Recovery Ventilator

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This patent application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional App. No. 63/625,420 filed Jan. 26, 2024, titled “CONCURRENT AIR FLOW TO HIGH EFFICIENCY COUNTER FLOW ERV,” which is incorporated in the present disclosure by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

The embodiments discussed in the present disclosure are related to a recovery ventilator (RV).

BACKGROUND

Unless otherwise indicated in the present disclosure, the materials described in the present disclosure are not prior art to the claims in the present application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.

A building (e.g., a structure, home, office space, or any other appropriate structure) may include a ventilator to bring fresh air (e.g., outside air or air from an external environment/outside environment) inside the building and exhaust air from inside the building to an external environment. However, the fresh air may be colder or warmer than typical room temperature (e.g., equal to or between sixty-eight degrees Fahrenheit and seventy-six degrees Fahrenheit). For example, the fresh air in some climates may be very cold (e.g., fifty degrees Fahrenheit or colder) or very hot (e.g., eighty-five degrees Fahrenheit or warmer).

Some ventilators may not operate sufficiently for air-to-air energy recovery and may not be considered energy RV (ERV) in the industry because these ventilators are not reliable and are commonly rebuilt or have a heat exchanger that is replaced every three to five years. Additionally, these ventilators may only operate at around fifty percent thermal efficiencies allowing fresh air that is still cold or hot to be brought inside the building. These ventilators may not meet American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) temperature standards for human comfort (e.g., ASHRAE temperature standard 55).

Some ventilators may suffer from unbalanced air flow and may exhaust or intake more air creating an environmental imbalance. For example, some ventilators may exhaust more air than they intake, which creates a negative pressure scenario inside the building. As another example, some ventilators may intake more air than they exhaust, which creates a positive pressure scenario inside the building.

Additionally, in some locations (e.g., cities, counties, states, or countries), the price per square foot may be expensive (e.g., hundreds or thousands of dollars per square foot). Some ventilators may take up six or more square feet of space and the cost of the lost floor area may be hundreds or thousands of dollars. Additionally or alternatively, some ventilators may include multiple air intakes on a top surface and/or a side surface that consumes significant amounts of time during installation. Further, some ventilators may include expensive or difficult to manufacture enclosures due to a lack of internal structure of these ventilators.

Therefore, there currently exists a need for an RV that can pre-condition cold or hot fresh air reliably and efficiently to a comfortable temperature level in accordance with ASHRAE temperature standard 55.

The subject matter claimed in the present disclosure is not limited to embodiments that solve any disadvantages or that operate only in environments such as those described above. Rather, this background is only provided to illustrate one example technology area where some embodiments described in the present disclosure may be practiced.

SUMMARY

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential characteristics of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

One or more embodiments of the present disclosure may include an RV. The RV may include a housing, fans, a structural divider, and a heat exchanger. The housing may define a fresh air ingress, an exhaust air ingress, and a fresh air egress. The fans may direct fresh air from the fresh air ingress to a first channel in a first direction. The fans may also direct exhaust air from the exhaust air ingress to a second channel in the first direction. The structural divider may at least partially define the first channel. The structural divider may direct the fresh air from the first channel to an opening. The heat exchanger may include an exhaust air channel and a fresh air channel. The exhaust air channel may be fluidly coupled to the second channel and receive the exhaust air from the second channel in the first direction. The fresh air channel may be fluidly coupled to the opening. The fresh air channel may receive the fresh air from the first channel via the opening. The fresh air channel may also direct the fresh air in a second direction that is counter to the first direction to exchange heat between the exhaust air and the fresh air to pre-condition the fresh air. In addition, the fresh air channel may provide the pre-conditioned fresh air to the fresh air egress.

