrication
	electrothermally with most inks, but	Easy extension from single
	special inks can be engineered for a	nozzles to pagewidth print
	100:1 viscosity reduction.	heads
Acoustic	An acoustic wave is generated and	Can operate without a nozzle
	focussed upon the drop ejection region.	plate
Thermoelastic	An actuator which relies upon	Low power consumption
bend actuator	differential thermal expansion upon	Many ink types can be used
	Joule heating is used.	Simple planar fabrication
		Small chip area required for
		each actuator
		Fast operation
		High efficiency
		CMOS compatible voltages
		and currents
		Standard MEMS processes can
		be used
		Easy extension from single
		nozzles to pagewidth print
		heads
High CTE	A material with a very high coefficient	High force can be generated
thermoelastic	of thermal expansion (CTE) such as	PTFE is a candidate for low
actuator	polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is used.	dielectric constant insulation in
	As high CTE materials are usually non-	ULSI
	conductive, a heater fabricated from a	Very low power consumption
	conductive material is incorporated. A	Many ink types can be used
	50 μm long PTFE bend actuator with	Simple planar fabrication
	polysilicon heater and 15 mW power	Small chip area required for
	input can provide 180 μN force and 10 μm	each actuator
	deflection. Actuator motions include:	Fast operation
	1) Bend	High efficiency
	2) Push	CMOS compatible voltages
	3) Buckle	and currents
	4) Rotate	Easy extension from single
		nozzles to pagewidth print
		heads
Conductive	A polymer with a high coefficient of	High force can be generated
polymer	thermal expansion (such as PTFE) is	Very low power consumption
thermoelastic	doped with conducting substances to	Many ink types can be used
actuator	increase its conductivity to about 3	Simple planar fabrication
	orders of magnitude below that of	Small chip area required for
	copper. The conducting polymer	each actuator
	expands when resistively heated.	Fast operation
	Examples of conducting dopants include:	High efficiency
	1) Carbon nanotubes	CMOS compatible voltages
	2) Metal fibers	and currents
	3) Conductive polymers such as doped	Easy extension from single
	polythiophene	nozzles to pagewidth print
	4) Carbon granules	heads
Shape memory	A shape memory alloy such as TiNi (also	High force is available
alloy	known as Nitinol - Nickel Titanium alloy	(stresses of hundreds of MPa)
	developed at the Naval Ordnance	Large strain is available (more
	Laboratory) is thermally switched	than 3%)
	between its weak martensitic state and its	High corrosion resistance
	high stiffness austenic state. The shape	Simple construction
	of the actuator in its martensitic state is	Easy extension from single
	deformed relative to the austenic shape.	nozzles to pagewidth print
	The shape change causes ejection of a	heads
	drop.	Low voltage operation
Linear Magnetic	Linear magnetic actuators include the	Linear Magnetic actuators can
Actuator	Linear Induction Actuator (LIA), Linear	be constructed with high
	Permanent Magnet Synchronous	thrust, long travel, and high
	Actuator (LPMSA), Linear Reluctance	efficiency using planar
	Synchronous Actuator (LRSA), Linear	semiconductor fabrication
	Switched Reluctance Actuator (LSRA),	techniques
	and the Linear Stepper Actuator (LSA).	Long actuator travel is
		available
		Medium force is available
		Low voltage operation
Actuator
Mechanism	Disadvantages	Examples
Thermal bubble	High power	Canon Bubblejet 1979
	Ink carrier limited to water	Endo et al GB patent
	Low efficiency	2,007,162
	High temperatures required	Xerox heater-in-pit
	High mechanical stress	1990 Hawkins et al
	Unusual materials required	U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181
	Large drive transistors	Hewlett-Packard TIJ
	Cavitation causes actuator failure	1982 Vaught et al U.S. Pat. No.
	Kogation reduces bubble formation	4,490,728
	Large print heads are difficult to fabricate
Piezoelectric	Very large area required for actuator	Kyser et al U.S. Pat. No.
	Difficult to integrate with electronics	3,946,398
	High voltage drive transistors required	Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,212
	Full pagewidth print heads impractical due	1973 Stemme U.S. Pat. No.
	to actuator size	3,747,120
	Requires electrical poling in high field	Epson Stylus
	strengths during manufacture	Tektronix
		IJ04
Electro-strictive	Low maximum strain (approx. 0.01%)	Seiko Epson, Usui et all
	Large area required for actuator due to low	JP 253401/96
	strain	IJ04
	Response speed is marginal (~10 μs)
	High voltage drive transistors required
	Full pagewidth print heads impractical due
	to actuator size
Ferroelectric	Difficult to integrate with electronics	IJ04
	Unusual materials such as PLZSnT are
	required
	Actuators require a large area
Electrostatic	Difficult to operate electrostatic devices in	IJ02, IJ04
plates	an aqueous environment
	The electrostatic actuator will normally
	need to be separated from the ink
	Very large area required to achieve high
	forces
	High voltage drive transistors may be
	required
	Full pagewidth print heads are not
	competitive due to actuator size
Electrostatic	High voltage required	1989 Saito et al, U.S. Pat. No.
pull on ink	May be damaged by sparks due to air	4,799,068
	breakdown	1989 Miura et al, U.S. Pat. No.
	Required field strength increases as the	4,810,954
	drop size decreases	Tone-jet
	High voltage drive transistors required
	Electrostatic field attracts dust
Permanent	Complex fabrication	IJ07, IJ10
magnet electro-	Permanent magnetic material such as
magnetic	Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) required.
	High local currents required
	Copper metalization should be used for
	long electromigration lifetime and low
	resistivity
	Pigmented inks are usually infeasible
	Operating temperature limited to the Curie
	temperature (around 540 K)
Soft magnetic	Complex fabrication	IJ01, IJ05, IJ08, IJ10
core electro-	Materials not usually present in a CMOS	IJ12, IJ14, IJ15, IJ17
magnetic	fab such as NiFe, CoNiFe, or CoFe are
	required
	High local currents required
	Copper metalization should be used for
	long electromigration lifetime and low
	resistivity
	Electroplating is required
	High saturation flux density is required
	(2.0-2.1 T is achievable with CoNiFe [1])
Magnetic	Force acts as a twisting motion	IJ06, IJ11, IJ13, IJ16
Lorenz force	Typically, only a quarter of the solenoid
	length provides force in a useful direction
	High local currents required
	Copper metalization should be used for
	long electromigration lifetime and low
	resistivity
	Pigmented inks are usually infeasible
Magneto-	Force acts as a twisting motion	Fischenbeck, U.S. Pat. No.
striction	Unusual materials such as Terfenol-D are	4,032,929
	required	IJ25
	High local currents required
	Copper metalization should be used for
	long electromigration lifetime and low
	resistivity
	Pre-stressing may be required
Surface tension	Requires supplementary force to effect	Silverbrook, EP 0771
reduction	drop separation	658 A2 and related
	Requires special ink surfactants	patent applications
	Speed may be limited by surfactant
	properties
Viscosity	Requires supplementary force to effect	Silverbrook, EP 0771
reduction	drop separation	658 A2 and related
	Requires special ink viscosity properties	patent applications
	High speed is difficult to achieve
	Requires oscillating ink pressure
	A high temperature difference (typically 80
	degrees) is required
Acoustic	Complex drive circuitry	1993 Hadimioglu et al,
	Complex fabrication	EUP 550,192
	Low efficiency	1993 Elrod et al, EUP
	Poor control of drop position	572,220
	Poor control of drop volume
Thermoelastic	Efficient aqueous operation requires a	IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, IJ18
bend actuator	thermal insulator on the hot side	IJ19, IJ20, IJ21, IJ22
	Corrosion prevention can be difficult	IJ23, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28
	Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as	IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32
	pigment particles may jam the bend	IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36
	actuator	IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40
		IJ41
High CTE	Requires special material (e.g. PTFE)	IJ09, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20
thermoelastic	Requires a PTFE deposition process, which	IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24
actuator	is not yet standard in ULSI fabs	IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30
	PTFE deposition cannot be followed with	IJ31, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44
	high temperature (above 350° C.)
	processing
	Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as
	pigment particles may jam the bend
	actuator
Conductive	Requires special materials development	IJ24
polymer	(High CTE conductive polymer)
thermoelastic	Requires a PTFE deposition process, which
actuator	is not yet standard in ULSI fabs
	PTFE deposition cannot be followed with
	high temperature (above 350° C.)
	processing
	Evaporation and CVD deposition
	techniques cannot be used
	Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as
	pigment particles may jam the bend
	actuator
Shape memory	Fatigue limits maximum number of cycles	IJ26
alloy	Low strain (1%) is required to extend
	fatigue resistance
	Cycle rate limited by heat removal
	Requires unusual materials (TiNi)
	The latent heat of transformation must be
	provided
	High current operation
	Requires pre-stressing to distort the
	martensitic state
Linear Magnetic	Requires unusual semiconductor materials	IJ12
Actuator	such as soft magnetic alloys (e.g. CoNiFe
	[1])
	Some varieties also require permanent
	magnetic materials such as Neodymium
	iron boron (NdFeB)
	Requires complex multi-phase drive
	circuitry
	High current operation

