METHOD OF PRODUCING HIGH-STRENGTH HOT-DIP GALVANIZED STEEL SHEET AND METHOD OF PRODUCING HIGH-STRENGTH GALVANNEALED STEEL SHEET

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to a method of producing a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet suitable for automotive body components and has a good surface appearance and good adhesion of the coating and to a method of producing a high-strength galvannealed steel sheet.

BACKGROUND

In recent years, with the increase in global environmental protection awareness, there has been a strong demand for improved mileage to reduce CO₂ emissions from automobiles. To satisfy the demand, a strong movement is under way to strengthen steel sheets used as automotive body component materials to decrease the thickness of automotive body components and thereby decrease the weight of automotive bodies. However, strengthened steel sheets may have low ductility. Thus, it is desirable to develop high-strength high-ductility steel sheets.

Solid-solution strengthening elements such as Si, Mn, and/or Cr have been added to strengthen steel sheets. In particular, Cr in a smaller amount than other elements can strengthen steel sheets. Thus, the addition of Cr is effective in strengthening the material property of steel sheets. However, Cr and such elements are more oxidizable elements than Fe. Thus, there are problems as described below in the production of hot-dip galvanized steel sheets and galvannealed steel sheets based on high-strength steel sheets containing large amounts of such elements.

In general, to produce a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, a steel sheet is heated and then annealed in a nonoxidizing atmosphere or a reducing atmosphere at a temperature of approximately 600° C. to 900° C. and then subjected to hot-dip galvanizing treatment. Oxidizable elements in steel are selectively oxidized even in a nonoxidizing atmosphere or reducing atmosphere generally employed, are concentrated on the surface, and form oxides on the surface of the steel sheet. Such oxides lower the wettability of molten zinc on the surface of the steel sheet in hot-dip galvanizing treatment and cause an ungalvanized surface. An increase in the concentration of oxidizable elements in steel drastically lowers the wettability and frequently causes ungalvanized surfaces. Even if ungalvanized surfaces are not formed, oxides existing between the steel sheet and the coating reduce adhesion of the coating.

To address this issue, a method of improving the wettability of molten zinc on a surface of a steel sheet is disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 2587724. That method includes heating a steel sheet in an oxidizing atmosphere in advance to rapidly form an iron oxide film on a surface of the steel sheet at an oxidation rate equal to or higher than a predetermined value, thereby preventing oxidation of additive elements on the surface of the steel sheet, and thereafter subjecting the iron oxide film to reduction annealing. However, if a steel sheet is excessively oxidized, iron oxide adheres to a hearth roll and causes a problem of indentation flaws on the steel sheet.

A method disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3956550 includes pickling a steel sheet after annealing to remove oxides from the surface and thereafter annealing again and hot-dip galvanizing the steel sheet. However, oxides that are insoluble in acids cannot be removed in Japanese Patent No. 3956550. Thus, the appearance of the coating of steel sheets containing Cr that forms an oxide insoluble in acids cannot be improved.

A method disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-158918 includes immersing a steel sheet in an alkaline molten salt bath after annealing to remove silicon-based oxides, then annealing the steel sheet again, and hot-dip galvanizing the steel sheet. However, electrolytic treatment is not performed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-158918. Thus, chromium oxide cannot be removed and the appearance of the coating of steel sheets containing Cr cannot be improved.

In view of such situations, it could be helpful to provide a method of producing a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet having good adhesion of the coating and a good surface appearance and a method of producing a high-strength galvannealed steel sheet.

SUMMARY

We thus provide:

• • (1) A method of producing a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, including a first heating step of holding a steel sheet at a temperature in the range of 700° C. to 900° C. or in a temperature range of 700° C. to 900° C. for 20 to 600 seconds in an atmosphere having a H₂ concentration in the range of 0.05% to 25.0% by volume and a dew point in the range of −45° C. to 0° C., the steel sheet having a composition of C: 0.040% to 0.500%, Si: 1.00% or less, Cr: 0.10% to 2.00%, Mn: 5.00% or less, P: 0.100% or less, S: 0.0100% or less, and Al: 0.100% or less on a mass percent basis, the remainder being Fe and incidental impurities; an electrolytic treatment step of subjecting the steel sheet after the first heating step to electrolytic treatment in an alkaline aqueous solution at a charge density in the range of 1.0 to 400 C/dm², the steel sheet acting as an anode; a second heating step of holding the steel sheet after the electrolytic treatment step at a temperature in the range of 650° C. to 900° C. or in a temperature range of 650° C. to 900° C. for 15 to 300 seconds in an atmosphere having a H₂ concentration in the range of 0.05% to 25.0% by volume and a dew point of 0° C. or less; and a coating treatment step of subjecting the steel sheet after the second heating step to hot-dip galvanizing treatment.
  • (2) A method of producing a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, including a first heating step of holding a steel sheet at a temperature in the range of 700° C. to 900° C. or in a temperature range of 700° C. to 900° C. for 20 to 600 seconds in an atmosphere having a H₂ concentration in the range of 0.05% to 25.0% by volume and a dew point in the range of −45° C. to 0° C., the steel sheet having a composition of C: 0.040% to 0.500%, Si: 1.00% or less, Cr: 0.10% to 2.00%, Mn: 8.00% or less, P: 0.100% or less, S: 0.0100% or less, and Al: 0.100% or less on a mass percent basis, the remainder being Fe and incidental impurities; an electrolytic treatment step of subjecting the steel sheet after the first heating step to electrolytic treatment in an alkaline aqueous solution at a charge density in the range of 1.0 to 400 C/dm², the steel sheet acting as an anode; a pickling step of pickling the steel sheet after the electrolytic treatment such that a pickling weight loss ranges from 0.05 to 5 g/m² on an Fe basis; a second heating step of holding the steel sheet after the pickling step at a temperature in the range of 650° C. to 900° C. or in a temperature range of 650° C. to 900° C. for 15 to 300 seconds in an atmosphere having a H₂ concentration in the range of 0.05% to 25.0% by volume and a dew point of 0° C. or less; and a coating treatment step of subjecting the steel sheet after the second heating step to hot-dip galvanizing treatment.
  • (3) A method of producing a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, including a first heating step of holding a steel sheet at a temperature in the range of 700° C. to 900° C. or in a temperature range of 700° C. to 900° C. for 20 to 600 seconds in an atmosphere having a H₂ concentration in the range of 0.05% to 25.0% by volume and a dew point in the range of −45° C. to 0° C., the steel sheet having a composition of C: 0.040% to 0.500%, Si: 1.00% or less, Cr: 0.10% to 3.00%, Mn: 8.00% or less, P: 0.100% or less, S: 0.0100% or less, and Al: 0.100% or less on a mass percent basis, the remainder being Fe and incidental impurities; a pickling step of pickling the steel sheet after the first heating step such that a pickling weight loss ranges from 0.05 to 5 g/m² on an Fe basis; an electrolytic treatment step of subjecting the steel sheet after the pickling step to electrolytic treatment in an alkaline aqueous solution at a charge density in the range of 1.0 to 400 C/dm², the steel sheet acting as an anode; a second heating step of holding the steel sheet after the electrolytic treatment step at a temperature in the range of 650° C. to 900° C. or in a temperature range of 650° C. to 900° C. for 15 to 300 seconds in an atmosphere having a H₂ concentration in the range of 0.05% to 25.0% by volume and a dew point of 0° C. or less; and a coating treatment step of subjecting the steel sheet after the second heating step to hot-dip galvanizing treatment.
  • (4) The method of producing a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to (1) to (3), wherein the electrolytic treatment in the alkaline aqueous solution in the electrolytic treatment step is performed for 2 seconds or more.
  • (5) The method of producing a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to (1) to (4), wherein the composition further includes at least one element selected from Mo: 0.01% to 0.50%, Nb: 0.010% to 0.100%, B: 0.0001% to 0.0050%, and Ti: 0.010% to 0.100% on a mass percent basis.
  • (6) The method of producing a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet according to any one of (1) to (5), wherein the composition further includes at least one element selected from Cu: 1.00% or less, V: 0.500% or less, Ni: 0.50 or less, N: 0.0100% or less, Sb: 0.10% or less, Sn: 0.10% or less, Ca: 0.0100% or less, and REM: 0.010% or less on a mass percent basis.
  • (7) A method of producing a high-strength galvannealed steel sheet, including subjecting a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to alloying treatment, wherein the high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet is produced by the method according to any one of (1) to (6).

We provide a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet and a high-strength galvannealed steel sheet each having high strength, a good surface appearance, and good adhesion of the coating. For example, application of a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet to automobile structural members can improve mileage due to weight reduction of automotive bodies.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Annealing a steel sheet forms chromium oxide on the surface of the steel sheet and forms a low Cr concentration region in a surface layer of the steel sheet. If chromium oxide on the surface can be removed, because of the low concentration of Cr in the surface layer of the steel sheet, another annealing forms less chromium oxide, that is, a suppressed amount of chromium oxides on the surface of the steel sheet. However, chromium oxides are insoluble in acids, as described above. Thus, to solve problems caused by chromium oxide by a method of removing chromium oxide from the surface, chromium oxide on the surface must be removed by a method other than acid dissolution. The term a “surface layer” of steel sheets, as used herein, refers to a layer having a thickness of 10 μm or less directly under the surface of the steel sheets.