A system may include a first RV, a second RV, and a control system. The first RV may receive exhaust air from a building in which the system is positioned. The first RV may also receive fresh air from an environment external to the building. In addition, the first RV may exchange heat between the exhaust air and the fresh air in a first heat exchanger to pre-condition the fresh air. The second RV may receive the exhaust air from the building. The second RV may also receive the fresh air from the environment external to the building. In addition, the second RV may exchange heat between the exhaust air and the fresh air in a second heat exchanger to pre-condition the fresh air. The control system may cause the first RV and the second RV to transition between a power exhauster configuration and a power intake configuration. In the power exhauster configuration only the exhaust air is received by the corresponding RV to push exhaust air to the environment external to the building. In the power intake configuration only, the fresh air received by the corresponding RV to pull fresh air from the environment external to the building

The object and advantages of the embodiments will be realized and achieved at least by the elements, features, and combinations particularly pointed out in the claims. Both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are not restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Example embodiments will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example environment that includes a RV;

FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of an example of the RV of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 illustrates a front cross-sectional of the RV of FIG. 2 sectioned along lines 2-2 shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 illustrates a front view of the RV of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 illustrates a side view of the RV of FIG. 2;

FIG. 6 illustrates a rear view of the RV of FIG. 2;

FIG. 7 illustrates a top partial view of example channels that may be implemented in a heat exchanger of the RV of FIG. 2;

FIG. 8 illustrates a partial front cross-sectional view of the RV of FIG. 2;

FIG. 9 illustrates a partial center cross-sectional view of the RV of FIG. 2;

FIG. 10 illustrates a rear cross-sectional view of the RV of FIG. 2 along lines 9-9 shown in FIG. 9,

all according to at least one embodiment described in the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A ventilator may pre-condition fresh air to be comfortable for humans (e.g., meet ASHRAE temperature standards for human comfort). The ASHRAE standards are incorporated in the present disclosure by reference in their entirety. The ventilator may intake fresh air and exhaust air (e.g., air from inside the building) and provide pre-conditioned air to the inside of the building (e.g., an internal environment of the building).

Some embodiments described in the present disclosure may include an RV that operates as a heat RV (HRV), an ERV, or both. The ventilator may receive the fresh air and the exhaust air in a first direction and may direct the fresh air to move in a second direction when reaching a heat exchanger. The ERV may use concurrent air flows (e.g., air flows in the first direction and the second direction) through the heat exchanger to exchange heat between the fresh air and the exhaust air to pre-condition the fresh air for use inside the building. For example, the fresh air may be hot and using the concurrent air flows, the fresh air may be cooled. As another example, the fresh air may be cold and using the concurrent air flows, the fresh may be warmed.

In some embodiments, the heat exchanger may include a vertical configuration. The heat exchanger may include plastic tubes, multi-tube layered panels, or some combination thereof that permits the fresh air and the exhaust air to move in different directions to exchange heat. The fresh air and the exhaust air moving in different directions within the heat exchanger may recover moisture, thermal energy, or both from the exhaust air to pre-condition the fresh air.

A vertical orientation of the RV may reduce a footprint compared to other ventilators due to ductwork connecting to the top surface or a side surface of the RV. For example, the footprint of the RV may be equal to or less than 1.5 square feet. The RV may be adaptable to different locations due to being floor mountable and/or able to be used with flex ducting to connect to the various outlets and inlets.

The RV may be capable of warming the fresh air by tens of degrees. For example, during testing in which the exhaust air was at seventy degrees Fahrenheit and the fresh air was at twenty-seven degrees Fahrenheit, the pre-conditioned fresh air was provided at sixty degrees Fahrenheit.

The RV may also include two or more fans that are moving, which reduces the number of components that may fail compared to other ventilators.

The RV may be capable of pre-conditioning very cold or hot outdoor fresh air to within five to ten degrees Fahrenheit of indoor room temperature without additional mechanical and heating. The RV may reduce power consumption to pre-condition the fresh air compared to a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system conditioning the fresh air alone.