Basic Operation Mode

Operational
mode	Description	Advantages
Actuator directly	This is the simplest mode of operation:	Simple operation
pushes ink	the actuator directly supplies sufficient	No external fields required
	kinetic energy to expel the drop. The	Satellite drops can be avoided
	drop must have a sufficient velocity to	if drop velocity is less than 4 m/s
	overcome the surface tension.	Can be efficient, depending
		upon the actuator used
Proximity	The drops to be printed are selected by	Very simple print head
	some manner (e.g. thermally induced	fabrication can be used
	surface tension reduction of pressurized	The drop selection means does
	ink). Selected drops are separated from	not need to provide the energy
	the ink in the nozzle by contact with the	required to separate the drop
	print medium or a transfer roller.	from the nozzle
Electrostatic	The drops to be printed are selected by	Very simple print head
pull on ink	some manner (e.g. thermally induced	fabrication can be used
	surface tension reduction of pressurized	The drop selection means does
	ink). Selected drops are separated from	not need to provide the energy
	the ink in the nozzle by a strong electric	required to separate the drop
	field.	from the nozzle
Magnetic pull on	The drops to be printed are selected by	Very simple print head
ink	some manner (e.g. thermally induced	fabrication can be used
	surface tension reduction of pressurized	The drop selection means does
	ink). Selected drops are separated from	not need to provide the energy
	the ink in the nozzle by a strong	required to separate the drop
	magnetic field acting on the magnetic	from the nozzle
	ink.
Shutter	The actuator moves a shutter to block ink	High speed (>50 KHz)
	flow to the nozzle. The ink pressure is	operation can be achieved due
	pulsed at a multiple of the drop ejection	to reduced refill time
	frequency.	Drop timing can be very
		accurate
		The actuator energy can be
		very low
Shuttered grill	The actuator moves a shutter to block ink	Actuators with small travel can
	flow through a grill to the nozzle. The	be used
	shutter movement need only be equal to	Actuators with small force can
	the width of the grill holes.	be used
		High speed (>50 KHz)
		operation can be achieved
Pulsed magnetic	A pulsed magnetic field attracts an ‘ink	Extremely low energy
pull on ink	pusher’ at the drop ejection frequency.	operation is possible
pusher	An actuator controls a catch, which	No heat dissipation problems
	prevents the ink pusher from moving
	when a drop is not to be ejected.

	Operational
	mode	Disadvantages	Examples
	Actuator directly	Drop repetition rate is usually limited to	Thermal inkjet
	pushes ink	less than 10 KHz. However, this is not	Piezoelectric inkjet
		fundamental to the method, but is related to	IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, IJ04
		the refill method normally used	IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ09
		All of the drop kinetic energy must be	IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, IJ16
		provided by the actuator	IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24
		Satellite drops usually form if drop velocity	IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, IJ28
		is greater than 4.5 m/s	IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32
			IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36
			IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40
			IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44
	Proximity	Requires close proximity between the print	Silverbrook, EP 0771
		head and the print media or transfer roller	658 A2 and related
		May require two print heads printing	patent applications
		alternate rows of the image
		Monolithic color print heads are difficult
	Electrostatic	Requires very high electrostatic field	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	pull on ink	Electrostatic field for small nozzle sizes is	658 A2 and related
		above air breakdown	patent applications
		Electrostatic field may attract dust	Tone-Jet
	Magnetic pull on	Requires magnetic ink	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	ink	Ink colors other than black are difficult	658 A2 and related
		Requires very high magnetic fields	patent applications
	Shutter	Moving parts are required	IJ13, IJ17, IJ21
		Requires ink pressure modulator
		Friction and wear must be considered
		Stiction is possible
	Shuttered grill	Moving parts are required	IJ08, IJ15, IJ18, IJ19
		Requires ink pressure modulator
		Friction and wear must be considered
		Stiction is possible
	Pulsed magnetic	Requires an external pulsed magnetic field	IJ10
	pull on ink	Requires special materials for both the
	pusher	actuator and the ink pusher
		Complex construction

Auxiliary Mechanism (Applied to all Nozzles)

Auxiliary
Mechanism	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
None	The actuator directly fires the ink drop,	Simplicity of construction	Drop ejection energy must be supplied	Most inkjets, including
	and there is no external field or other	Simplicity of operation	by individual nozzle actuator	piezoelectric and
	mechanism required.	Small physical size		thermal bubble.
				IJ01-IJ07, IJ09, IJ11
				IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22
				IJ23-IJ45
Oscillating	The ink pressure oscillates, providing	Oscillating ink pressure can	Requires external ink pressure oscillator	Silverbrook, EP 0771
ink	much of the drop ejection energy. The	provide a refill pulse,	Ink pressure phase and amplitude must	658 A2 and related
pressure	actuator selects which drops are to be	allowing higher	be carefully controlled	patent applications
(including	fired by selectively blocking or enabling	operating speed	Acoustic reflections in the ink chamber	IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17
acoustic	nozzles. The ink pressure oscillation	The actuators may operate	must be designed for	IJ18, IJ19, IJ21
stimulation)	may be achieved by vibrating the	with much lower energy
	print head, or preferably by an	Acoustic lenses can be used to
	actuator in the ink supply.	focus the sound on the nozzles
Media	The print head is placed in close	Low power	Precision assembly required	Silverbrook, EP 0771
proximity	proximity to the print medium. Selected	High accuracy	Paper fibers may cause problems	658 A2 and related
	drops protrude from the print head	Simple print head construction	Cannot print on rough substrates	patent applications
	further than unselected drops, and
	contact the print medium. The drop
	soaks into the medium fast enough to
	cause drop separation.
Transfer	Drops are printed to a transfer roller	High accuracy	Bulky	Silverbrook, EP 0771
roller	instead of straight to the print medium.	Wide range of print substrates	Expensive	658 A2 and related
	A transfer roller can also be used for	can be used	Complex construction	patent applications
	proximity drop separation.	Ink can be dried on the		Tektronix hot melt
		transfer roller		piezoelectric inkjet
				Any of the IJ series
Electrostatic	An electric field is used to accelerate	Low power	Field strength required for separation of	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	selected drops towards the print	Simple print head construction	small drops is near or above	658 A2 and related
	medium.		air breakdown	patent applications
				Tone-Jet
Direct	A magnetic field is used to accelerate	Low power	Requires magnetic ink	Silverbrook, EP 0771
magnetic	selected drops of magnetic ink towards	Simple print head construction	Requires strong magnetic field	658 A2 and related
field	the print medium.			patent applications
Cross	The print head is placed in a constant	Does not require magnetic	Requires external magnet	IJ06, IJ16
magnetic	magnetic field. The Lorenz force in a	materials to be integrated in	Current densities may be high, resulting
field	current carrying wire is used to move	the print head manufacturing	in electromigration problems
	the actuator.	process
Pulsed	A pulsed magnetic field is used to	Very low power operation is	Complex print head construction	IJ10
magnetic	cyclically attract a paddle, which pushes	possible	Magnetic materials required in
field	on the ink. A small actuator moves a	Small print head size	print head
	catch, which selectively prevents the
	paddle from moving.