In an electric potential-pH diagram of Cr, chromic acid is stable in a wide acidic to alkaline region on a high electric potential side. That is, chromium oxide can be converted into chromic acid in an aqueous solution by application of a high electric potential to be dissolved in the aqueous solution. Chromic acid is formed at a lower electric potential in an alkaline region than in an acidic region. Thus, we extensively studied the assumption that the appearance of the coating of steel sheets containing Cr can be improved by removing chromium oxide by converting it into chromic acid dissolved in an alkaline aqueous solution. We found that chromium oxide can be removed by electrolytic treatment using a steel sheet as an anode in an alkaline aqueous solution. Chromium oxide on a surface of a steel sheet can be removed even in a short electrolytic treatment time. Further, chromium oxide at grain boundaries in steel sheets can also be removed in an electrolytic treatment time of 2 seconds or more. This particularly improves the adhesion of the coating of hot-dip galvanized steel sheets.

Our methods and steel sheets will be described below. This disclosure, however, is not limited to the examples. The symbol “%” that represents the amount of component refers to “% by mass”.

FIRST EXAMPLE

First, a steel sheet that is used as a raw material in a production method according to a first example will be described below. The steel sheet used as a raw material contains C: 0.040% to 0.500%, Si: 1.00% or less, Cr: 0.10% to 2.00%, Mn: 5.00% or less, P: 0.100% or less,

S: 0.0100% or less, and Al: 0.100% or less on a mass percent basis, and the remainder is Fe and incidental impurities. In addition to these components, the steel sheet may contain at least one element selected from Mo: 0.01% to 0.50%, Nb: 0.010% to 0.100%, B: 0.0001% to 0.0050%, and Ti: 0.010% to 0.100% on a mass percent basis. In addition to these components, the steel sheet may contain at least one element selected from Cu: 1.00% or less, V: 0.500% or less, Ni: 0.50% or less, N: 0.0100% or less, Sb: 0.10% or less, Sn: 0.10% or less, Ca: 0.0100% or less, and REM: 0.010% or less on a mass percent basis. Each of the components listed above will be described below.

C: 0.040% to 0.500%

C is an austenite formation element, forms a composite microstructure in an annealed sheet, and is effective in improving strength and ductility. The C content is 0.040% or more to improve strength and ductility. However, a C content of more than 0.500% results in marked hardening of a welded portion and a heat-affected zone, degradation of the mechanical characteristics of the welded portion, poor spot weldability, and poor arc weldability. Thus, the C content is 0.500% or less.

Si: 1.00% or less

Si is a ferrite formation element and is effective in improving the solid-solution strengthening and work hardenability of ferrite in annealed sheets. A Si content of more than 1.00% results in formation of silicon oxide on a surface of a steel sheet during annealing and consequently poor coatability. Thus, the Si content is 1.00% or less. The Si content may be 0%.

Cr: 0.10% to 2.00%

Cr is an austenite formation element and effective in securing the strength of annealed sheets. The Cr content is 0.10% or more to secure the strength. However, a Cr content of more than 2.00% results in insufficient removal of chromium oxide from a surface layer of a steel sheet resulting in a poor appearance of the coating. Thus, the Cr content is 2.00% or less.

In the production method according to the first example, the remainder may be Fe and incidental impurities. As described above, the steel sheet used as a raw material in the production method according to the first example may contain the following components in addition to the components described above.

Mn: 5.00% or less

Mn is an austenite formation element and effective in securing the strength of annealed sheets. The Mn content is preferably 0.80% or more to secure the strength. However, a Mn content of more than 5.00% may result in a poor appearance of the coating due to a large amount of oxide formed in a surface layer of a steel sheet during annealing. Thus, the Mn content is preferably 5.00% or less.

P: 0.100% or less

P is an element effective in strengthening steel. However, a P content of more than 0.100% may result in embrittlement due to intergranular segregation and low impact resistance. Thus, the P content is preferably 0.100% or less.

S: 0.0100% or less

S forms an inclusion such as MnS, and thereby lowers impact resistance or causes a crack along a metal flow in a welded portion. Thus, the S content is preferably minimized. The S content is preferably 0.0100% or less.

Al: 0.100% or less

Excessive addition of Al results in low surface quality or poor formability due to an increased oxide inclusion and is responsible for increased costs. Thus, the Al content is preferably 0.100% or less, more preferably 0.050% or less.

Mo: 0.01% to 0.50%

Mo is an austenite formation element and effective in securing the strength of annealed sheets. The Mo content is preferably 0.01% or more to secure the strength. Owing to high alloy costs of Mo, a high Mo content may be responsible for increased costs. Thus, the Mo content is preferably 0.50% or less.

Nb: 0.010% to 0.100%

Nb is an element that contributes to improved strength due to solid-solution strengthening or precipitation strengthening. The Nb content is preferably 0.010% or more to produce this effect. However, a Nb content of more than 0.100% may result in low ductility and poor workability of steel sheets. Thus, the Nb content is preferably 0.100% or less.

B: 0.0001% to 0.0050%

B improves hardenability and contributes to improved strength of steel sheets. The B content is preferably 0.0001% or more to produce this effect. However, an excessively high B content may result in low ductility and poor workability. An excessively high B content is also responsible for increased costs. Thus, the B content is preferably 0.0050% or less.

Ti: 0.010% to 0.100%

Ti, together with C or N, forms fine carbide or fine nitride in steel sheets and contributes to improved strength of the steel sheets. The Ti content is preferably 0.010% or more to produce this effect. This effect levels off at a Ti content of more than 0.100%. Thus, the Ti content is preferably 0.100% or less.

Cu: 1.00% or less, V: 0.500% or less, Ni: 0.50% or less

Cu, V, and Ni are effective in strengthening steel and may be used to strengthen steel within the ranges specified herein. To strengthen steel, the Cu content is preferably 0.05% or more, the V content is preferably 0.005% or more, and the Ni content is preferably 0.05% or more. However, an excessively high Cu content of more than 1.00%, an excessively high V content of more than 0.500%, or an excessively high Ni content of more than 0.50% may result in low ductility due to markedly increased strength. An excessively high content with respect to these elements may be responsible for increased costs. Thus, when these elements are added, the Cu content is preferably 1.00% or less, the V content is preferably 0.500% or less, and the Ni content is preferably 0.50% or less.

N: 0.0100% or less

N reduces the anti-aging effects of steel and is preferably minimized. AN content of more than 0.0100% may result in significantly reduced anti-aging effects. Thus, the N content is preferably 0.0100% or less.

Sb: 0.10% or less, Sn: 0.10% or less

Sb and Sn can suppress nitriding in the vicinity of a surface of a steel sheet. To suppress nitriding, the Sb content is preferably 0.005% or more, and the Sn content is preferably 0.005% or more. This effect levels off at a Sb content or a Sn content of more than 0.10%. Thus, the Sb content is preferably 0.10% or less, and the Sn content is preferably 0.10% or less.

Ca: 0.0100% or less

Ca is effective in improving ductility due to the shape control of a sulfide such as MnS. The Ca content is preferably 0.001% or more to produce this effect. This effect levels off at a Ca content of more than 0.0100%. Thus, the Ca content is preferably 0.0100% or less.

REM: 0.010% or less

REM controls the shape of sulfide-base inclusions and contributes to improved workability. The REM content is preferably 0.001% or more to produce the effect of improving workability. A REM content of more than 0.010% may result in an increased amount of inclusions and poor workability. Thus, the REM content is preferably 0.010% or less.

The remainder is Fe and incidental impurities.

The method of producing the steel sheet used as a raw material in the production method according to the first example is not particularly limited. For example, a steel slab having the composition as described above is heated and then subjected to rough rolling and finish rolling in a hot-rolling step. Then, scales are removed from a surface layer of the hot-rolled steel sheet in a pickling step, and the hot-rolled steel sheet is subjected to cold rolling. The conditions for the hot-rolling step and the conditions for the cold-rolling step are not particularly limited and may be appropriately determined.

The steel sheet used as a raw material is typically produced through such common steps of steel making, casting, and hot rolling as described above. However, for example, part or all of the hot-rolling step may be omitted by using strip casting or the like.

The production method according to the first example will be described below. The production method includes a first heating step, a cooling step, an electrolytic treatment step, a second heating step, and a coating treatment step.

First Heating Step

The first heating step includes holding the steel sheet at a temperature of 700° C. to 900° C. or 700° C. to 900° C. for 20 to 600 seconds in an atmosphere having a H₂ concentration of 0.05% to 25.0% by volume and a dew point of −45° C. to 0° C. In the first heating step, while Fe is not oxidized, Cr is oxidized on the surface of the steel sheet. Consequently, a surface layer containing chromium oxide is formed.