These and other embodiments of the present disclosure will be explained with reference to the accompanying figures. It is to be understood that the figures are diagrammatic and schematic representations of such example embodiments, and are not limiting, nor are they necessarily drawn to scale. In the figures, features with like numbers indicate like structure and function unless described otherwise.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example environment 100 that includes a RV 102 (referred to in the present disclosure as the RV 102), in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. The RV 102 may operate as an HRV (e.g., configured to heat the fresh air), an ERV (e.g., configured to cool the fresh air), or both to pre-condition fresh air and provide the pro-conditioned fresh air to an HVAC system (e.g., an HVAC return) or an internal environment of a building in which the RV 102 is installed. The RV 102 may be fluidly coupled to an internal inlet 104, an internal outlet 106, an external inlet 108, and an external outlet 110.

The RV 102 may include multiple collars 9 that extend from a top surface 11 or a side surface of the RV 102. The RV 102 may receive fresh air (e.g., air from an environment external to the building in which the RV 102 is installed or external to a room in which the RV 102 is installed) from the external inlet 108 via one of the collars 9. The external inlet 108 may include any passageway or inlet that is fluidly coupled to an environment outside or external to a building or room in which the RV 102 is installed. The external inlet 108 may include any ductwork, grill, filter, or other equipment to permit fresh air to be received by the RV 102. The RV 102 may receive exhaust air (e.g., air from an environment in which the RV 102 is installed or other air that is internal to the building in which the RV 102 is installed) from the internal inlet 104 via one of the collars 9. The internal inlet 104 may include any passageway or inlet that is fluidly coupled to an environment inside or internal to the building in which the RV 102 is installed. The internal inlet 104 may include any ductwork, grill, filter, or other equipment to permit the exhaust air to be received by the RV 102.

The RV 102 may exhaust or outlet the fresh air via one of the collars 9 to the internal outlet 106. The internal outlet 106 may include any passageway or outlet that is fluidly coupled to the environment inside or internal to the building in which the RV 102 is installed. For example, the internal outlet 106 may include the HVAC system. The internal outlet 106 may include any ductwork, grill, filter, or other equipment to permit the RV 102 to provide the pre-conditioned fresh air to the HVAC system, the internal environment of the building, or both. In addition, the RV 102 may exhaust or outlet the exhaust air via one of the collars 9 to the external outlet 110. The external outlet 110 may include any passageway or outlet that is fluidly coupled to the environment outside or external to the building or room in which the RV 102 is installed. The external outlet 110 may include any ductwork, grill, filter, or other equipment to permit the RV 102 to provide the exhaust air to the external environment.

The RV 102 may include a controller 112 (e.g., a programmable control) that controls the operation of the RV 102. For example, the controller 112 may control the operation of components within the RV 102 to draw in the fresh air and/or the exhaust air and/or output the pre-conditioned fresh air and/or the exhaust air. The controller 112 may control the operation of the RV 102 based on one or more factors as described in more detail elsewhere. For example, the controller 112 may control the operation of the RV 102 to control a temperature of the internal environment, a humidity level of the pre-conditioned air, or any other appropriate factor.

The RV 102 may receive the exhaust air and the fresh air in a first direction (e.g., from the top surface 11 of the RV 102 towards a bottom of the RV 102). As described in more detail below, the RV 102 causes the fresh air to traverse channels, components, or other cavities of the RV 102 to cause the fresh air to enter and traverse a heat exchanger (such as denoted 19 in FIGS. 3 and 7) in a second direction. The fresh air may traverse the heat exchanger 19 in the second direction while the exhaust air traverses the heat exchanger 19 in the first direction (e.g., concurrent air flows) to exchange heat between the fresh air and the exhaust air to pre-condition the fresh air. The fresh air may be pre-conditioned to increase a temperature, decrease a temperature, increase a humidity level, or some combination thereof of the fresh air.