Actuator Amplification or Modification Method

Actuator
amplification	Description	Advantages
None	No actuator mechanical amplification is	Operational simplicity
	used. The actuator directly drives the
	drop ejection process.
Differential	An actuator material expands more on	Provides greater travel in a
expansion bend	one side than on the other. The	reduced print head area
actuator	expansion may be thermal, piezoelectric,	The bend actuator converts a
	magnetostrictive, or other mechanism.	high force low travel actuator
		mechanism to high travel,
		lower force mechanism.
Transient bend	A trilayer bend actuator where the two	Very good temperature
actuator	outside layers are identical. This cancels	stability
	bend due to ambient temperature and	High speed, as a new drop can
	residual stress. The actuator only	be fired before heat dissipates
	responds to transient heating of one side	Cancels residual stress of
	or the other.	formation
Actuator stack	A series of thin actuators are stacked.	Increased travel
	This can be appropriate where actuators	Reduced drive voltage
	require high electric field strength, such
	as electrostatic and piezoelectric
	actuators.
Multiple	Multiple smaller actuators are used	Increases the force available
actuators	simultaneously to move the ink. Each	from an actuator
	actuator need provide only a portion of	Multiple actuators can be
	the force required.	positioned to control ink flow
		accurately
Linear Spring	A linear spring is used to transform a	Matches low travel actuator
	motion with small travel and high force	with higher travel requirements
	into a longer travel, lower force motion.	Non-contact method of motion
		transformation
Reverse spring	The actuator loads a spring. When the	Better coupling to the ink
	actuator is turned off, the spring releases.
	This can reverse the force/distance curve
	of the actuator to make it compatible
	with the force/time requirements of the
	drop ejection.
Coiled actuator	A bend actuator is coiled to provide	Increases travel
	greater travel in a reduced chip area.	Reduces chip area
		Planar implementations are
		relatively easy to fabricate.
Flexure bend	A bend actuator has a small region near	Simple means of increasing
actuator	the fixture point, which flexes much	travel of a bend actuator
	more readily than the remainder of the
	actuator. The actuator flexing is
	effectively converted from an even
	coiling to an angular bend, resulting in
	greater travel of the actuator tip.
Gears	Gears can be used to increase travel at	Low force, low travel actuators
	the expense of duration. Circular gears,	can be used
	rack and pinion, ratchets, and other	Can be fabricated using
	gearing methods can be used.	standard surface MEMS
		processes
Catch	The actuator controls a small catch. The	Very low actuator energy
	catch either enables or disables	Very small actuator size
	movement of an ink pusher that is
	controlled in a bulk manner.
Buckle plate	A buckle plate can be used to change a	Very fast movement
	slow actuator into a fast motion. It can	achievable
	also convert a high force, low travel
	actuator into a high travel, medium force
	motion.
Tapered	A tapered magnetic pole can increase	Linearizes the magnetic
magnetic pole	travel at the expense of force.	force/distance curve
Lever	A lever and fulcrum is used to transform	Matches low travel actuator
	a motion with small travel and high force	with higher travel requirements
	into a motion with longer travel and	Fulcrum area has no linear
	lower force. The lever can also reverse	movement, and can be used for
	the direction of travel.	a fluid seal
Rotary impeller	The actuator is connected to a rotary	High mechanical advantage
	impeller. A small angular deflection of	The ratio of force to travel of
	the actuator results in a rotation of the	the actuator can be matched to
	impeller vanes, which push the ink	the nozzle requirements by
	against stationary vanes and out of the	varying the number of impeller
	nozzle.	vanes
Acoustic lens	A refractive or diffractive (e.g. zone	No moving parts
	plate) acoustic lens is used to concentrate
	sound waves.
Sharp	A sharp point is used to concentrate an	Simple construction
conductive	electrostatic field.
point

	Actuator
	amplification	Disadvantages	Examples
	None	Many actuator mechanisms have	Thermal Bubble Inkjet
		insufficient travel, or insufficient force, to	IJ01, IJ02, IJ06, IJ07
		efficiently drive the drop ejection process	IJ16, IJ25, IJ26
	Differential	High stresses are involved	Piezoelectric
	expansion bend	Care must be taken that the materials do	IJ03, IJ09, IJ17-IJ24
	actuator	not delaminate	IJ27, IJ29-IJ39, IJ42,
		Residual bend resulting from high	IJ43, IJ44
		temperature or high stress during formation
	Transient bend	High stresses are involved	IJ40, IJ41
	actuator	Care must be taken that the materials do
		not delaminate
	Actuator stack	Increased fabrication complexity	Some piezoelectric ink
		Increased possibility of short circuits due to	jets
		pinholes	IJ04
	Multiple	Actuator forces may not add linearly,	IJ12, IJ13, IJ18, IJ20
	actuators	reducing efficiency	IJ22, IJ28, IJ42, IJ43
	Linear Spring	Requires print head area for the spring	IJ15
	Reverse spring	Fabrication complexity	IJ05, IJ11
		High stress in the spring
	Coiled actuator	Generally restricted to planar	IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35
		implementations due to extreme fabrication
		difficulty in other orientations.
	Flexure bend	Care must be taken not to exceed the	IJ10, IJ19, IJ33
	actuator	elastic limit in the flexure area
		Stress distribution is very uneven
		Difficult to accurately model with finite
		element analysis
	Gears	Moving parts are required	IJ13
		Several actuator cycles are required
		More complex drive electronics
		Complex construction
		Friction, friction, and wear are possible
	Catch	Complex construction	IJ10
		Requires external force
		Unsuitable for pigmented inks
	Buckle plate	Must stay within elastic limits of the	S. Hirata et al, “An Ink-
		materials for long device life	jet Head . . . ”, Proc.
		High stresses involved	IEEE MEMS, February
		Generally high power requirement	1996, pp 418-423.
			IJ18, IJ27
	Tapered	Complex construction	IJ14
	magnetic pole
	Lever	High stress around the fulcrum	IJ32, IJ36, IJ37
	Rotary impeller	Complex construction	IJ28
		Unsuitable for pigmented inks
	Acoustic lens	Large area required	1993 Hadimioglu et al,
		Only relevant for acoustic ink jets	EUP 550,192
			1993 Elrod et al, EUP
			572,220
	Sharp	Difficult to fabricate using standard VLSI	Tone-jet
	conductive	processes for a surface ejecting ink-jet
	point	Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets

