Particulate materials

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/579,271, filed Oct. 31, 2006.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to particulate polymers and particulate glasses prepared therefrom, to their use as reservoirs or encapsulating agents, to reservoir and encapsulating agent compositions and to materials containing such compositions, in particular to materials in which the basic polymer is prepared using the combination of an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and a mono-unsaturated four or five membered dihydroxyl, di- or tri-oxo monomer, i.e. squaric acid or croconic acid, or an activated derivative thereof.

In many technical fields, particulate substrate materials are used as reservoirs for or to encapsulate chemical compounds having desirable properties, e.g. colorants, diagnostic agents, catalysts, growth media, etc.

Typical such particular substrate materials include porous, solid and hollow organic (e.g. polymeric) and inorganic (e.g. silicaceous) particles.

In the case of these particulate substrate materials, it is frequently complex or expensive to achieve the desired properties in terms of particle size, particle size distribution, porosity, loading characteristics, release characteristics, solvent penetrability, etc. This is particularly the case for hollow particulate substrates. Accordingly there is a continuing need for new materials having desirable properties as substrates.

A class of polymers produced by copolymerisation of unsaturated heterocyclic monomers and squaric or croconic acid has been investigated for their optoelectronic properties. See for example the review article by Ajayaghosh in Chem. Soc. Rev. 32: 181-191 (2003), the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Such polymers however have not been suggested to have any utility as substrate materials and indeed many were dismissed as useless in view of their “intractable nature” (see Ajayaghosh (supra) at page 186, left hand column) as they formed an insoluble material on solution polymerisation.

We have found however that such intractable materials have properties which make them particularly suitable for use as particulate substrates, in particular their abilities to absorb compounds of interest, to be coated with inorganic glass layers, to shrink in a controlled manner upon heating, to produce hollow permeable glass spheres on thermal degeneration of the polymer core, etc.

Thus viewed from one aspect the invention provides the use of a particulate polymer material as a support for an active agent, characterised in that said polymer material is a polymer produced by copolymerising an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and squaric or croconic acid or a derivative thereof.

Viewed from a further aspect the invention provides the use of a hollow particulate glass as a support for an active agent, characterised in that said hollow particulate glass is produced by pyrolysis of a glass-coated polymer produced by copolymerising an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and squaric or croconic acid or a derivative thereof.

The particulate polymer material used according to the invention is preferably one prepared by solution polymerisation of the monomers in a solvent in which the growing polymer becomes insoluble, i.e. such that insoluble polymer particles form within the polymerisation mixture. The solvent used may be any appropriate organic solvent, preferably an alcohol, e.g. a C_1-14 alkanol such as butan-1-ol, hexan-1-ol, decan-1-ol, tetradecanol and hexadecanol, preferably a C_2-8 alkanol, more preferably butan-1-ol.

The heterocyclic monomer may comprise a single heterocyclic ring (preferably a pyrrole ring) or two or more heterocyclic rings linked via a fused ring, a bond, or a non-fused ring or a chain optionally incorporating a ring structure. The heterocycle ring(s) taking part in the polymerisation reaction are preferably five membered rings containing a nitrogen atom which either are unsubstituted at a position adjacent the nitrogen (or at both positions adjacent the nitrogen if only one heterocyclic ring is active in the polymerisation reaction) or are substituted at that position by a methylene group. Examples of the types of structure feasible are shown in Ajayaghosh (supra). Particularly preferably the heterocyclic group is a 2,5-unsubstituted pyrrole or a 5,5′-unsubstituted-2,2′-bis-pyrrole. In such compounds the 1, 3 and 4 positions may if desired be substituted, e.g. by optionally substituted alkyl, aralkyl or aryl groups. Typically optional substitution of such groups might be by hydroxy, thiol, amino, oxo, oxa, carboxy, etc. groups and substituted versions thereof (e.g. with alkoxy, alkylamino, carboxyalkyl, alkyl, aryl or alkaryl substitution). In the case of the 2,2′-bis pyrroles, linkage of the pyrrole groups may be for example via a bond, a chain (e.g. a methylene or polymethylene chain or a substituted chain such as 9-ethylcarbyl), a saturated or unsaturated ring (e.g. a furan, thiophene, benzene, bisphenyl, pyridine, anthracene or stilbenzyl ring) or a chain interrupted by a ring (e.g. vinyl-phenyl-vinyl). Desirably the monomer is selected such that in the backbone of the polymer product double bonds are in alternating positions, i.e. such that a delocalised electron system along the polymer is feasible.