The RV 102 may provide the pre-conditioned fresh air to the internal outlet 106 (e.g., the HVAC system of the building in which the RV 102 is installed or an internal environment of the building). In some embodiments, the pre-conditioned fresh air may be further conditioned (e.g., further warmed or cooled) by the HVAC system. In these and other embodiments, power consumed by the RV 102 and the HVAC system to provide the finalized conditioned fresh air may be reduced compared to the HVAC system conditioning the fresh air directly from the source environment. In addition, the RV 102 may provide the exhaust air to the external outlet 110 (e.g., an external environment or other room of the building).

FIGS. 2-10 illustrate various views of an example of the RV 102 of FIG. 1. In FIG. 2, a portion of sidewalls of a housing 77 of the RV 102 are omitted to show internal components of the RV 102 and air flows within the RV 102. In addition, in FIG. 2, portions of the heat exchanger 19 are hidden to show example air flows in general. In FIG. 3, a sidewall of the housing 77 is omitted to show the internal components of the RV 102, example air flows, and an example flow of moisture along lines 2-2 shown in FIG. 1.

In FIG. 4, another sidewall of the housing 77 is hidden to show various internal components of the RV 102. In FIG. 5, a sidewall of the housing 77 is hidden to show the internal components of the RV 102, example air flows, and example flows of moisture. FIG. 6 illustrates the RV 102 with a sidewall hidden to show internal components and example air flows along line 4-4 shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 7 illustrates a partial top view of the heat exchanger 19 along line 2-2 shown in FIG. 2. In addition, FIGS. 8-10 show various views of the RV 102 with sidewalls hidden to show internal operations of the RV 102.

Referring to FIGS. 2-10, the RV 102 may include the housing 77 which defines a fresh air ingress, an exhaust air ingress, a fresh air egress, or an exhaust air egress. Each of these egresses may be coaxial with one of the collars 9. The fresh air ingress, the exhaust air ingress, the fresh air egress, and the exhaust air egress may be fluidly coupled to the internal inlet 104, the external inlet 108, the internal outlet 106, and the external outlet 110, respectively. The collars 9 may include a metal material, a plastic material, or any other appropriate material to direct the fresh air or the exhaust air in to or out from an internal volume of the housing 77. The housing 77 may include a plastic material, a metal material, or any other appropriate material.

The housing 77 may at least partially define a first channel 13 or a second channel 55. The RV 102 may include a structural divider 14 that at least partially defined the first channel 13 or the second channel 55. The structural divider 14 may include a thermal material that at least partially thermally isolates the first channel 13 from the second channel 55. In some embodiments, the structural divider may include an inert or fire rated material. The thermal material may be connected to walls of the housing 77.

The RV 102 may receive the fresh air 4 via the collar 9 that is fluidly coupled to the first channel 13. The RV 102 may include one or more fresh fans 15 positioned in the first channel 13 and configured to draw the fresh air 4 through the collar 9. The fresh fans 15 may also cause the fresh air 4 to traverse the first channel 13 in the first direction. In some embodiments, the RV 102 may include a filter 12 (e.g., a filtration system) positioned in the first channel 13 through which the fresh air may traverse to filter out any particles or other pollutants in the fresh air.

The fresh air 4 may traverse the first channel 13 in the first direction from the top surface 11 of the RV 102 toward the bottom and an opening 17 at least partially defined by the housing 77 and the structural divider 14. The fresh air 4 may contact a portion of the structural divider 14 and be directed from the first channel 13 to the opening 17. The fresh air 4 may traverse the opening 17 and enter the heat exchanger 19. For example, the fresh air 4 may enter a bottom of the heat exchanger 19. As discussed in more detail below, the fresh air 4 may traverse the heat exchanger 19 in the second direction.

The RV 102 may receive the exhaust air 3 via the collar that is fluidly coupled to the second channel 55. The RV 102 may include one or more exhaust fans 16 positioned in the second channel 55 and configured to draw the exhaust air 3 through the collar 9. The exhaust fans 16 may also cause the exhaust air 3 to traverse the second channel 55 in the first direction. The exhaust fans 16 may force or otherwise direct the exhaust air 3 towards the heat exchanger 19 and may cause the exhaust air 3 to enter the heat exchanger 19 in the first direction.