Actuator Motion

Actuator motion	Description	Advantages
Volume	The volume of the actuator changes,	Simple construction in the case
expansion	pushing the ink in all directions.	of thermal ink jet
Linear, normal	The actuator moves in a direction normal	Efficient coupling to ink drops
to chip surface	to the print head surface. The nozzle is	ejected normal to the surface
	typically in the line of movement.
Linear, parallel	The actuator moves parallel to the print	Suitable for planar fabrication
to chip surface	head surface. Drop ejection may still be
	normal to the surface.
Membrane push	An actuator with a high force but small	The effective area of the
	area is used to push a stiff membrane	actuator becomes the
	that is in contact with the ink.	membrane area
Rotary	The actuator causes the rotation of some	Rotary levers may be used to
	element, such a grill or impeller	increase travel
		Small chip area requirements
Bend	The actuator bends when energized. This	A very small change in
	may be due to differential thermal	dimensions can be converted
	expansion, piezoelectric expansion,	to a large motion.
	magnetostriction, or other form of
	relative dimensional change.
Swivel	The actuator swivels around a central	Allows operation where the net
	pivot. This motion is suitable where	linear force on the paddle is
	there are opposite forces applied to	zero
	opposite sides of the paddle, e.g. Lorenz	Small chip area requirements
	force.
Straighten	The actuator is normally bent, and	Can be used with shape
	straightens when energized.	memory alloys where the
		austenic phase is planar
Double bend	The actuator bends in one direction when	One actuator can be used to
	one element is energized, and bends the	power two nozzles.
	other way when another element is	Reduced chip size.
	energized.	Not sensitive to ambient
		temperature
Shear	Energizing the actuator causes a shear	Can increase the effective
	motion in the actuator material.	travel of piezoelectric actuators
Radial	The actuator squeezes an ink reservoir,	Relatively easy to fabricate
constriction	forcing ink from a constricted nozzle.	single nozzles from glass
		tubing as macroscopic
		structures
Coil/uncoil	A coiled actuator uncoils or coils more	Easy to fabricate as a planar
	tightly. The motion of the free end of the	VLSI process
	actuator ejects the ink.	Small area required, therefore
		low cost
Bow	The actuator bows (or buckles) in the	Can increase the speed of
	middle when energized.	travel
		Mechanically rigid
Push-Pull	Two actuators control a shutter. One	The structure is pinned at both
	actuator pulls the shutter, and the other	ends, so has a high out-of-
	pushes it.	plane rigidity
Curl inwards	A set of actuators curl inwards to reduce	Good fluid flow to the region
	the volume of ink that they enclose.	behind the actuator increases
		efficiency
Curl outwards	A set of actuators curl outwards,	Relatively simple construction
	pressurizing ink in a chamber
	surrounding the actuators, and expelling
	ink from a nozzle in the chamber.
Iris	Multiple vanes enclose a volume of ink.	High efficiency
	These simultaneously rotate, reducing	Small chip area
	the volume between the vanes.
Acoustic	The actuator vibrates at a high	The actuator can be physically
vibration	frequency.	distant from the ink
None	In various ink jet designs the actuator	No moving parts
	does not move.

Actuator motion	Disadvantages	Examples
Volume	High energy is typically required to	Hewlett-Packard
expansion	achieve volume expansion. This leads to	Thermal Inkjet
	thermal stress, cavitation, and kogation in	Canon Bubblejet
	thermal ink jet implementations
Linear, normal	High fabrication complexity may be	IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ07
to chip surface	required to achieve perpendicular motion	IJ11, IJ14
Linear, parallel	Fabrication complexity	IJ12, IJ13, IJ15, IJ33,
to chip surface	Friction	IJ34, IJ35, IJ36
	Stiction
Membrane push	Fabrication complexity	1982 Howkins U.S. Pat. No.
	Actuator size	4,459,601
	Difficulty of integration in a VLSI process
Rotary	Device complexity	IJ05, IJ08, IJ13, IJ28
	May have friction at a pivot point
Bend	Requires the actuator to be made from at	1970 Kyser et al U.S. Pat. No.
	least two distinct layers, or to have a	3,946,398
	thermal difference across the actuator	1973 Stemme U.S. Pat. No.
		3,747,120
		IJ03, IJ09, IJ10, IJ19
		IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ29
		IJ30, IJ31, IJ33, IJ34
		IJ35
Swivel	Inefficient coupling to the ink motion	IJ06
Straighten	Requires careful balance of stresses to	IJ26, IJ32
	ensure that the quiescent bend is accurate
Double bend	Difficult to make the drops ejected by both	IJ36, IJ37, IJ38
	bend directions identical.
	A small efficiency loss compared to
	equivalent single bend actuators.
Shear	Not readily applicable to other actuator	1985 Fishbeck U.S. Pat. No.
	mechanisms	4,584,590
Radial	High force required	1970 Zoltan U.S. Pat. No.
constriction	Inefficient	3,683,212
	Difficult to integrate with VLSI processes
Coil/uncoil	Difficult to fabricate for non-planar devices	IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35
	Poor out-of-plane stiffness
Bow	Maximum travel is constrained	IJ16, IJ18, IJ27
	High force required
Push-Pull	Not readily suitable for inkjets which	IJ18
	directly push the ink
Curl inwards	Design complexity	IJ20, IJ42
Curl outwards	Relatively large chip area	IJ43
Iris	High fabrication complexity	IJ22
	Not suitable for pigmented inks
Acoustic	Large area required for efficient operation	1993 Hadimioglu et al,
vibration	at useful frequencies	EUP 550,192
	Acoustic coupling and crosstalk	1993 Elrod et al, EUP
	Complex drive circuitry	572,220
	Poor control of drop volume and position
None	Various other tradeoffs are required to	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	eliminate moving parts	658 A2 and related
		patent applications
		Tone-jet

Nozzle Refill Method

Nozzle
refill
method	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
Surface	After the actuator is energized, it	Fabrication simplicity	Low speed	Thermal inkjet
tension	typically returns rapidly to its normal	Operational simplicity	Surface tension force relatively small	Piezoelectric inkjet
	position. This rapid return sucks in air		compared to actuator force	IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14
	through the nozzle opening. The ink		Long refill time usually dominates the	IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45
	surface tension at the nozzle then exerts		total repetition rate
	a small force restoring the meniscus to a
	minimum area.
Shuttered	Ink to the nozzle chamber is provided at	High speed	Requires common ink pressure oscillator	IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17
oscillating	a pressure that oscillates at twice the	Low actuator energy, as the	May not be suitable for pigmented inks	IJ18, IJ19, IJ21
ink	drop ejection frequency. When a drop is	actuator need only open or
pressure	to be ejected, the shutter is opened for 3	close the shutter, instead of
	half cycles: drop ejection, actuator	ejecting the ink drop
	return, and refill.
Refill	After the main actuator has ejected a	High speed, as the nozzle is	Requires two independent actuators per	IJ09
actuator	drop a second (refill) actuator is	actively refilled	nozzle
	energized. The refill actuator pushes ink
	into the nozzle chamber. The refill
	actuator returns slowly, to prevent its
	return from emptying the chamber again.
Positive	The ink is held a slight positive pressure.	High refill rate, therefore a	Surface spill must be prevented	Silverbrook, EP 0771
ink	After the ink drop is ejected, the nozzle	high drop repetition rate is	Highly hydrophobic print head surfaces	658 A2 and related
pressure	chamber fills quickly as surface tension	possible	are required	patent applications
	and ink pressure both operate to refill the			Alternative for:
	nozzle.			IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14
				IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45