Thus in a particularly preferred embodiment, the polymer has the structure

where each R, which may be the same or different, is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl; X is a bond or a bridging group; y is zero or a positive integer (e.g. 1, 2, 3 or 4) and z is a positive integer the value whereof determines the molecular weight of the polymer

As may readily be realised, where y>1, the heterocyclic monomer may itself be a pre-prepared polymer or oligomer.

In the heterocyclic monomer, the ring nitrogen is preferably unsubstituted or alkyl, especially methyl, substituted.

In the monomers used, any alkyl or alkylene moiety, unless otherwise specified, preferably contains up to 6 carbon atoms; any ring is preferably 5, 6 or 7 membered containing 0, 1 or 2 heteroatoms, especially O, N or S atoms; and any fused ring system preferably contains 2 or 3 rings.

The polymer beads formed in this way will typically be substantially monodisperse with a particle size of 0.1 to 5 μm (defined as the maximum diameter for which at least 90% by volume are as large or no larger—this can be determined using a Coulter particle size measuring apparatus). The particle size may be reduced, substantially uniformly, by heating to a temperature beneath that at which pyrolysis begins, e.g. to a temperature of 400-500° C., especially 430 to 450° C.

The “active agent” (or its precursor) may be absorbed into such particles from solution, e.g. in an aqueous or organic solvent. The active agent or precursor used in this respect may be any organic or inorganic compound or compound mixture capable of exhibiting desired characteristics in the end product. Thus for example it may be an organic or inorganic dye or dye precursor (a term which is used herein to include visible light absorbers as well as fluorescent and phosphorescent materials), an organic, inorganic or organometallic catalyst or catalyst precursor, a biological material (e.g. a bacterium or virus), a radiochemical, a diagnostic agent (e.g. a paramagnetic or super-paramagnetic material, an X-ray opaque material, a fluorocarbon etc.), a binding agent (e.g. an antibody or antibody fragment), etc. If desired, the particles may be used to carry a compound mixture (i.e. at least two compounds) rather than a single “active” compound. Where this is to be done, the particle may be impregnated sequentially or simultaneously with solutions of the compounds to be impregnated into the particles. If desired, the active agent may be a reagent for a desired reaction and indeed different batches of particles may be loaded with different reagents and then mixed so that reaction occurs when the reagents are released. In general however, where the polymer substrate is to be pyrolysed, either the material loaded onto the particles is a metal or pseudo-metal compound (e.g. an inorganic compound) or the material is loaded after pyrolysis of glass coated polymer particles.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the uncoated polymer particles are loaded with a metal compound in dissolved form, e.g. a dissolved oxide, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, acetate, etc. or with an organometallic compound, e.g. a metal alkyl or alkoxide. In this way it appears that virtually any element may be loaded into the particles.

If it is desired to produce glass-coated or hollow glass particles, the polymer particles may be contacted with a ceramic precursor, e.g. a metal or pseudo-metal alkoxide. Heating such treated polymer particles generates a glass (i.e. ceramic) shell by virtue of the decomposition of the alkoxide. Heating to the temperature at which the polymer pyrolizes generates a hollow glass particle containing the preloaded active agent (if any). Typically such pyrolysis occurs at temperatures above 600° C., e.g. 650-700° C. In this context it will be realised that the “glass” need not be a silica glass but may be any other metal or pseudo-metal ceramic, e.g. zirconia, titania, hafnia, etc. As zirconia, etc. may function catalytically, the glass shell itself may be or contain the “active agent”.