The H₂ concentration should be high enough to suppress the oxidation of Fe and is 0.05% by volume or more. A H₂ concentration of more than 25.0% by volume results in increased costs. Thus, the H₂ concentration is 25.0% by volume or less.

A dew point of less than −45° C. results in suppressed oxidation of Cr. A dew point of more than 0° C. results in oxidation of Fe. Thus, the dew point ranges from −45° C. to 0° C.

A steel sheet temperature of less than 700° C. results in no oxidation of Cr. A steel sheet temperature of more than 900° C. results in high heating costs. Thus, the heating temperature of the steel sheet (steel sheet temperature) is a temperature of 700° C. to 900° C. Holding in the first heating step may be holding of the steel sheet at a constant temperature or may be holding of the steel sheet at varying temperatures.

A holding time of less than 20 seconds results in insufficient formation of chromium oxide on the surface. A holding time of more than 600 seconds causes low electrolytic treatment efficiency due to excessive formation of chromium oxide and results in low production efficiency. Thus, the holding time ranges from 20 to 600 seconds.

Electrolytic Treatment Step

The electrolytic treatment step includes subjecting the steel sheet after the first heating step to electrolytic treatment in an alkaline aqueous solution at a Coulomb density (charge density) of 1.0 to 400 C/dm², where the steel sheet acts as an anode.

The electrolytic treatment step is performed to remove chromium oxide formed in the first heating step from the surface layer. Therefore, the steel sheet acts as an anode for electrolytic treatment. A Coulomb density of less than 1.0 C/dm² results in insufficient removal of chromium oxide. A Coulomb density of more than 400.0 A/dm² results in greatly increased costs. Thus, the Coulomb density is 1.0 to 400.0 C/dm². A short electrolytic treatment time may result in insufficient removal of chromium oxide formed at grain boundaries in the steel sheet and poor adhesion of the coating. The electrolytic treatment time is preferably 2 seconds or more, more preferably 5 seconds or more to further improve the adhesion of the coating. Although the electrolytic treatment time has no particular upper limit, a long treating time results in high costs, and therefore the electrolytic treatment time is preferably 60 seconds or less.

Examples of the alkaline aqueous solution used in the electrolytic treatment step include aqueous solutions containing NaOH, Ca(OH)₂, or KOH.

Second Heating Step

The second heating step includes holding the resultant steel sheet after the electrolytic treatment step at a temperature of 650° C. to 900° C. or 650° C. to 900° C. for 15 to 300 seconds in an atmosphere having a H₂ concentration of 0.05% to 25.0% by volume and a dew point of 0° C. or less. The second heating step is performed to facilitate coating (particularly hot-dip coating) of the steel sheet.

The H₂ concentration should be high enough to suppress oxidation of Fe and is 0.05% by volume or more. A H₂ concentration of more than 25.0% by volume results in increased costs. Thus, the H₂ concentration is 25.0% by volume or less.

A dew point of more than 0° C. results in oxidation of Fe. Thus, the dew point is 0° C. or less. The dew point has no particularly lower limit. The dew point is preferably −60° C. or more in terms of industrial practice.

A steel sheet temperature of less than 650° C. results in no activation of the surface of the steel sheet and poor molten zinc wettability. A steel sheet temperature of more than 900° C. results in formation of an oxide of Cr on the surface during annealing, formation of a surface layer containing chromium oxide, and poor wettability of the steel sheet with molten zinc. Thus, the heating temperature of the steel sheet (steel sheet temperature) is a temperature of 650° C. to 900° C. In the second heating step, the steel sheet may be held at a constant temperature or at varying temperatures.

A holding time of less than 15 seconds results in insufficient activation of the surface of the steel sheet. A holding time of 300 seconds or more results in formation of an oxide of Cr on the surface of the steel sheet again, formation of a surface layer containing chromium oxide, and poor molten zinc wettability. Thus, the holding time is 15 to 300 seconds. Coating Treatment Step

For example, the coating treatment step includes cooling the steel sheet after the treatment described above and immersing the steel sheet in a hot-dip galvanizing bath to perform hot-dip galvanizing.

For production of hot-dip galvanized steel sheets, the bath temperature preferably is 440° C. to 550° C., and the concentration of Al in the galvanizing bath preferably is 0.13% to 0.24%. The symbol “%” with respect to the Al concentration refers to “% by mass”.

A bath temperature of less than 440° C. may be inappropriate because temperature variations in the bath may cause solidification of Zn in a low-temperature portion. A bath temperature of more than 550° C. may result in rapid evaporation from the bath and deposition of vaporized Zn on the inner side of the furnace, thereby causing operational problems. This also tends to result in over-alloying because alloying proceeds during coating.

In the production of a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet, when the concentration of Al in the bath is less than 0.14%, this may result in poor adhesion of the coating due to Fe-Zn alloying.

When the concentration of Al in the bath is more than 0.24%, aluminum oxide may cause a defect.

Other Steps

A method of producing a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet may include other steps, provided that these steps do not have a negative impact. For example, another step may be performed between the steps, before the first heating step, or after the coating treatment step. A specific example that includes another step will be described below in each of the second example and thereafter. Another step is not limited to the step described in each of the second example and examples thereafter.

Second Example

First, a steel sheet that is used as a raw material in a production method according to a second example will be described below. The steel sheet used as a raw material contains C: 0.040% to 0.500%, Si: 1.00% or less, Cr: 0.10% to 2.00%, Mn: 8.00%, P: 0.100% or less, S: 0.0100% or less, and Al: 0.100% or less on a mass percent basis, and the remainder is Fe and incidental impurities. The steel sheet may further contain at least one element selected from Mo: 0.01% to 0.50%, Nb: 0.010% to 0.100%, B: 0.0001% to 0.0050%, and Ti: 0.010% to 0.100% on a mass percent basis. The steel sheet may further contain at least one element selected from Cu: 1.00% or less, V: 0.500% or less, Ni: 0.50% or less, N: 0.0100% or less, Sb: 0.10% or less, Sn: 0.10% or less, Ca: 0.0100% or less, and REM: 0.010% or less on a mass percent basis.

The components other than Mn are the same as in the first example and will not be described. The method of producing the steel sheet used as a raw material is also the same as in the first example and will not be described. Mn: 8.00% or less

Like Cr, Mn is oxidized on the surface of the steel sheet in the annealing step and forms a surface layer containing manganese oxide. Because use of Cr increases production costs, Mn, which is similar to Cr in the effects on the material quality, is often added together with Cr. Manganese oxide cannot be removed by alkaline electrolytic treatment, which can remove chromium oxide. However, oxides containing Mn are soluble in acids and can therefore be removed by pickling the surface of the steel sheet after the electrolytic treatment.

Mn is an austenite formation element and effective in securing the strength of annealed sheets. The Mn content is preferably 0.80% or more to secure the strength. However, a Mn content of more than 8.00% may result in insufficient removal of manganese oxide from the surface by pickling. A Mn content of more than 8.00% results in oxidation of a large amount of Mn on the surface of the steel sheet during reannealing, formation of a surface layer containing a large amount of oxide, and a poor appearance of the coating. Thus, the Mn content is 8.00% or less.

A production method according to the second example will be described below. The production method according to the second example includes a first heating step, a cooling step, an electrolytic treatment step, a pickling step after the electrolytic treatment, a second heating step, and a coating treatment step.

Unlike the production method in the first example, the production method in the second example includes the pickling step after the electrolytic treatment. The first heating step, cooling step, electrolytic treatment step, second heating step, and coating treatment step are the same as in the first example and will not be described.

Pickling Step After Electrolytic Treatment

The pickling step after the electrolytic treatment includes, before the second heating step, pickling the surface of the steel sheet after the electrolytic treatment step such that the pickling weight loss is 0.05 to 5 g/m² on an Fe basis. This step is performed to clean the surface of the steel sheet. This step is also performed to remove oxides formed on the surface of the steel sheet in the first heating step and are soluble in acids.

A pickling weight loss of less than 0.05 g/m² on an Fe basis may result in insufficient removal of oxides. A pickling weight loss of more than 5 g/m² may result in dissolution of not only oxides on the surface layer of the steel sheet but also an inner portion of the steel sheet where Cr concentration has been decreased, and thus may fail to suppress formation of chromium oxide in the second heating step. Thus, the pickling weight loss is 0.05 to 5 g/m² on an Fe basis.

Third Example

First, a steel sheet that is used as a raw material in a production method according to a third example will be described below. The steel sheet used as a raw material contains C: 0.040% to 0.500%, Si: 1.00% or less, Cr: 0.10% to 3.00%, Mn: 8.00% or less, P: 0.100% or less, S: 0.0100% or less, and Al: 0.100% or less on a mass percent basis, and the remainder is Fe and incidental impurities. The steel sheet may further contain at least one element selected from Mo: 0.01% to 0.50%, Nb: 0.010% to 0.100%, B: 0.0001% to 0.0050%, and Ti: 0.010% to 0.100% on a mass percent basis. The steel sheet may further contain at least one element selected from Cu: 1.00% or less, V: 0.500% or less, Ni: 0.50% or less, N: 0.0100% or less, Sb: 0.10% or less, Sn: 0.10% or less, Ca: 0.0100% or less, and REM: 0.010% or less on a mass percent basis.