Method of Restricting Back-Flow Through Inlet

Inlet
back-flow
restriction
method	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Examples
Long inlet	The ink inlet channel to the nozzle	Design simplicity	Restricts refill rate	Thermal inkjet
channel	chamber is made long and relatively	Operational simplicity	May result in a relatively large chip area	Piezoelectric inkjet
	narrow, relying on viscous drag to	Reduces crosstalk	Only partially effective	IJ42, IJ43
	reduce inlet back-flow.
Positive	The ink is under a positive pressure, so	Drop selection and separation	Requires a method (such as a nozzle	Silverbrook, EP 0771
ink	that in the quiescent state some of the ink	forces can be reduced	rim or effective hydrophobizing, or	658 A2 and related
pressure	drop already protrudes from the nozzle.	Fast refill time	both) to prevent flooding of the	patent applications
	This reduces the pressure in the nozzle		ejection surface of the print head.	Possible operation of
	chamber which is required to eject a			the following:
	certain volume of ink. The reduction in			IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12
	chamber pressure results in a reduction			IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22,
	in ink pushed out through the inlet.			IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ41
				IJ44
Baffle	One or more baffles are placed in the	The refill rate is not as	Design complexity	HP Thermal Ink Jet
	inlet ink flow. When the actuator is	restricted as the long inlet	May increase fabrication complexity	Tektronix piezoelectric
	energized, the rapid ink movement	method.	(e.g. Tektronix hot melt Piezoelectric	ink jet
	creates eddies which restrict the flow	Reduces crosstalk	print heads).
	through the inlet. The slower refill
	process is unrestricted, and does not
	result in eddies.
Flexible	In this method recently disclosed by	Significantly reduces back-	Not applicable to most inkjet	Canon
flap	Canon, the expanding actuator (bubble)	flow for edge-shooter thermal	configurations
restricts	pushes on a flexible flap that restricts the	ink jet devices	Increased fabrication complexity
inlet	inlet.		Inelastic deformation of polymer flap
			results in creep over extended use
Inlet filter	A filter is located between the ink inlet	Additional advantage of ink	Restricts refill rate	IJ04, IJ12, IJ24, IJ27
	and the nozzle chamber. The filter has a	filtration	May result in complex construction	IJ29, IJ30
	multitude of small holes or slots,	Ink filter may be fabricated
	restricting ink flow. The filter also	with no additional process
	removes particles which may block the	steps
	nozzle.
Small inlet	The ink inlet channel to the nozzle	Design simplicity	Restricts refill rate	IJ02, IJ37, IJ44
compared	chamber has a substantially smaller cross		May result in a relatively large chip area
to nozzle	section than that of the nozzle, resulting		Only partially effective
	in easier ink egress out of the nozzle than
	out of the inlet.
Inlet	A secondary actuator controls the	Increases speed of the ink-jet	Requires separate refill actuator and	IJ09
shutter	position of a shutter, closing off the ink	print head operation	drive circuit
	inlet when the main actuator is
	energized.
The inlet	The method avoids the problem of inlet	Back-flow problem is	Requires careful design to minimize the	IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06
is	back-flow by arranging the ink-pushing	eliminated	negative pressure behind the paddle	IJ07, IJ10, IJ11, IJ14
located	surface of the actuator between the inlet			IJ16, IJ22, IJ23, IJ25
behind	and the nozzle.			IJ28, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33
the ink-				IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ39
pushing				IJ40, IJ41
surface
Part of the	The actuator and a wall of the ink	Significant reductions in back-	Small increase in fabrication complexity	IJ07, IJ20, IJ26, IJ38
actuator	chamber are arranged so that the motion	flow can be achieved
moves to	of the actuator closes off the inlet.	Compact designs possible
shut off
the inlet
Nozzle	In some configurations of ink jet, there is	Ink back-flow problem is	None related to ink back-flow on	Silverbrook, EP 0771
actuator	no expansion or movement of an	eliminated	actuation	658 A2 and related
does not	actuator which may cause ink back-flow			patent applications
result in	through the inlet.			Valve-jet
ink				Tone-jet
back-flow				IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17
				IJ18, IJ19, IJ21

Nozzle Clearing Method

Nozzle Clearing
method	Description	Advantages
Normal nozzle	All of the nozzles are fired periodically,	No added complexity on the
firing	before the ink has a chance to dry. When	print head
	not in use the nozzles are sealed (capped)
	against air.
	The nozzle firing is usually performed
	during a special clearing cycle, after first
	moving the print head to a cleaning
	station.
Extra power to	In systems which heat the ink, but do not	Can be highly effective if the
ink heater	boil it under normal situations, nozzle	heater is adjacent to the nozzle
	clearing can be achieved by over-
	powering the heater and boiling ink at
	the nozzle.
Rapid	The actuator is fired in rapid succession.	Does not require extra drive
succession of	In some configurations, this may cause	circuits on the print head
actuator pulses	heat build-up at the nozzle which boils	Can be readily controlled and
	the ink, clearing the nozzle. In other	initiated by digital logic
	situations, it may cause sufficient
	vibrations to dislodge clogged nozzles.
Extra power to	Where an actuator is not normally driven	A simple solution where
ink pushing	to the limit of its motion, nozzle clearing	applicable
actuator	may be assisted by providing an
	enhanced drive signal to the actuator.
Acoustic	An ultrasonic wave is applied to the ink	A high nozzle clearing
resonance	chamber. This wave is of an appropriate	capability can be achieved
	amplitude and frequency to cause	May be implemented at very
	sufficient force at the nozzle to clear	low cost in systems which
	blockages. This is easiest to achieve if	already include acoustic
	the ultrasonic wave is at a resonant	actuators
	frequency of the ink cavity.
Nozzle clearing	A microfabricated plate is pushed against	Can clear severely clogged
plate	the nozzles. The plate has a post for	nozzles
	every nozzle. The array of posts
Ink pressure	The pressure of the ink is temporarily	May be effective where other
pulse	increased so that ink streams from all of	methods cannot be used
	the nozzles. This may be used in
	conjunction with actuator energizing.
Print head wiper	A flexible ‘blade’ is wiped across the	Effective for planar print head
	print head surface. The blade is usually	surfaces
	fabricated from a flexible polymer, e.g.	Low cost
	rubber or synthetic elastomer.
Separate ink	A separate heater is provided at the	Can be effective where other
boiling heater	nozzle although the normal drop e-	nozzle clearing methods
	ection mechanism does not require it.	cannot be used
	The heaters do not require individual	Can be implemented at no
	drive circuits, as many nozzles can be	additional cost in some inkjet
	cleared simultaneously, and no imaging	configurations
	is required.