We have surprisingly found that such glass shells, unlike the shells of known hollow silica microspheres, are surprisingly and advantageously permeable. This permits active agents or precursors to be loaded into the particles post glass shell formation and also permits active agents to leach out of the shells or liquids (e.g. water) to leach in. Such glass-shelled particles thus are particularly suitable for use as reservoirs for active agents, e.g. for delayed release in vivo or ex vivo. One particularly preferred use of such loaded hollow glass shells is thus for delayed release of phosphorescent materials into coating or surface materials.

Thus viewed from a yet further aspect the invention provides a particulate composition comprising substrate particles containing an active agent, said substrate particles being particles of a polymer produced by copolymerising an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and squaric or croconic acid or a derivative thereof, optionally coated with a glass-forming coating, or particles of a polymer produced by copolymerising an unsaturated heterocyclic monomer and squaric or croconic acid or a derivative thereof coated with a glass-forming coating and pyrolysed, said composition optionally further containing a carrier and optionally further containing a matrix-forming material.

The carrier in such compositions may typically be a liquid, e.g. water or an organic solvent.

The matrix forming agent in such compositions may typically be a paint, varnish, lacquer, cement or concrete base, i.e. a material which will harden to produce a solid or film in which the particles are embedded.

Viewed from a yet further aspect the invention provides the use of a particulate composition according to the invention as an absorbent, a catalyst, a dye, a delayed release agent, a contrast agent, a chromatographic medium or a reagent for a chemical reaction.

If desired, the glass-forming reagent may be heated in a reducing medium (e.g. a hydrogen atmosphere) to produce a metal or pseudo-metal shell rather than a glass shell. The resulting particulates and their uses also form part of the present invention.

Where the polymer is impregnated with a metal compound, it can be pyrolysed to yield hollow particles of compounds of that metal. The resulting particulates and their uses also form part of the present invention. These may include hollow titania, silica or iron oxide shells as described below which may be used as they are or may be loaded with other active agents.

The invention will now be illustrated further with reference to the following non-limiting Examples.

EXAMPLE 1

Preparation of Poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine)

Poly(pyrrol-2-ylsquaraine)s are prepared by refluxing equimolar amounts of the pyrrole derivative and squaric acid in an alkyl alcohol (or a solvent mix containing an alkyl alcohol). A typical preparation procedure based on the use of 1-methylpyrrole is as follows: equimolar amounts of 1-methylpyrrole and squaric acid were refluxed in butan-1-ol for 16 hours. Upon cooling the crude product was filtered and dried. Soluble small molecular weight materials were removed by repeatedly washing the product with ethyl acetate for 16 hours in a Soxhlet.

The pyrrole derivatives used were pyrrole, 1-methyl-pyrrole, 2,6-bis(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)-pyridine, a,b-bis(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)anthracene, 2,2′-bis(1-methylpyrrole), and 1-acetoxyethyl-pyrrole. A scanning electron microscope picture of the poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl-squaraine) is shown in FIG. 1.

EXAMPLE 2

Absorption of Metal Ions by poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine)

Poly(pyrrol-2-ylsquaraine)s can absorb elemental ions by soaking in an aqueous acidic solution containing dissolved elemental salts. Table 1 lists the metal ions that have been absorbed by poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl-squaraine). Table 1 includes the elemental salt and the acid used to dissolve that salt.

1 gram of poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl-squaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ conc. acid or aqueous acid solution containing 1 gram of dissolved elemental compound, or a mixture of elemental compounds. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by a further stirring for 25 minutes. The poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl-squaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration.

TABLE 1
				Elemental inorganic
Atomic		Reactant compound		compound
No.	Element	dissolved in acid	Acid used	produced in shells