The above described steel sheet used in the third example is substantially the same as the steel sheet used as a raw material in the production method in the second example. Thus, the components other than Cr and the production method of the steel sheet will not be described. Cr: 0.10% to 3.00%

Cr is an austenite formation element and effective in securing the strength of annealed sheets. The Cr content is 0.10% or more to secure the strength. A Cr content of more than 3.00% results in insufficient removal of chromium oxide from the surface of the steel sheet even utilizing the third example, resulting in a poor appearance of the coating. Thus, the Cr content is 3.00% or less.

A production method according to the third example will be described below. The production method according to the third example includes a first heating step, a cooling step, a pickling step before electrolytic treatment, an electrolytic treatment step, a second heating step, and a coating treatment step. The first heating step, cooling step, electrolytic treatment step, second heating step, and coating treatment step are the same as in the first example and will not be described.

Pickling Step Before Electrolytic Treatment

The pickling step before electrolytic treatment includes, before the electrolytic treatment step, pickling a surface of the steel sheet after the cooling step such that the pickling weight loss is 0.05 to 5 g/m² on an Fe basis. This step is performed to clean the surface of the steel sheet. This step is also performed to remove oxides that are formed on the surface of the steel sheet in the first heating step and are soluble in acids.

A surface layer containing manganese oxide and chromium oxide is formed on the surface of the steel sheet after annealing. Manganese oxide is formed closer to the outermost side, and chromium oxide is formed closer to the steel sheet. Thus, chromium oxide can be more effectively removed in the electrolytic treatment step by pickling the surface of the steel sheet before the electrolytic treatment step to remove manganese oxide.

A pickling weight loss of less than 0.05 g/m² on an Fe basis may result in insufficient removal of oxides. A pickling weight loss of more than 5 g/m² may result in dissolution of not only oxides on the surface layer of the steel sheet but also an inner portion of the steel sheet that has a low Cr concentration, thus failing to suppress formation of chromium oxide in the second heating step. Thus, the pickling weight loss is 0.05 to 5 g/m² on an Fe basis.

The production method may include both the pickling step after the electrolytic treatment described in the production method according to the second example and the pickling step before electrolytic treatment.

Fourth Example

A production method according to a fourth example further includes an alloying treatment step after the coating treatment step of the first, second, or third example.

In the production method in the fourth example, the alloying treatment step is preferably performed after the following coating treatment step.

Coating Treatment Step

For production of high-strength galvannealed steel sheets, the bath temperature preferably is 440° C. to 550° C., and the concentration of Al in the galvanizing bath preferably is 0.10% to 0.20%.

A bath temperature of less than 440° C. may be inappropriate because variations in the bath temperature may cause solidification of Zn in a low-temperature portion. A bath temperature of more than 550° C. may result in rapid evaporation from the bath and deposition of vaporized Zn on the furnace, thereby causing operational problems. A bath temperature of more than 550° C. also tends to result in over-alloying because alloying proceeds during coating.

When the concentration of Al in the bath is less than 0.10%, this may result in formation of a large amount of phase and a poor powdering property. When the concentration of Al in the bath is more than 0.20%, Fe-Zn alloying may not proceed.

Alloying Treatment Step

Although the conditions for the alloying treatment are not particularly limited, the alloying treatment temperature is most preferably more than 460° C. and less than 580° C. An alloying treatment temperature of 460° C. or less results in slow alloying. An alloying treatment temperature of 580° C. or more causes excessive formation of a hard and brittle Zn-Fe alloy layer at an interface with the base metal due to over-alloying and results in poor adhesion of the coating.

EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1

Steel having the composition listed in Table 1, the remainder being Fe and incidental impurities, was produced in a converter and formed into a slab in a continuous casting process. The slab was heated to 1200° C., was then hot-rolled to a thickness of 2.3 to 4.5 mm, and coiled. The hot-rolled steel sheet was then pickled and, if necessary, cold-rolled. The first heating step, electrolytic treatment step, and second heating step were then performed under the heat-treatment conditions listed in Table 2 (Tables 2-1 and 2-2 are collectively referred to as Table 2) or Table 3 (Tables 3-1 and 3-2 are collectively referred to as Table 3) in a furnace in which the atmosphere could be adjusted (the temperature in the first heating step and the temperature in the second heating step were in the temperature ranges around the temperatures listed in the tables (the temperatures listed in the tables ±20° C.), respectively). Hot-dip galvanizing treatment was subsequently performed in a Zn bath containing 0.13% to 0.24% Al to produce a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet. After hot-dip galvanizing treatment was performed in a Zn bath containing 0.10% to 0.20% Al, alloying treatment was performed under the conditions listed in Table 2 to produce a galvannealed steel sheet.

The surface appearance and adhesion of the coating of the hot-dip galvanized steel sheet and galvannealed steel sheet thus produced were examined by the following methods. Surface Appearance

The steel sheets were visually inspected for appearance deficiencies such as ungalvanized surfaces and pinholes. Steel sheets having no appearance deficiencies were rated as good (circle). Steel sheets having generally good appearances with a few appearance deficiencies were rated as fair (triangle). Steel sheets having appearance deficiencies were rated as poor (cross).

Adhesion of the Coating

Adhesion of the coating of galvannealed steel sheets was evaluated in terms of powdering resistance. More specifically, a cellophane adhesive tape was applied to a galvannealed steel sheet. The surface to which the tape was applied was bent at an angle of 90 degrees and was bent back. A cellophane adhesive tape having a width of 24 mm was applied to and pressed against the inside of a processed portion (compressed side) parallel to the bent-processed portion and was then peeled off. The amount of zinc adhered to a portion of the cellophane adhesive tape having a length of 40 mm was measured as a Zn count using fluorescent X-rays. The Zn count per unit length (1 m) was rated according to the following criteria. The rank 1 is good (circle), the rank 2 is fair (triangle), and the rank 3 or more are poor (cross).

Fluorescent X-rays count rank

• • 0 or more and less than 500:1 (good)
  • 500 or more and less than 1000:2
  • 1000 or more and less than 2000:3
  • 2000 or more and less than 3000:4
  • 3000 or more: 5 (poor)

Unalloyed hot-dip galvanized steel sheets were subjected to a ball impact test. Adhesion of the coating was evaluated by peeling off a processed portion with a cellophane adhesive tape and by visually inspecting the processed portion for peeling of the coated layer. In the ball impact test, the mass of the ball was 1.8 kg, and the drop height was 100 cm.

• • Circle: No peeling of the coated layer
  • Cross: Peeling of the coated layer

Table 2 shows the evaluation results.

TABLE 1
(mass %)

Steel type
symbol	C	Si	Mn	P	S	Al	N	Cr	Mo	B
A	0.089	0.15	2.66	0.005	0.0010	0.031	0.0036	0.61	0.09	0.0009
B	0.086	0.16	2.58	0.008	0.0010	0.030	0.0031	0.58	0.10	0.0010
C	0.091	0.16	2.34	0.009	0.0008	0.033	0.0029	0.14	0.34	0.0010
D	0.083	0.13	2.32	0.006	0.0023	0.032	0.0030	1.35	0.08	0.0008
E	0.085	0.05	2.53	0.004	0.0008	0.024	0.0033	1.86	0.21	0.0010
F	0.113	0.29	2.58	0.004	0.0018	0.003	0.0028	2.84	0.15	0.0009
G	0.089	0.14	0.81	0.007	0.0015	0.032	0.0029	0.57	0.10	0.0009
H	0.087	0.15	2.31	0.004	0.0011	0.033	0.0030	0.59	0.09	0.0008
I	0.083	0.17	4.57	0.004	0.0009	0.031	0.0030	0.35	0.25	0.0010
J	0.085	0.17	7.68	0.007	0.0016	0.029	0.0030	0.62	0.11	0.0011
K	0.088	0.01	2.19	0.009	0.0018	0.030	0.0031	0.59	0.08	0.0007
L	0.116	0.48	2.43	0.006	0.0007	0.028	0.0030	0.64	0.02	0.0014
M	0.086	0.78	2.88	0.005	0.0019	0.029	0.0032	0.72	0.09	0.0013
N	0.089	0.15	2.28	0.007	0.0026	0.031	0.0029	0.81	0.11	0.0012
O	0.084	0.16	2.34	0.006	0.0023	0.029	0.0036	0.54	0.12	0.0010
P	0.105	0.12	2.74	0.010	0.0018	0.027	0.0035	0.25	0.10	0.0008
Q	0.089	0.05	4.85	0.007	0.0010	0.031	0.0031	0.48	0.12	0.0009
R	0.078	0.23	2.68	0.008	0.0031	0.030	0.0029	0.18	0.90	0.0007
S	0.086	0.55	10.80	0.005	0.0012	0.032	0.0030	1.42	0.12	0.0010
T	0.091	0.16	2.35	0.005	0.0024	0.028	0.0032	3.45	0.12	0.0009
U	0.089	2.84	2.54	0.009	0.0027	0.030	0.0035	0.08	0.90	0.0011