	Nozzle Clearing
	method	Disadvantages	Examples
	Normal nozzle	May not be sufficient to displace dried ink	Most ink jet systems
	firing		IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12
			IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22
			IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ45
	Extra power to	Requires higher drive voltage for clearing	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	ink heater	May require larger drive transistors	658 A2 and related
			patent applications
	Rapid	Effectiveness depends substantially upon	May be used with:
	succession of	the configuration of the inkjet nozzle	IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ11
	actuator pulses		IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22
			IJ23-IJ25, IJ27-IJ34
			IJ36-IJ45
	Extra power to	Not suitable where there is a hard limit to	May be used with:
	ink pushing	actuator movement	IJ03, IJ09, IJ16, IJ20
	actuator		IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ27
			IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32
			IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42
			IJ43, IJ44, IJ45
	Acoustic	High implementation cost if system does	IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17
	resonance	not already include an acoustic actuator	IJ18, IJ19, IJ21
	Nozzle clearing	Accurate mechanical alignment is required	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	plate	Moving parts are required	658 A2 and related
		There is risk of damage to the nozzles	patent applications
		Accurate fabrication is required
	Ink pressure	Requires pressure pump or other pressure	May be used with all IJ
	pulse	actuator	series ink jets
		Expensive
		Wasteful of ink
	Print head wiper	Difficult to use if print head surface is non-	Many ink jet systems
		planar or very fragile
		Requires mechanical parts
		Blade can wear out in high volume print
		systems
	Separate ink	Fabrication complexity	Can be used with many
	boiling heater		IJ series ink jets

Nozzle Plate Construction

Nozzle plate
construction	Description	Advantages
Electroformed	A nozzle plate is separately fabricated	Fabrication simplicity
nickel	from electroformed nickel, and bonded
	to the print head chip.
Laser ablated or	Individual nozzle holes are ablated by an	No masks required
drilled polymer	intense UV laser in a nozzle plate, which	Can be quite fast
	is typically a polymer such as polyimide	Some control over nozzle
	or polysulphone	profile is possible
		Equipment required is
		relatively low cost
Silicon micro-	A separate nozzle plate is	High accuracy is attainable
machined	micromachined from single crystal
	silicon, and bonded to the print head
	wafer.
Glass capillaries	Fine glass capillaries are drawn from	No expensive equipment
	glass tubing. This method has been used	required
	for making individual nozzles, but is	Simple to make single nozzles
	difficult to use for bulk manufacturing of
	print heads with thousands of nozzles.
Monolithic,	The nozzle plate is deposited as a layer	High accuracy (<1 μm)
surface micro-	using standard VLSI deposition	Monolithic
machined using	techniques. Nozzles are etched in the	Low cost
VLSI	nozzle plate using VLSI lithography and	Existing processes can be used
lithographic	etching.
processes
Monolithic,	The nozzle plate is a buried etch stop in	High accuracy (<1 μm)
etched through	the wafer. Nozzle chambers are etched in	Monolithic
substrate	the front of the wafer, and the wafer is	Low cost
	thinned from the back side. Nozzles are	No differential expansion
	then etched in the etch stop layer.
No nozzle plate	Various methods have been tried to	No nozzles to become clogged
	eliminate the nozzles entirely, to prevent
	nozzle clogging. These include thermal
	bubble mechanisms and acoustic lens
	mechanisms
Trough	Each drop ejector has a trough through	Reduced manufacturing
	which a paddle moves. There is no	complexity
	nozzle plate.	Monolithic
Nozzle slit	The elimination of nozzle holes and	No nozzles to become clogged
instead of	replacement by a slit encompassing
individual	many actuator positions reduces nozzle
nozzles	clogging, but increases crosstalk due to
	ink surface waves

Nozzle plate
construction	Disadvantages	Examples
Electroformed	High temperatures and pressures are	Hewlett Packard
nickel	required to bond nozzle plate	Thermal Inkjet
	Minimum thickness constraints
	Differential thermal expansion
Laser ablated or	Each hole must be individually formed	Canon Bubblejet
drilled polymer	Special equipment required	1988 Sercel et al.,
	Slow where there are many thousands of	SPIE, Vol. 998 Excimer
	nozzles per print head	Beam Applications, pp.
	May produce thin burrs at exit holes	76-83
		1993 Watanabe et al.,
		U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,604
Silicon micro-	Two part construction	K. Bean, IEEE
machined	High cost	Transactions on
	Requires precision alignment	Electron Devices, Vol.
	Nozzles may be clogged by adhesive	ED-25, No. 10, 1978,
		pp 1185-1195
		Xerox 1990 Hawkins et
		al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181
Glass capillaries	Very small nozzle sizes are difficult to	1970 Zoltan U.S. Pat. No.
	form	3,683,212
	Not suited for mass production
Monolithic,	Requires sacrificial layer under the nozzle	Silverbrook, EP 0771
surface micro-	plate to form the nozzle chamber	658 A2 and related
machined using	Surface may be fragile to the touch	patent applications
VLSI		IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ11
lithographic		IJ12, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20
processes		IJ22, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28
		IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32
		IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37
		IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41
		IJ42, IJ43, IJ44
Monolithic,	Requires long etch times	IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, IJ07
etched through	Requires a support wafer	IJ08, IJ09, IJ10, IJ13
substrate		IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, IJ19
		IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, IJ26
No nozzle plate	Difficult to control drop position accurately	Ricoh 1995 Sekiya et al
	Crosstalk problems	U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,413
		1993 Hadimioglu et al
		EUP 550,192
		1993 Elrod et al EUP
		572,220
Trough	Drop firing direction is sensitive to	IJ35
	wicking.
Nozzle slit	Difficult to control drop position accurately	1989 Saito et al U.S. Pat. No.
instead of	Crosstalk problems	4,799,068
individual
nozzles

Drop Ejection Direction

Ejection
direction	Description	Advantages
Edge	Ink flow is along the surface of the chip,	Simple construction
(‘edge shooter’)	and ink drops are ejected from the chip	No silicon etching required
	edge.	Good heat sinking via
		substrate
		Mechanically strong
		Ease of chip handing
Surface	Ink flow is along the surface of the chip,	No bulk silicon etching
(‘roof shooter’)	and ink drops are ejected from the chip	required
	surface, normal to the plane of the chip.	Silicon can make an effective
		heat sink
		Mechanical strength
Through chip,	Ink flow is through the chip, and ink	High ink flow
forward	drops are ejected from the front surface	Suitable for pagewidth print
(‘up shooter’)	of the chip.	High nozzle packing density
		therefore low manufacturing
		cost
Through chip,	Ink flow is through the chip, and ink	High ink flow
reverse	drops are ejected from the rear surface of	Suitable for pagewidth print
(‘down shooter’)	the chip.	High nozzle packing density
		therefore low manufacturing
		cost
Through	Ink flow is through the actuator, which is	Suitable for piezoelectric print
actuator	not fabricated as part of the same	heads
	substrate as the drive transistors.