The heat exchanger 19 may include a multi-tube layered panel device. The heat exchanger 19 may include a layer of shaped vanes or channels 32 (shown in FIG. 7) (e.g., exhaust channels and fresh air channels) that provide isolated channels for the exhaust 3 air to traverse in the first direction and the fresh air 4 to traverse in the second direction (e.g., opposite direction) within the heat exchanger 19. The fresh air 4 and the exhaust air 3 may traverse the channels 32 in a serpentine manner, a linear manner, in accordance with a laminar flow, or some combination thereof.

The heat exchanger 19 may receive the exhaust air 3 in the first direction from the second channel 55. The heat exchanger 19 may receive the fresh air 4 from the first channel 13 via the opening 17. The channels 32 corresponding to the fresh air (e.g., the fresh air channels) may direct the fresh air 4 in the second direction to cause the fresh air to flow within the heat exchanger 19 in an opposite direction as the exhaust air 3. In some embodiments, the second direction may include a direction from the bottom of the heat exchanger 19 to a top of the heat exchanger 19.

The exhaust air 3 and the fresh air 4 may traverse the channels 32 in a manner that exchanges heat between the fresh air 4 and the exhaust 3. For example, if the fresh air 4 is to be warmed, the exhaust air 3 may transfer heat to the fresh air 4 via plates 33 (shown in FIG. 7) to warm the fresh air 4 (e.g., pre-condition the fresh air 4). As another example, the fresh air 4 is to be cooled, the fresh air 4 may transfer heat to the exhaust air 3 vis the plates 33 to cool the fresh air 4 (e.g., pre-condition the fresh air 4). The heat may be transferred between the fresh air 4 and the exhaust air 3 via radiant heating or any other appropriate method of transfer.

The heat exchanger 19 may include rectangular panels 33 that form the channels 32. The heat exchanger 19 may be formed such that the channels 32 are the same as or similar to signboard material. In some embodiments, the heat exchanger 19 may provide structural support of the RV 102 such that support structures, brackets, or other devices may be omitted, which may reduce a footprint of the RV 102. The heat exchanger 19 may include sheet plastic, sheet metal, sheet stainless steel, or other galvanized and/or sheet material that is configured to withstand exposure to moisture.

The channels 32 (e.g., the fresh air channels) may provide the pre-conditioned fresh air 6 to the collar 9 (e.g., the fresh air egress) that is fluidly coupled to an upper left of the heat exchanger 19. In some embodiments, the channels 32 (e.g., the exhaust air channels) may provide the exhaust air after traversing the heat exchanger 19 (e.g., exhaust air 5) to the collar 9 (e.g., the exhaust air egress) that is fluidly coupled to the bottom of the heat exchanger 19. In other embodiments, the channels 32 (e.g., the exhaust air channels) may provide the exhaust air 5 to the collar 9 via a sump volume 20.

In some embodiments, the controller 112 may control the fresh fans 15, the exhaust fans 16, or both to add or reduce cycles of operation to increase exhaust air flow or fresh air flow. For example, the controller 112 may increase the exhaust air flow during events that introduce moisture into the internal environment such as showering, cleaning, or any other appropriate event. As another example, the controller 112 may increase the fresh air flow at night to cool the internal environment of the building prior to people arriving in the morning.

The controller 112 may receive user input indicating that the operation of the fresh fans 15, the exhaust fans 16, or both are to be adjusted. For example, the user input may indicate that the operation of the fresh fans 15, the exhaust fans 16, or both is to adjust to change a flow of the fresh air 4 and/or the exhaust air 3 into the RV 102. As another example, the user input may indicate that the operation of the fresh fans 15, the exhaust fans 16, or both is to decrease to over exhaust or over intake fresh air into the internal environment.