	Steel type
	symbol	Ti	Nb	Ni	Cu	V	Sb	Sn	Ca	REM
	A	0.023	0.039	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	B	0.018	0.032	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	C	0.021	0.042	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	D	0.033	0.035	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	E	0.025	0.032	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	F	0.024	0.038	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	G	0.029	0.036	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	H	0.035	0.041	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	I	0.029	0.040	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	J	0.024	0.040	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	K	0.022	0.036	—	—	0.058	—	—	—	—
	L	0.019	0.042	—	0.05	—	—	—	—	—
	M	0.031	0.042	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	N	0.022	0.037	—	—	—	—	0.03	—	—
	O	0.033	0.035	0.22	—	—	—	—	—	—
	P	0.015	0.042	—	—	—	—	—	0.0008	—
	Q	0.031	0.038	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.001
	R	0.027	0.040	—	—	—	0.02	—	—	—
	S	0.022	0.038	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	T	0.023	0.044	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	U	0.029	0.038	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

TABLE 2-1
(Example)

		Electrolytic
	First heating step	treatment	Second heating step	Coating

			Dew	Heating	Holding	Charge		Dew	Heating	Holding	treatment step
		H2	point	temperature	time	density	H2	point	temperature	time	Al concentration
No	Steel	(%)	(° C.)	(° C.)	(s)	(C/dm2)	(%)	(° C.)	(° C.)	(s)	(%)
1	A	5.0	−40	850	300	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.137
2	A	5.0	−40	800	300	20	5.0	−35	800	200	0.191
3	A	5.0	−10	800	200	50	15.0	−40	800	200	0.138
4	A	5.0	10	870	300	80	5.0	−35	850	100	0.130
5	A	5.0	−40	850	300	380	10.0	−35	800	200	0.132
6	A	5.0	−40	850	200	350	15.0	−35	820	150	0.195
7	A	5.0	−40	850	300	2	10.0	−35	800	200	0.138
8	A	5.0	−35	850	300	4	15.0	−35	820	150	0.187
9	A	5.0	−40	830	300	0.5	10.0	−35	800	200	0.137
10	A	5.0	−40	820	300	0.01	10.0	−40	800	200	0.189
11	A	5.0	−40	870	300	25	10.0	−35	800	200	0.126
12	A	5.0	−40	760	300	10	10.0	−35	800	200	0.136
13	A	3.0	−35	850	30	25	5.0	−35	790	50	0.189
14	A	5.0	−40	650	300	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.138
15	A	5.0	−40	800	800	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.132
16	A	5.0	−40	830	5	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.190
17	A	5.0	−40	860	300	20	10.0	−35	880	200	0.190
18	A	10.0	−45	750	350	30	10.0	−35	700	200	0.138
19	A	5.0	−40	850	300	100	10.0	−35	950	200	0.133
20	A	5.0	−40	830	300	100	10.0	−35	550	200	0.193
21	B	10.0	−35	850	300	10	5.0	−35	790	200	0.137
22	B	5.0	−35	860	300	100	5.0	−35	800	20	0.138
23	B	10.0	−40	860	250	50	10.0	−35	800	280	0.190
24	B	5.0	−40	850	250	150	5.0	−35	800	10	0.188
25	B	5.0	−40	830	400	100	5.0	−35	800	850	0.189
26	C	5.0	−35	850	400	250	10.0	−35	800	250	0.141
27	C	5.0	−35	850	400	10	10.0	−40	800	250	0.190
28	D	5.0	−35	830	300	25	10.0	−35	800	200	0.138
29	D	5.0	−35	850	300	50	10.0	−35	800	100	0.190
30	D	15.0	−40	800	250	230	5.0	−35	790	100	0.134
31	E	5.0	−40	840	200	50	10.0	−35	800	200	0.131
32	E	5.0	−40	840	300	10	15.0	−35	820	200	0.192
33	F	5.0	−40	850	300	10	10.0	−35	800	200	0.190

		Alloying treatment
		step
		Alloying
		temperature	Surface
	No	(° C.)	appearance	Adhesion	Product	Remarks
	1	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
	2	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	3	500	Δ	◯	GA	Example
	4	490	X	Δ	GA	Comparative example
	5	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
	6	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	7	470	Δ	◯	GA	Example
	8	—	Δ	◯	GI	Example
	9	520	X	X	GA	Comparative example
	10	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example
	11	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
	12	480	Δ	◯	GA	Example
	13	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	14	470	X	X	GA	Comparative example
	15	480	Δ	X	GA	Comparative example
	16	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example
	17	—	◯	Δ	GI	Example
	18	500	◯	◯	GA	Example
	19	480	X	X	GA	Comparative example
	20	—	Δ	X	GI	Comparative example
	21	520	◯	◯	GA	Example
	22	530	◯	Δ	GA	Example
	23	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	24	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example
	25	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example
	26	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
	27	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	28	490	◯	◯	GA	Example
	29	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	30	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
	31	490	◯	Δ	GA	Example
	32	—	◯	Δ	GI	Example
	33	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example

TABLE 2-2
(Example)

		Electrolytic
	First heating step	treatment	Second heating step	Coating

			Dew	Heating	Holding	Charge		Dew	Heating	Holding	treatment step
		H2	point	temperature	time	density	H2	point	temperature	time	Al concentration
No	Steel	(%)	(° C.)	(° C.)	(s)	(C/dm2)	(%)	(° C.)	(° C.)	(s)	(%)
34	F	10.0	−40	850	250	50	10.0	−35	820	200	0.138
35	G	5.0	−40	850	300	15	5.0	−35	800	200	0.137
36	G	5.0	−40	810	300	50	10.0	−45	780	150	0.188
37	G	10.0	−40	790	400	15	5.0	−35	790	200	0.195
38	G	10.0	−40	810	250	100	15.0	−35	800	150	0.135
39	H	5.0	−40	850	320	20	10.0	−35	800	200	0.189
40	H	5.0	−40	850	300	15	10.0	−20	800	200	0.137
41	H	5.0	−40	800	300	10	10.0	−35	860	200	0.189
42	H	5.0	−40	800	300	200	15.0	−35	800	300	0.137
43	H	10.0	−50	800	100	100	5.0	−35	810	250	0.190
44	I	5.0	−40	850	300	15	10.0	−35	800	200	0.137
45	I	10.0	−35	840	150	60	10.0	−35	800	200	0.189
46	J	5.0	−40	850	300	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.137
47	J	5.0	−35	820	300	120	10.0	−35	800	200	0.130
48	J	5.0	−40	830	300	180	6.0	−35	800	200	0.189
49	K	5.0	−40	840	300	10	10.0	−35	800	200	0.136
50	K	10.0	−35	850	200	50	10.0	−40	830	100	0.192
51	L	5.0	−35	850	300	20	5.0	−40	800	100	0.189
52	L	1.0	−40	830	300	10	10.0	−35	800	200	0.129
53	L	10.0	−35	850	250	50	1.0	−35	800	200	0.137
54	L	5.0	−35	870	550	10	10.0	−40	800	250	0.130
55	L	5.0	−35	870	680	10	5.0	−40	800	250	0.190
56	L	5.0	−35	860	300	50	10.0	−10	800	150	0.189
57	L	5.0	−35	850	300	50	10.0	10	850	150	0.137
58	M	5.0	−40	850	300	200	10.0	−45	800	200	0.138
59	N	5.0	−40	840	350	150	5.0	−35	780	200	0.193
60	O	5.0	−35	830	300	12	10.0	−35	800	200	0.138
61	O	10.0	−35	800	250	50	15.0	−30	780	150	0.190
62	P	5.0	−40	820	300	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.131
63	Q	5.0	−40	820	300	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.138
64	R	5.0	−40	820	300	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.137
65	S	5.0	−35	850	250	50	10.0	−35	800	250	0.190
66	T	5.0	−40	850	300	12	10.0	−35	800	200	0.138
67	U	5.0	−40	850	300	12	10.0	−35	800	200	0.137

		Alloying treatment
		step
		Alloying
		temperature	Surface
	No	(° C.)	appearance	Adhesion	Product	Remarks
	34	520	X	X	GA	Comparative example
	35	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
	36	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	37	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	38	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
	39	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	40	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
	41	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	42	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
	43	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example
	44	490	◯	Δ	GA	Example
	45	—	◯	Δ	GI	Example
	46	540	X	Δ	GA	Comparative example
	47	520	X	X	GA	Comparative example
	48	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example
	49	540	◯	◯	GA	Example
	50	510	◯	◯	GI	Example
	51	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	52	490	Δ	◯	GA	Example
	53	520	◯	Δ	GA	Example
	54	500	Δ	◯	GA	Example
	55	—	X	Δ	GI	Comparative example
	56	—	Δ	◯	GI	Example
	57	480	X	Δ	GA	Comparative example
	58	490	◯	◯	GA	Example
	59	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	60	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
	61	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	62	520	◯	◯	GA	Example
	63	540	◯	◯	GA	Example
	64	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
	65	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example
	66	480	X	X	GA	Comparative example
	67	490	X	X	GA	Comparative example

The high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheets and high-strength galvannealed steel sheets according to our examples had a good surface appearance and high adhesion. In contrast, the comparative examples had poor surface appearance and poor adhesion of the coating.