Ejection
direction	Disadvantages	Examples
Edge	Nozzles limited to edge	Canon Bubblejet 1979
(‘edge shooter’)	High resolution is difficult	Endo et al GB patent
	Fast color printing requires one print head	2,007,162
	per color	Xerox heater-in-pit
		1990 Hawkins et al
		U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181
		Tone-jet
Surface	Maximum ink flow is severely restricted	Hewlett-Packard TIJ
(‘roof shooter’)		1982 Vaught et al U.S. Pat.
		No. 4,490,728
		IJ02, IJ11, IJ12, IJ20
		IJ22
Through chip,	Requires bulk silicon etching	Silverbrook, EP 0771
forward		658 A2 and related
(‘up shooter’)		patent applications
		IJ04, IJ17, IJ18, IJ24
		IJ27-IJ45
Through chip,	Requires wafer thinning	IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06
reverse	Requires special handling during	IJ07, IJ08, IJ09, IJ10
(‘down shooter’)	manufacture	IJ13, IJ14, IJ15, IJ16
		IJ19, IJ21, IJ23, IJ25
		IJ26
Through	Pagewidth print heads require several	Epson Stylus
actuator	thousand connections to drive circuits	Tektronix hot melt
	Cannot be manufactured in standard	piezoelectric ink jets
	CMOS fabs
	Complex assembly required

Ink Type

Ink type	Description	Advantages
Aqueous, dye	Water based ink which typically	Environmentally friendly
	contains: water, dye, surfactant,	No odor
	humectant, and biocide.
	Modern ink dyes have high water-
	fastness, light fastness
Aqueous,	Water based ink which typically	Environmentally friendly
pigment	contains: water, pigment, surfactant,	No odor
	humectant, and biocide.	Reduced bleed
	Pigments have an advantage in reduced	Reduced wicking
	bleed, wicking and strikethrough.	Reduced strikethrough
Methyl Ethyl	MEK is a highly volatile solvent used for	Very fast drying
Ketone (MEK)	industrial printing on difficult surfaces	Prints on various substrates
	such as aluminum cans.	such as metals and plastics
Alcohol	Alcohol based inks can be used where	Fast drying
(ethanol, 2-	the printer must operate at temperatures	Operates at sub-freezing
butanol, and	below the freezing point of water. An	temperatures
others)	example of this is in-camera consumer	Reduced paper cockle
	photographic printing.	Low cost
Phase change	The ink is solid at room temperature, and	No drying time-ink instantly
(hot melt)	is melted in the print head before jetting.	freezes on the print medium
	Hot melt inks are usually wax based,	Almost any print medium can
	with a melting point around 80° C. After	be used
	jetting the ink freezes almost instantly	No paper cockle occurs
	upon contacting the print medium or a	No wicking occurs
	transfer roller.	No bleed occurs
		No strikethrough occurs
Oil	Oil based inks are extensively used in	High solubility medium for
	offset printing. They have advantages in	some dyes
	improved characteristics on paper	Does not cockle paper
	(especially no wicking or cockle). Oil	Does not wick through paper
	soluble dies and pigments are required.
Microemulsion	A microemulsion is a stable, self forming	Stops ink bleed
	emulsion of oil, water, and surfactant.	High dye solubility
	The characteristic drop size is less than	Water, oil, and amphiphilic
	100 nm, and is determined by the	soluble dies can be used
	preferred curvature of the surfactant.	Can stabilize pigment
		suspensions

Ink type	Disadvantages	Examples
Aqueous, dye	Slow drying	Most existing inkjets
	Corrosive	All IJ series ink jets
	Bleeds on paper	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	May strikethrough	658 A2 and related
	Cockles paper	patent applications
Aqueous,	Slow drying	IJ02, IJ04, IJ21, IJ26
pigment	Corrosive	IJ27, IJ30
	Pigment may clog nozzles	Silverbrook, EP 0771
	Pigment may clog actuator mechanisms	658 A2 and related
	Cockles paper	patent applications
		Piezoelectric ink-jets
		Thermal ink jets (with
		significant restrictions)
Methyl Ethyl	Odorous	All IJ series ink jets
Ketone (MEK)	Flammable
Alcohol	Slight odor	All IJ series ink jets
(ethanol, 2-	Flammable
butanol, and
others)
Phase change	High viscosity	Tektronix hot melt
(hot melt)	Printed ink typically has a ‘waxy’ feel	piezoelectric ink jets
	Printed pages may ‘block’	1989 Nowak U.S. Pat. No.
	Ink temperature may be above the curie	4,820,346
	point of permanent magnets	All IJ series ink jets
	Ink heaters consume power
	Long warm-up time
Oil	High viscosity: this is a significant	All IJ series ink jets
	limitation for use in inkjets, which usually
	require a low viscosity. Some short chain
	and multi-branched oils have a sufficiently
	low viscosity.
	Slow drying
Microemulsion	Viscosity higher than water	All IJ series ink jets
	Cost is slightly higher than water based ink
	High surfactant concentration required
	(around 5%)

Ink Jet Printing

A large number of new forms of ink jet printers have been developed to facilitate alternative ink jet technologies for the image processing and data distribution system. Various combinations of ink jet devices can be included in printer devices incorporated as part of the present invention. Australian Provisional Patent Applications relating to these ink jets which are specifically incorporated by cross reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian			US Patent/Patent
Provisional			Application and Filing
Number	Filing Date	Title	Date
PO8066	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ01)	6,227,652
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8072	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ02)	6,213,588
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8040	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ03)	6,213,589
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8071	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ04)	6,231,163
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8047	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ05)	6,247,795
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8035	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ06)	6,394,581
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8044	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ07)	6,244,691
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8063	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ08)	6,257,704
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8057	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ09)	6,416,168
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8056	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ10)	6,220,694
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8069	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ11)	6,257,705
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8049	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ12)	6,247,794
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8036	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ13)	6,234,610
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8048	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ14)	6,247,793
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8070	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ15)	6,264,306
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8067	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ16)	6,241,342
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8001	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ17)	6,247,792
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8038	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ18)	6,264,307
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8033	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ19)	6,254,220
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8002	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ20)	6,234,611
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8068	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ21)	6,302,528
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8062	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ22)	6,283,582
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8034	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ23)	6,239,821
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8039	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ24)	6,338,547
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8041	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ25)	6,247,796
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8004	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ26)	09/113,122
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8037	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ27)	6,390,603
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8043	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ28)	6,362,843
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8042	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ29)	6,293,653
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8064	15-Jul-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ30)	6,312,107
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9389	23-Sep-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ31)	6,227,653
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9391	23-Sep-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ32)	6,234,609
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0888	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ33)	6,238,040
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0891	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ34)	6,188,415
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0890	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ35)	6,227,654
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0873	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ36)	6,209,989
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0993	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ37)	6,247,791
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0890	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ38)	6,336,710
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP1398	19-Jan-98	An Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,217,153
		(IJ39)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP2592	25-Mar-98	An Image Creation Method and Apparatus	6,416,167
		(IJ40)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP2593	25-Mar-98	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ41)	6,243,113
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3991	19-Jun-98	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ42)	6,283,581
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3987	9-Jun-98	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ43)	6,247,790
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3985	9-Jun-98	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ44)	6,260,953
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3983	9-Jun-98	Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ45)	6,267,469
			(Jul. 10, 1998)