The RV 102 may be configured to capture or recycle moisture 28 in the exhaust air 3, the fresh air 4, or both. For example, when the exhaust air 3 traverses the heat exchanger 19, moisture may collect on surfaces of the channels 32, which may move along those surfaces and collect in the sump volume 20. As another example, the heat exchanger 19 may include microtubes 30 that are fluidly coupled to the second channel 55 and moisture 28 in the second channel 55 may be directed to the sump volume 20 via the microtubes 30.

The RV 102 may be configured to add moisture to the fresh air 4 for evaporative cooling or to humidify the fresh air 4. The RV 102 may include a pump 29 positioned in the sump volume 20. In addition, the pump 29 may be fluidly coupled to the first channel 13 via one or more hoses or tubes 35. The pump 29 may direct water from the sump volume 20 to the first channel to humidify the fresh air 4 in the first channel. Additionally or alternatively, the pump 29 may direct water from the sump volume 20 to the first channel 13 or the second channel 55 to evaporatively cool the exhaust air 3 or the fresh air 4 prior to being received by the heat exchanger 19. IN some embodiments, the water may be directed into the first channel 13 downstream of the filter 12.

The controller 112 may control the flow of water from the pump 29 to the first channel 13, the second channel 55, or both. For example, the controller 112 may control fill valves 37, 38 to control the flow of water into the first channel 13, the second channel 55, or the sump volume 20. In addition, the controller 112 may cause the RV 102 to operate in a defrost mode in which the exhaust fans 16 bring in the exhaust air 3 to defrost the RV 102 (e.g., warm up the heat exchanger 19).

The housing 77 may include an access hatch 24 that may be opened to access and replace the filter 12 or access the fresh fans 15 and/or the exhaust fans 16. The housing 77 may also a port hatch 26 that may be used to connect power cords or other powers sources to the fresh fans 15, the exhaust fans 16, the controller 112, the pump 29, the valves 37, 38, or any other appropriate device in the RV 102.

In some embodiments, the heat exchanger 19 may include auxiliary heating lines in the channels 32 to further warm the fresh air 4.

Multiple instances of the RV 102 may be installed in the same room or building and configured to operate in unison. A first instance of the RV 102 may receive the exhaust air 3 from the building. In addition, the first instance of the RV 102 may receive the fresh air 4 from the environment external to the room or the building. The first instance of the RV 102 may exchange heat between the exhaust air 3 and the fresh air 4 as discussed above. A second instance of the RV 102 may receive the exhaust air 3 from the building. In addition, the second instance of the RV 102 may receive the fresh air 4 from the environment external to the room or the building. The second instance of the RV 102 may exchange heat between the exhaust air 3 and the fresh air 4 as discussed above.

The controller 112 may cause the first instance of the RV 102 or the second instance of the RV 102 to operate in a power exhauster configuration. In the power exhauster configuration, the corresponding instance of the RV 102 only receives the exhaust air 3 to push the exhaust air 3 to the environment external to the room building. Additionally or alternatively, the controller 112 may cause the first instance of the RV 102 or the second instance of the RV 102 to operate in a power intake configuration. In the power intake configuration, the corresponding instance of the RV 102 only receives the fresh air 4 to pull fresh air from the environment external to the building.

The heat exchanger 19, the filter 12, the exhaust fans 16, the fresh fans 15, the valves 7, 38, or some combination thereof may be attached to the housing 77 using slip joints, adhesives, tape, pop rivets, screws, or any other appropriate fasteners.

As used in the present disclosure, terms used in the present disclosure and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including, but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes, but is not limited to,” etc.).

Additionally, if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations.

In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” or “one or more of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended to include A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B, and C together, etc.

Further, any disjunctive word or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” should be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”

All examples and conditional language recited in the present disclosure are intended for pedagogical objects to aid the reader in understanding the present disclosure and the concepts contributed by the inventor to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Although embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail, various changes, substitutions, and alterations could be made hereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.