EXAMPLE 2

Hot-dip galvanized steel sheets and galvannealed steel sheets were produced from the steel having the composition listed in Table 1, the remainder being Fe and incidental impurities in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the conditions listed in Table 3 were employed. Evaluation was performed in the same way as in Example 1. Table 3 shows the evaluation results.

TABLE 3-1
(Example)

		Electrolytic	Pickling step
	First heating step	treatment	after electrolytic	Second heating step

			Dew	Heating	Holding	Charge	treatment		Dew	Heating	Holding
		H2	point	temperature	time	density	Weight loss	H2	point	temperature	time
No	Steel	(%)	(° C.)	(° C.)	(s)	(C/dm2)	(g/m2)	(%)	(° C.)	(° C.)	(s)
68	A	5.0	−40	850	300	100	0.45	10.0	−35	800	200
69	A	5.0	−40	800	300	20	0.34	5.0	−35	800	200
70	A	5.0	−10	800	200	50	0.42	15.0	−40	800	200
71	A	5.0	10	870	300	80	0.86	5.0	−35	850	100
72	A	5.0	−40	850	300	380	0.56	10.0	−35	800	200
73	A	5.0	−40	850	200	350	0.48	15.0	−35	820	150
74	A	5.0	−40	850	300	2	0.05	10.0	−35	800	200
75	A	5.0	−35	850	300	4	0.25	15.0	−35	820	150
76	A	5.0	−40	830	300	0.5	0.07	10.0	−35	800	200
77	A	5.0	−40	820	300	0.01	0.38	10.0	−40	800	200
78	A	5.0	−40	870	300	25	0.06	10.0	−35	800	200
79	A	5.0	−40	760	300	10	0.12	10.0	−35	800	200
80	A	3.0	−35	850	30	25	0.42	5.0	−35	790	50
81	A	5.0	−40	650	300	100	0.12	10.0	−35	800	200
82	A	5.0	−40	800	800	100	0.21	10.0	−35	800	200
83	A	5.0	−40	830	5	100	0.06	10.0	−35	800	200
84	A	5.0	−40	860	300	20	0.28	10.0	−35	880	200
85	A	10.0	−45	750	350	30	0.08	10.0	−35	700	200
86	A	5.0	−40	850	300	100	0.28	10.0	−35	950	200
87	A	5.0	−40	830	300	100	0.11	10.0	−35	550	200
88	B	10.0	−35	850	300	10	0.23	5.0	−35	790	200
89	B	5.0	−35	860	300	100	0.15	5.0	−35	800	20
90	B	10.0	−40	860	250	50	0.33	10.0	−35	800	280
91	B	5.0	−40	850	250	150	0.46	5.0	−35	800	10
92	B	5.0	−40	830	400	100	0.27	5.0	−35	800	850
93	C	5.0	−35	850	400	250	0.05	10.0	−35	800	250
94	C	5.0	−35	850	400	10	0.16	10.0	−40	800	250
95	D	5.0	−35	830	300	25	0.43	10.0	−35	800	200
96	D	5.0	−35	850	300	50	0.08	10.0	−35	800	100
97	D	15.0	−40	800	250	230	0.04	5.0	−35	790	100
98	E	5.0	−40	840	200	50	1.25	10.0	−35	800	200
99	E	5.0	−40	840	300	10	0.85	15.0	−35	820	200
100	F	5.0	−40	850	300	10	0.12	10.0	−35	800	200
101	F	10.0	−40	850	250	50	0.25	10.0	−35	820	200

			Alloying treatment
		Coating	step
		treatment step	Alloying
		Al concentration	temperature	Surface
	No	(%)	(° C.)	appearance	Adhesion	Product	Remarks
	68	0.137	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
	69	0.191	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	70	0.138	500	Δ	◯	GA	Example
	71	0.130	490	X	Δ	GA	Comparative example
	72	0.132	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
	73	0.195	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	74	0.138	470	Δ	◯	GA	Example
	75	0.187	—	Δ	◯	GI	Example
	76	0.137	520	X	X	GA	Comparative example
	77	0.189	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example
	78	0.126	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
	79	0.136	480	Δ	◯	GA	Example
	80	0.189	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	81	0.138	470	X	X	GA	Comparative example
	82	0.132	480	Δ	X	GA	Comparative example
	83	0.190	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example
	84	0.190	—	◯	Δ	GI	Example
	85	0.138	500	◯	◯	GA	Example
	86	0.133	480	X	X	GA	Comparative example
	87	0.193	—	Δ	X	GI	Comparative example
	88	0.137	520	◯	◯	GA	Example
	89	0.138	530	◯	Δ	GA	Example
	90	0.190	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	91	0.188	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example
	92	0.189	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example
	93	0.141	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
	94	0.190	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	95	0.138	490	◯	◯	GA	Example
	96	0.190	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	97	0.134	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
	98	0.131	490	◯	Δ	GA	Example
	99	0.192	—	◯	Δ	GI	Example
	100	0.190	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example
	101	0.138	520	X	X	GA	Comparative example

TABLE 3-2
(Example)

		Electrolytic	Pickling step after
	First heating step	treatment	electrolytic	Second heating step

			Dew	Heating	Holding	Charge	treatment		Dew	Heating
		H2	point	temperature	time	density	Weight loss	H2	point	temperature	Holding time
No	Steel	(%)	(° C.)	(° C.)	(s)	(C/dm2)	(g/m2)	(%)	(° C.)	(° C.)	(s)
102	G	5.0	−40	850	300	15	0.05	5.0	−35	800	200
103	G	5.0	−40	810	300	50	0.12	10.0	−45	780	150
104	G	10.0	−40	790	400	15	0.38	5.0	−35	790	200
105	G	10.0	−40	810	250	100	0.87	15.0	−35	800	150
106	H	5.0	−40	850	320	20	0.42	10.0	−35	800	200
107	H	5.0	−40	850	300	15	0.07	10.0	−20	800	200
108	H	5.0	−40	800	300	10	4.8	10.0	−35	860	200
109	H	5.0	−40	800	300	200	1.83	15.0	−35	800	300
110	H	10.0	−50	800	100	100	0.29	5.0	−35	810	250
111	I	5.0	−40	850	300	15	0.35	10.0	−35	800	200
112	I	10.0	−35	840	150	60	0.58	10.0	−35	800	200
113	J	5.0	−40	850	300	100	0.26	10.0	−35	800	200
114	J	5.0	−35	820	300	120	0.33	10.0	−35	800	200
115	J	5.0	−40	830	300	180	0.48	6.0	−35	800	200
116	K	5.0	−40	840	300	10	0.12	10.0	−35	800	200
117	K	10.0	−35	850	200	50	0.38	10.0	−40	830	100
118	L	5.0	−35	850	300	20	0.52	5.0	−40	800	100
119	L	1.0	−40	830	300	10	0.08	10.0	−35	800	200
120	L	10.0	−35	850	250	50	0.15	1.0	−35	800	200
121	L	5.0	−35	870	550	10	0.28	10.0	−40	800	250
122	L	5.0	−35	870	680	10	0.18	5.0	−40	800	250
123	L	5.0	−35	860	300	50	0.34	10.0	−10	800	150
124	L	5.0	−35	850	300	50	0.18	10.0	10	850	150
125	M	5.0	−40	850	300	200	0.27	10.0	−45	800	200
126	N	5.0	−40	840	350	150	0.22	5.0	−35	780	200
127	O	5.0	−35	830	300	12	0.35	10.0	−35	800	200
128	O	10.0	−35	800	250	50	0.18	15.0	−30	780	150
129	P	5.0	−40	820	300	100	0.45	10.0	−35	800	200
130	Q	5.0	−40	820	300	100	0.45	10.0	−35	800	200
131	R	5.0	−40	820	300	100	0.45	10.0	−35	800	200
132	S	5.0	−35	850	250	50	0.15	10.0	−35	800	250
133	T	5.0	−40	850	300	12	0.04	10.0	−35	800	200
134	U	5.0	−40	850	300	12	0.04	10.0	−35	800	200

		Coating treatment	Alloying treatment
		step	step
		Al concentration	Alloying temperature	Surface
	No	(%)	(° C.)	appearance	Adhesion	Product	Remarks
	102	0.137	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
	103	0.188	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	104	0.195	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	105	0.135	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
	106	0.189	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	107	0.137	480	◯	Δ	GA	Example
	108	0.189	—	◯	Δ	GI	Example
	109	0.137	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
	110	0.190	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example
	111	0.137	490	◯	◯	GA	Example
	112	0.189	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	113	0.137	540	Δ	◯	GA	Example
	114	0.130	520	Δ	Δ	GA	Example
	115	0.189	—	Δ	Δ	GI	Example
	116	0.136	540	◯	◯	GA	Example
	117	0.192	510	◯	◯	GI	Example
	118	0.189	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	119	0.129	490	Δ	◯	GA	Example
	120	0.137	520	◯	Δ	GA	Example
	121	0.130	500	Δ	◯	GA	Example
	122	0.190	—	X	Δ	GI	Comparative example
	123	0.189	—	Δ	◯	GI	Example
	124	0.137	480	X	Δ	GA	Comparative example
	125	0.138	490	◯	◯	GA	Example
	126	0.193	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	127	0.138	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
	128	0.190	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	129	0.131	520	◯	◯	GA	Example
	130	0.138	540	◯	◯	GA	Example
	131	0.137	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
	132	0.190	—	X	X	GI	Comparative example
	133	0.138	480	X	X	GA	Comparative example
	134	0.137	490	X	X	GA	Comparative example

The hot-dip galvanized steel sheets and galvannealed steel sheets according to our examples had a good surface appearance and high adhesion. In contrast, the comparative examples had poor surface appearance and poor adhesion of the coating.