Ink Jet Manufacturing

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor fabrication techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable manufacturing techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian			US Patent/Patent
Provisional			Application and Filing
Number	Filing Date	Title	Date
PO7935	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,224,780
		Apparatus (IJM01)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7936	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,235,212
		Apparatus (IJM02)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7937	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,280,643
		Apparatus (IJM03)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8061	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,284,147
		Apparatus (IJM04)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8054	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,214,244
		Apparatus (IJM05)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8065	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,071,750
		Apparatus (IJM06)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8055	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,267,905
		Apparatus (IJM07)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8053	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,251,298
		Apparatus (IJM08)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8078	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,258,285
		Apparatus (IJM09)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7933	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,225,138
		Apparatus (IJM10)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7950	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,241,904
		Apparatus (IJM11)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7949	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,299,786
		Apparatus (IJM12)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8060	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	09/113,124
		Apparatus (IJM13)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8059	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,231,773
		Apparatus (IJM14)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8073	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,190,931
		Apparatus (IJM15)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8076	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,248,249
		Apparatus (IJM16)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8075	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,290,862
		Apparatus (IJM17)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8079	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,241,906
		Apparatus (IJM18)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8050	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	09/113,116
		Apparatus (IJM19)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8052	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,241,905
		Apparatus (IJM20)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7948	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,451,216
		Apparatus (IJM21)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7951	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,231,772
		Apparatus (IJM22)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8074	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,274,056
		Apparatus (IJM23)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7941	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,290,861
		Apparatus (IJM24)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8077	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,248,248
		Apparatus (IJM25)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8058	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,306,671
		Apparatus (IJM26)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8051	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,331,258
		Apparatus (IJM27)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8045	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,110,754
		Apparatus (IJM28)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7952	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,294,101
		Apparatus (IJM29)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8046	15-Jul-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,416,679
		Apparatus (IJM30)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8503	11-Aug-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,264,849
		Apparatus (IJM30a)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9390	23-Sep-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,254,793
		Apparatus (IJM31)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9392	23-Sep-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,235,211
		Apparatus (IJM32)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0889	12-Dec-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,235,211
		Apparatus (IJM35)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0887	12-Dec-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,264,850
		Apparatus (IJM36)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0882	12-Dec-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,258,284
		Apparatus (IJM37)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0874	12-Dec-97	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,258,284
		Apparatus (IJM38)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP1396	19-Jan-98	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,228,668
		Apparatus (IJM39)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP2591	25-Mar-98	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,180,427
		Apparatus (IJM41)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3989	9-Jun-98	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,171,875
		Apparatus (IJM40)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3990	9-Jun-98	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,267,904
		Apparatus (IJM42)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3986	9-Jun-98	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,245,247
		Apparatus (IJM43)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3984	9-Jun-98	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,245,247
		Apparatus (IJM44)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP3982	9-Jun-98	A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation	6,231,148
		Apparatus (IJM45)	(Jul. 10, 1998)

Fluid Supply

Further, the present application may utilize an ink delivery system to the ink jet head. Delivery systems relating to the supply of ink to a series of ink jet nozzles are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications, the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian			US Patent/
Provisional			Patent Application
Number	Filing Date	Title	and Filing Date
PO8003	15-Jul-97	Supply Method and	6,350,023
		Apparatus (F1)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8005	15-Jul-97	Supply Method and	6,318,849
		Apparatus (F2)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9404	23-Sep-97	A Device and	09/113,101
		Method (F3)	(Jul. 10, 1998)

MEMS Technology

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor microelectromechanical techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable microelectromechanical techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian			US Patent/
Provisional			Patent Application
Number	Filing Date	Title	and Filing Date
PO7943	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS01)
PO8006	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS02)	6,087,638
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8007	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS03)	09/113,093
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8008	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS04)	6,340,222
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8010	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS05)	6,041,600
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8011	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS06)	6,299,300
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7947	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS07)	6,067,797
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7945	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS08)	9/113,081
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7944	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS09)	6,286,935
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7946	15-Jul-97	A device (MEMS10)	6,044,646
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9393	23-Sep-97	A Device and Method	09/113,065
		(MEMS11)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0875	12-Dec-97	A Device (MEMS12)	09/113,078
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0894	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method	09/113,075
		(MEMS13)	(Jul. 10, 1998)

IR Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a disposable camera system such as those described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

			US Patent/
Australian			Patent
Provisional	Filing		Application
Number	Date	Title	and Filing Date
PP0895	12-Dec-97	An Image Creation Method	6,231,148
		and Apparatus (IR01)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0870	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR02)	09/113,106
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0869	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR04)	6,293,658
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0887	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and	09/113,104
		Apparatus (IR05)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0885	12-Dec-97	An Image Production System	6,238,033
		(IR06)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0884	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and	6,312,070
		Apparatus (IR10)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0886	12-Dec-97	Image Creation Method and	6,238,111
		Apparatus (IR12)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0871	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR13)	09/113,086
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0876	12-Dec-97	An Image Processing Method	09/113,094
		and Apparatus (IR14)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0877	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR16)	6,378,970
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0878	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR17)	6,196,739
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0879	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR18)	09/112,774
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0883	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR19)	6,270,182
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0880	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR20)	6,152,619
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0881	12-Dec-97	A Device and Method (IR21)	09/113,092
			(Jul. 10, 1998)

DotCard Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a data distribution system such as that described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian			US Patent/
Provisional	Filing		Patent Application
Number	Date	Title	and Filing Date
PP2370	16-Mar-98	Data Processing Method	09/112,781
		and Apparatus (Dot01)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP2371	16-Mar-98	Data Processing Method	09/113,052
		and Apparatus (Dot02)	(Jul. 10, 1998)

Artcam Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of camera and data processing techniques such as an Artcam type device as described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience.

Australian
Provisional			US Patent/Patent Application
Number	Filing Date	Title	and Filing Date
PO7991	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,060
		(ART01)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7988	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	6,476,863
		(ART02)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7993	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,073
		(ART03)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9395	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,322,181
		(ART04)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8017	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,747
		(ART06)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8014	15-Jul-97	Media Device (ART07)	6,227,648
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8025	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,750
		(ART08)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8032	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,746
		(ART09)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7999	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,743
		(ART10)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7998	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,742
		(ART11)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8031	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,741
		(ART12)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8030	15-Jul-97	Media Device (ART13)	6,196,541
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7997	15-Jul-97	Media Device (ART15)	6,195,150
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7979	15-Jul-97	Media Device (ART16)	6,362,868
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8015	15-Jul-97	Media Device (ART17)	09/112,738
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7978	15-Jul-97	Media Device (ART18)	09/113,067
			(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7982	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,431,669
		(ART19)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7989	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,362,869
		(ART20)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8019	15-Jul-97	Media Processing Method and Apparatus	6,472,052
		(ART21)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7980	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	6,356,715
		(ART22)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8018	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,777
		(ART24)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7938	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,224
		(ART25)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8016	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	6,366,693
		(ART26)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8024	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	6,329,990
		(ART27)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7940	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,072
		(ART28)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7939	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,785
		(ART29)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8501	11-Aug-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	6,137,500
		(ART30)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8500	11-Aug-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,796
		(ART31)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7987	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,071
		(ART32)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8022	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	6,398,328
		(ART33)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8497	11-Aug-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,090
		(ART34)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8020	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,431,704
		(ART38)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8023	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,222
		(ART39)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8504	11-Aug-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,786
		(ART42)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8000	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,415,054
		(ART43)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7977	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,782
		(ART44)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7934	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,056
		(ART45)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7990	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,059
		(ART46)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8499	11-Aug-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	6,486,886
		(ART47)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8502	11-Aug-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	6,381,361
		(ART48)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7981	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,317,192
		(ART50)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7986	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,057
		(ART51)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO7983	15-Jul-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,054
		(ART52)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8026	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,752
		(ART53)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8027	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,759
		(ART54)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO8028	15-Jul-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,757
		(ART56)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9394	23-Sep-97	Image Processing Method and Apparatus	6,357,135
		(ART57)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9396	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/113,107
		(ART58)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9397	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,271,931
		(ART59)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9398	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,353,772
		(ART60)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9399	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,106,147
		(ART61)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9400	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,790
		(ART62)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9401	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,304,291
		(ART63)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9402	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	09/112,788
		(ART64)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9403	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,305,770
		(ART65)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PO9405	23-Sep-97	Data Processing Method and Apparatus	6,289,262
		(ART66)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP0959	16-Dec-97	A Data Processing Method and	6,315,200
		Apparatus (ART68)	(Jul. 10, 1998)
PP1397	19-Jan-98	A Media Device (ART69)	6,217,165
			(Jul. 10, 1998)