3	Li	LiCl	HCl	Li2SiO3, Li2Si2O5,
				SiO2
5	B	H3BO3	—	ucc B
11	Na	NaCl	HCl	NaCl, Na2Si2O5, SiO2
12	Mg	Mg(CH3CO2)2•6H2O	HCl	MgO
13	Al	AlCl3•6H2O	HCl	ucc Al, Cl, S
15	P	(NH3)H2PO4	H3PO4	SiP2O7, Si3(PO4)4,
				SiP2O7, SiO2
19	K	K(CH3CO2)	HCl	KCl
20	Ca	CaCl2	HCl	ucc Ca
21	Sc	ScCl3	HCl	Sc2O3
22	Ti	Ti	H2SO4	ucc Ti, S
23	V	VCl3	HCl	VO2, V8O15, V2O5
	V = O	VOSO4•H2O	HCl	VO2
24	Cr	CrCl3•6H2O	HCl	Cr2O3
25	Mn	MnCl2•10H2O	HCl	Mn2O3
26	Fe	FeCl2•4H2O	HCl	Fe2O3
27	Co	CoCl2•2H2O	HCl	Co3O4
28	Ni	NiCl2•6H2O	HCl	NiO
29	Cu	CuCl2•2H2O	HCl	CuO
30	Zn	ZnCl2	HCl	ZnO
32	Ge	GeO2	HCl	Ge, GeO2
33	As	As2O3	HCl	ucc As
37	Rb	RbCl	HCl	RbCl
38	Sr	SrCl2•6H2O	HCl	SrO2•8H2O,
				Sr(OH)2•8H2O
39	Y	YCl3•6H2O	HCl	Y2O3
40	Zr	ZrOCl2•8H2O	HCl	ZrO2
41	Nb	Nb2O5	HCl	Nb2O5
42	Mo	MoO3	H2SO4	ucc Mo, S
44	Ru	RuCl3•H2O	HCl	RuO2
45	Rh	RhCl3•H2O	HCl	Rh2O3, HRhO2
46	Pd	Pd(NO3)2	HCl	PdO
47	Ag	Ag2SO4	H2SO4	Ag
48	Cd	CdCl2•H2O	HCl	CdSiO3, CdO2
49	In	InCl3•4H2O	HCl	In2O3
50	Sn	SnCl22H2O	HCl	SnO2
51	Sb	Sb2O3	HCl	ucc Sb
55	Cs	CsCl	HCl	CsO2, CsOH
56	Ba	BaCl2•2H2O	HCl	BaCl2•H2O,
				Ba4Cl6O,
				BaCl2•Ba(OH)2
57	La	LaCl3•7H2O	HCl	LaOCl
58	Ce	CeCl3•7H2O	HCl	CeO2
59	Pr	PrCl3•6H2O	HCl	PrOCl
60	Nd	Nd(CH3CO2)3•H2O	HCl	NdOCl, Nd2O3
62	Sm	Sm2O3	HCl	SmOCl, Sm2SiO4,
				Sm4(SiO4)3
63	Eu	Eu2O3	HCl	Eu2O3
64	Gd	GdO	H2SO4	Gd2O2SO4, Gd2O3
65	Tb	TbCl3•6H2O	HCl	Tb4O7
66	Dy	DyCl3•6H2O	HCl	Dy2O3
67	Ho	HoCl3•6H2O	HCl	Ho2O3
68	Er	ErCl3•6H2O	HCl	Er2O3
69	Tm	TmCl3•H2O	HCl	Tm2O3
70	Yb	YbCl3•6H2O	HCl	Yb2O3
71	Lu	LuCl3•6H2O	HCl	Lu2O3
72	Hf	HfCl4	HCl	HfO2
73	Ta	TaCl5	H2SO4	Ta2O5
74	W	(NH4)10	HCl	WO3, W24O68
		W12O41•5H2O
75	Re	ReCl5	HCl	ReO2
76	Os	OsCl3•H2O	HCl	ucc Os
77	Ir	IrCl3•H2O &	HCl	Ir, IrO2
		IrCl3•3H2O
78	Pt	PtCl4	HCl	Pt, PtCl2, PtCl4
79	Au	AuCl3	HCl	Au
81	TI	TI2SO4	H2SO4	ucc TI
82	Pb	Pb(NO3)2	HCl	Pb, PbO
83	Bi	Bi2O3	HCl	Bi12O15Cl6, BiSiO5,
				Bi12Cl14

ucc=unknown compound containing . . . .
Gallium, selenium and mercury could also be incorporated.

Poly(pyrrol-2-ylsquaraine)s can also absorb elemental ions by soaking in an aqueous basic solution containing dissolved elemental hydroxides.