EXAMPLE 3

Hot-dip galvanized steel sheets and galvannealed steel sheets were produced from the steel having the composition listed in Table 1, the remainder being Fe and incidental impurities in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the conditions listed in Table 4 (Tables 4-1 and 4-2 are collectively referred to as Table 4) were employed. Evaluation was performed in the same way as in Example 1. Table 4 shows the evaluation results.

TABLE 4-1
(Example)

		Pickling step	Electrolytic			Alloying
	First heating step	before electrolytic	treatment	Second heating step	Coating	treatment step

Dew

Heating

treatment

Charge

Dew

Heating

Holding

treatment step

Alloying

H2

point

temperature

Holding time

Weight loss

density

H2

point

temperature

time

Al concentration

temperature

Surface

No

Steel

(%)

(° C.)

(° C.)

(s)

(g/m2)

(C/dm2)

(%)

(° C.)

(° C.)

(s)

(%)

(° C.)

appearance

Adhesion

Product

Remarks

135	A	5.0	−40	850	300	0.45	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.137	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
136	A	5.0	−40	800	300	0.34	20	5.0	−35	800	200	0.191	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
137	A	5.0	−10	800	200	0.42	50	15.0	−40	800	200	0.138	500	Δ	◯	GA	Example
138	A	5.0	10	870	300	0.86	80	5.0	−35	850	100	0.130	490	X	Δ	GA	Comparative
																	example
139	A	5.0	−40	850	300	0.56	380	10.0	−35	800	200	0.132	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
140	A	5.0	−40	850	200	0.48	350	15.0	−35	820	150	0.195	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
141	A	5.0	−40	850	300	0.05	2	10.0	−35	800	200	0.138	470	Δ	◯	GA	Example
142	A	5.0	−35	850	300	0.25	4	15.0	−35	820	150	0.187	—	Δ	◯	GI	Example
143	A	5.0	−40	830	300	0.07	0.5	10.0	−35	800	200	0.137	520	X	X	GA	Comparative
																	example
144	A	5.0	−40	820	300	0.38	0.01	10.0	−40	800	200	0.189	—	X	X	GI	Comparative
																	example
145	A	5.0	−40	870	300	0.06	25	10.0	−35	800	200	0.126	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
146	A	5.0	−40	760	300	0.12	10	10.0	−35	800	200	0.136	480	Δ	◯	GA	Example
147	A	3.0	−35	850	30	0.42	25	5.0	−35	790	50	0.189	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
148	A	5.0	−40	650	300	0.12	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.138	470	X	X	GA	Comparative
																	example
149	A	5.0	−40	800	800	0.21	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.132	480	Δ	X	GA	Comparative
																	example
150	A	5.0	−40	830	5	0.06	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.190	—	X	X	GI	Comparative
																	example
151	A	5.0	−40	860	300	0.28	20	10.0	−35	880	200	0.190	—	◯	Δ	GI	Example
152	A	10.0	−45	750	350	0.08	30	10.0	−35	700	200	0.138	500	◯	◯	GA	Example
153	A	5.0	−40	850	300	0.28	100	10.0	−35	950	200	0.133	480	X	X	GA	Comparative
																	example
154	A	5.0	−40	830	300	0.11	100	10.0	−35	550	200	0.193	—	Δ	X	GI	Comparative
																	example
155	B	10.0	−35	850	300	0.23	10	5.0	−35	790	200	0.137	520	◯	◯	GA	Example
156	B	5.0	−35	860	300	0.15	100	5.0	−35	800	20	0.138	530	◯	Δ	GA	Example
157	B	10.0	−40	860	250	0.33	50	10.0	−35	800	280	0.190	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
158	B	5.0	−40	850	250	0.46	150	5.0	−35	800	10	0.188	—	X	X	GI	Comparative
																	example
159	B	5.0	−40	830	400	0.27	100	5.0	−35	800	850	0.189	—	X	X	GI	Comparative
																	example
160	C	5.0	−35	850	400	0.05	250	10.0	−35	800	250	0.141	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
161	C	5.0	−35	850	400	0.16	10	10.0	−40	800	250	0.190	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
162	D	5.0	−35	830	300	0.43	25	10.0	−35	800	200	0.138	490	◯	◯	GA	Example
163	D	5.0	−35	850	300	0.08	50	10.0	−35	800	100	0.190	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
164	D	15.0	−40	800	250	0.04	230	5.0	−35	790	100	0.134	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
165	E	5.0	−40	840	200	1.25	50	10.0	−35	800	200	0.131	490	◯	◯	GA	Example
166	E	5.0	−40	840	300	0.85	10	15.0	−35	820	200	0.192	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
167	F	5.0	−40	850	300	0.12	10	10.0	−35	800	200	0.190	—	◯	Δ	GI	Example
168	F	10.0	−40	850	250	0.25	50	10.0	−35	820	200	0.138	520	◯	Δ	GA	Example

TABLE 4-2
(Example)

		Pickling step
		before	Electrolytic			Alloying
	First heating step	electrolytic	treatment	Second heating step	Coating	treatment step

Dew

Heating

Holding

treatment

Charge

Dew

Heating

Holding

treatment step

Alloying

H2

point

temperature

time

Weight loss

density

H2

point

temperature

time

Al concentration

temperature

Surface

No

Steel

(%)

(° C.)

(° C.)

(s)

(g/m2)

(C/dm2)

(%)

(° C.)

(° C.)

(s)

(%)

(° C.)

appearance

Adhesion

Product

Remarks

169	G	5.0	−40	850	300	0.05	15	5.0	−35	800	200	0.137	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
170	G	5.0	−40	810	300	0.12	50	10.0	−35	780	150	0.188	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
171	G	10.0	−40	790	400	0.38	15	5.0	−35	790	200	0.195	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
172	G	10.0	−40	810	250	0.87	100	15.0	−35	800	150	0.135	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
173	H	5.0	−40	850	320	0.42	20	10.0	−35	800	200	0.189	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
174	H	5.0	−40	850	300	0.07	15	10.0	−20	800	200	0.137	480	◯	Δ	GA	Example
175	H	5.0	−40	800	300	4.8	10	10.0	−35	860	200	0.189	—	◯	Δ	GI	Example
176	H	5.0	−40	800	300	1.83	200	15.0	−35	800	300	0.137	480	◯	◯	GA	Example
177	H	10.0	−50	800	100	0.29	100	5.0	−35	810	250	0.190	—	X	X	GI	Comparative
																	example
178	I	5.0	−40	850	300	0.35	15	10.0	−35	800	200	0.137	490	◯	◯	GA	Example
179	I	10.0	−35	840	150	0.58	60	10.0	−35	800	200	0.189	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
180	J	5.0	−40	850	300	0.26	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.137	540	◯	◯	GA	Example
181	J	5.0	−35	820	300	0.33	120	10.0	−35	800	200	0.130	520	◯	◯	GA	Example
182	J	5.0	−40	830	300	0.48	180	6.0	−35	800	200	0.189	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
183	K	5.0	−40	840	300	0.12	10	10.0	−35	800	200	0.136	540	◯	◯	GA	Example
184	K	10.0	−35	850	200	0.38	50	10.0	−40	830	100	0.192	510	◯	◯	GI	Example
185	L	5.0	−35	850	300	0.52	20	5.0	−40	800	100	0.189	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
186	L	1.0	−40	830	300	0.08	10	10.0	−35	800	200	0.129	490	Δ	◯	GA	Example
187	L	10.0	−35	850	250	0.15	50	1.0	−35	800	200	0.137	520	◯	Δ	GA	Example
188	L	5.0	−35	870	550	0.28	10	10.0	−40	800	250	0.130	500	Δ	◯	GA	Example
189	L	5.0	−35	870	680	0.18	10	5.0	−40	800	250	0.190	—	X	Δ	GI	Comparative
																	example
190	L	5.0	−35	860	300	0.34	50	10.0	−10	800	150	0.189	—	Δ	◯	GI	Example
191	L	5.0	−35	850	300	0.18	50	10.0	10	850	150	0.137	480	X	Δ	GA	Comparative
																	example
192	M	5.0	−40	850	300	0.27	200	10.0	−45	800	200	0.138	490	◯	◯	GA	Example
193	N	5.0	−40	840	350	0.22	150	5.0	−35	780	200	0.193	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
194	O	5.0	−35	830	300	0.35	12	10.0	−35	800	200	0.138	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
195	O	10.0	−35	800	250	0.18	50	15.0	−30	780	150	0.190	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
196	P	5.0	−40	820	300	0.45	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.131	520	◯	◯	GA	Example
197	Q	5.0	−40	820	300	0.45	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.138	540	◯	◯	GA	Example
198	R	5.0	−40	820	300	0.45	100	10.0	−35	800	200	0.137	510	◯	◯	GA	Example
199	S	5.0	−35	850	250	0.15	50	10.0	−35	800	250	0.190	—	X	X	GI	Comparative
																	example
200	T	5.0	−40	850	300	0.04	12	10.0	−35	800	200	0.138	480	X	X	GA	Comparative
																	example
201	U	5.0	−40	850	300	0.04	12	10.0	−35	800	200	0.137	490	X	X	GA	Comparative
																	example

The hot-dip galvanized steel sheets and galvannealed steel sheets according to our examples had a good surface appearance and high adhesion. In contrast, the comparative examples had poor surface appearance and poor adhesion of the coating.

EXAMPLE 4

Hot-dip galvanized steel sheets were produced from the steel having the composition listed in Table 1, the remainder being Fe and incidental impurities in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the conditions listed in Tables 5 to 7 were employed. Evaluation was performed in the same way as in Example 1 except for adhesion of the coating of unalloyed hot-dip galvanized steel sheets.

Unalloyed hot-dip galvanized steel sheets were subjected to a ball impact test. Adhesion of the coating was evaluated by peeling off a processed portion with a cellophane adhesive tape and by visually inspecting the processed portion for peeling of the coated layer. In the ball impact test, the mass of the ball was 1.8 kg, and the drop height was 100 cm. The diameters of the impact portions were ¾ and ⅜ inches.

• • Double circle: Neither peeling of the coated layer for ¾ or ⅜ inches
  • Circle: No peeling of the coated layer for ¾ inches, but slight peeling of the coated layer for ⅜ inches
  • Cross: Peeling of the coated layer

Tables 5 to 7 show the evaluation results.

TABLE 5
(Example)

		Electrolytic
	First heating step	treatment	Second heating step

			Dew	Heating	Holding	Charge	Treatment		Dew	Heating	Holding
		H2	point	temperature	time	density	time	H2	point	temperature	time
No	Steel	(%)	(° C.)	(° C.)	(s)	(C/dm2)	(s)	(%)	(° C.)	(° C.)	(s)
202	A	5.0	−40	800	300	20	1	5.0	−35	800	200
203	A	5.0	−40	800	300	20	3	5.0	−35	800	200
204	A	5.0	−40	800	300	20	40	5.0	−35	800	200
205	B	10.0	−40	860	250	50	1	10.0	−35	800	280
206	B	10.0	−40	860	250	50	5	10.0	−35	800	280
207	B	10.0	−40	860	250	50	30	10.0	−35	800	280
208	F	5.0	−40	850	300	10	1	10.0	−35	800	200
209	F	5.0	−40	850	300	10	5	10.0	−35	800	200
210	F	5.0	−40	850	300	10	35	10.0	−35	800	200
211	H	5.0	−40	800	300	10	1	10.0	−35	860	200
212	H	5.0	−40	800	300	10	10	10.0	−35	860	200
213	H	5.0	−40	800	300	10	20	10.0	−35	860	200

		Coating	Alloying
		treatment	treatment
		step	step
		Al	Alloying
		concentration	temperature	Surface
	No	(%)	(° C.)	appearance	Adhesion	Product	Remarks
	202	0.191	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	203	0.191	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	204	0.191	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	205	0.190	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	206	0.190	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	207	0.190	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	208	0.190	—	X	X	GI	Comparative
							example
	209	0.190	—	X	X	GI	Comparative
							example
	210	0.190	—	X	X	GI	Comparative
							example
	211	0.189	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	212	0.189	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	213	0.189	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example

TABLE 6
(Example)

			Pickling
		Electrolytic	step after
	First heating step	treatment	electrolytic	Second heating step

			Dew	Heating	Holding	Charge	Treatment	treatment		Dew	Heating	Holding
		H2	point	temperature	time	density	time	Weight loss	H2	point	temperature	time
No	Steel	(%)	(° C.)	(° C.)	(s)	(C/dm2)	(s)	(g/m2)	(%)	(° C.)	(° C.)	(s)
214	A	5.0	−40	800	300	20	1	0.34	5.0	−35	800	200
215	A	5.0	−40	800	300	20	3	0.29	5.0	−35	800	200
216	A	5.0	−40	800	300	20	40	0.38	5.0	−35	800	200
217	B	10.0	−40	860	250	50	1	0.33	10.0	−35	800	280
218	B	10.0	−40	860	250	50	5	0.33	10.0	−35	800	280
219	B	10.0	−40	860	250	50	30	0.33	10.0	−35	800	280
220	F	5.0	−40	850	300	10	1	0.12	10.0	−35	800	200
221	F	5.0	−40	850	300	10	5	0.12	10.0	−35	800	200
222	F	5.0	−40	850	300	10	35	0.12	10.0	−35	800	200
223	H	5.0	−40	800	300	10	1	4.8	10.0	−35	860	200
224	H	5.0	−40	800	300	10	10	4.8	10.0	−35	860	200
225	H	5.0	−40	800	300	10	20	4.8	10.0	−35	860	200

		Coating	Alloying
		treatment	treatment
		step	step
		Al	Alloying
		concentration	temperature	Surface
	No	(%)	(° C.)	appearance	Adhesion	Product	Remarks
	214	0.191	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	215	0.191	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	216	0.191	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	217	0.190	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	218	0.190	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	219	0.190	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	220	0.190	—	X	X	GI	Comparative
							example
	221	0.190	—	X	X	GI	Comparative
							example
	222	0.190	—	X	X	GI	Comparative
							example
	223	0.189	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	224	0.189	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	225	0.189	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example

TABLE 7
(Example)

		Pickling step
		before	Electrolytic
	First heating step	electrolytic	treatment	Second heating step

			Dew	Heating	Holding	treatment	Charge	Treatment		Dew	Heating	Holding
		H2	point	temperature	time	Weight loss	density	time	H2	point	temperature	time
No	Steel	(%)	(° C.)	(° C.)	(s)	(g/m2)	(C/dm2)	(s)	(%)	(° C.)	(° C.)	(s)
226	A	5.0	−40	800	300	0.34	20	1	5.0	−35	800	200
227	A	5.0	−40	800	300	0.29	20	3	5.0	−35	800	200
228	A	5.0	−40	800	300	0.38	20	40	5.0	−35	800	200
229	B	10.0	−40	860	250	0.33	50	1	10.0	−35	800	280
230	B	10.0	−40	860	250	0.33	50	5	10.0	−35	800	280
231	B	10.0	−40	860	250	0.33	50	30	10.0	−35	800	280
232	F	5.0	−40	850	300	0.12	10	1	10.0	−35	800	200
233	F	5.0	−40	850	300	0.12	10	5	10.0	−35	800	200
234	F	5.0	−40	850	300	0.12	10	35	10.0	−35	800	200
235	H	5.0	−40	800	300	4.8	10	1	10.0	−35	860	200
236	H	5.0	−40	800	300	4.8	10	10	10.0	−35	860	200
237	H	5.0	−40	800	300	4.8	10	20	10.0	−35	860	200

		Coating	Alloying
		treatment	treatment
		step	step
		Al	Alloying
		concentration	temperature	Surface
	No	(%)	(° C.)	appearance	Adhesion	Product	Remarks
	226	0.191	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	227	0.191	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	228	0.191	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	229	0.190	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	230	0.190	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	231	0.190	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	232	0.190	—	◯	Δ	GI	Example
	233	0.190	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	234	0.190	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	235	0.189	—	◯	◯	GI	Example
	236	0.189	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example
	237	0.189	—	◯	⊙	GI	Example

The hot-dip galvanized steel sheets and galvannealed steel sheets according to our examples had a good surface appearance and high adhesion. In contrast, the comparative examples had poor surface appearance and poor adhesion of the coating.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

We provide a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet and a high-strength galvannealed steel sheet each having high strength, a good surface appearance, and good adhesion of the coating. For example, application of a high-strength hot-dip galvanized steel sheet or high-strength galvannealed steel sheet to automobile structural members can improve mileage due to weight reduction of automotive bodies.