1 gram of poly(pyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ aqueous solution made basic to varying concentrations (from 0-2 M) by the dissolution of inorganic bases. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by a further stirring for 25 minutes. The poly(pyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration.

EXAMPLE 3

Use of Poly(pyrrol-2-ylsquaraine)s in the Preparation of Inorganic Materials

1 gram of poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl-squaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ conc. acid or aqueous acid solution containing 1 gram of dissolved elemental compound, or a mixture of elemental compounds. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl-squaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration. Inorganic materials were produced by heating the element-containing poly-1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) in an oven heating from room temperature to 660° C.

FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope picture of iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) prepared by this method.

EXAMPLE 4

Use of Poly(pyrrol-2-ylsquaraine)s as Template Materials for the Production of Hollow Silica Shells

1 gram of poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ solution containing 9:1 tetraethoxysilane:ethanol. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The silicated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration and oven (60° C.) dried. 1 gram of the silicated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ conc. acid solution. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The silicated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration. Hollow silica shells were produced by heating the silicated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) in an oven heating from room temperature to 660° C.

FIG. 3 shows a scanning electron microscope picture of the hollow silica shells while FIG. 4 shows a transmission electron microscope picture of the same shells.

EXAMPLE 5

Use of Poly(pyrrol-2-ylsguaraine)s as Template Materials for the Production of Hollow Titania Shells

1 gram of poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to 30 cm³ of titanium tetraethoxide. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The titaniated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration and oven (60° C.) dried. 1 gram of the titaniated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ conc. acid solution. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The titaniated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration. Hollow titania shells were produced by heating the titaniated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) in an oven heating from room temperature to 660° C.

FIG. 5 shows a scanning electron microscope picture of the hollow titania shells.

EXAMPLE 6

Use of Hollow Shells as Storage Containers for Molecules Such as Organic Compounds and/or Biological Species

An amount of the hollow shells were soaked in a solution of organic solvent containing a dissolved amount of an organic compound. The filled shells were removed from the mixture by filtration and washed with a small portion of pure organic solvent.

FIG. 6 shows the results of filling the hollow shells with different coloured organic dyes, by the method described above. The organic solvent used in this case was chloroform.

Diclofenac Sodium salt was incorporated into the shells by using methanol, and dichloromethane/methanol and chloroform/methanol solvent mixtures.

EXAMPLE 7

Use of Hollow Shells as Storage Containers for Water-Soluble Compounds

An amount of the hollow shells were soaked in a saturated aqueous solution containing a dissolved amount of a water-soluble compound. The mixture was heated to 60° C. and cooled to room temperature four times before the filled shells were removed from the mixture by filtration and washed with a small portion of water.

This procedure was used to fill the shells with tris(ethylene-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III)trichloride.

EXAMPLE 8

Production of Inorganic Compound-Containing Silica Shells

1 gram of poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ solution containing 9:1 tetraethoxysilane:ethanol. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The silicated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration and oven (60° C.) dried. 1 gram of the silicated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylslquaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ conc. acid or aqueous acid solution containing 1 gram of dissolved elemental compound, or a mixture of elemental compounds. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The silicated and element-containing poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration. Hollow silica shells containing an elemental inorganic compound were produced by heating the silicated and element-containing poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) in an oven heating from room temperature to 660° C.

EXAMPLE 9

Production of Inorganic Compound-Containing Titania Shells

1 gram of poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to 30 cm³ of titanium tetraethoxide. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The titaniated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration and oven (60° C.) dried. 1 gram of the titaniated poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was added to a 30 cm³ conc. acid or aqueous acid solution containing 1 gram of dissolved elemental compound, or a mixture of elemental compounds. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes and then sonicated for three seconds followed by further stirring for 25 minutes. The titaniated and element-containing poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) was then removed from the mixture by filtration. Hollow titania shells containing an elemental inorganic compound were produced by heating the titaniated and element-containing poly(1-methylpyrrol-2-ylsquaraine) in an oven heating from room temperature to 660° C.

Table 1 lists the elemental inorganic compounds obtained from the above procedure after using the initial elemental compounds and acids listed in Table 1.