PERMEABLE PAVING MATERIAL AND METHOD OF INSTALLATION

Description

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 63/661,747, filed on Jun. 19, 2024; the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure is generally directed to pavement structures that are permeable for draining precipitation and other forms of liquid, stormwater management, and environmental sustainability, belonging to a technical field of building materials and sponge cities.

BACKGROUND ART

Decorative surfacing and similar pavements of the like have become widely popular and used in various applications, particularly in both residential and commercial spaces. With respect to residential spaces, decorative surfacing and pavements are popular and commonly used for walkways, outdoor patios, sidewalks, and driveways to provide an aesthetically pleasing element to a particular environment. With respect to commercial spaces, decorative surfacing and pavements may also be popular around buildings and commercial areas for providing a similar aesthetically pleasing element to a particular environment.

However, such use of decorative surfacing and similar pavements has various drawbacks and/or detriments in various weather conditions. In one instance, decorative surfacing and similar pavements may have limitations with respect to drainage of precipitation provided in outdoor environments. In this instance, such precipitation that falls onto these types of surfaces and pavements may puddle and remain present on the top surfaces causing issues of traction for people or vehicles traversing over these surface and pavements. In another instance, decorative surfacing and similar pavements may also retain and trap precipitation or liquids (like water) inside of the structure which could result in damage and/or destruction of the structure during freezing and thawing conditions. In another instance, cold climates present significant challenges for pavement performance and longevity, particularly during freeze-thaw cycles. Decorative surfacing and conventional pavements, often composed of cement, asphalt, or their composites, tend to have poor permeability, which not only reduces natural water infiltration but also allows precipitation and liquids to become trapped within the pavement structure. This trapped moisture can freeze and expand, leading to internal stress, cracking, and eventual structural failure. Furthermore, these impermeable surfaces contribute to high surface runoff rates, up to 70-80% of rainfall and snowmelt, placing additional strain on urban drainage systems, reducing road safety, and causing environmental and economic disruptions. In another instance, the use of decorative surfaces and pavements can reduce the natural pervious areas, thereby increasing anthropization impact and elevating the risk of urban flooding and excessive surface runoff. In another instance, constructing and/or installing these types of decorative surfacing requires extensive amounts of time and effort when laying and installing the required structural and drainage components in a given environment. As such, installation of these types of decorative surfacing and/or pavement structures may incur extensive costs and labor in order to have a functional paving structure while simultaneously providing an aesthetically pleasing element.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may provide a permeable paving structure. The permeable paving structure includes a stabilizer that is adapted to be engaged with a ground surface in at least two planes. The permeable paving structure also includes a base course layer that operably engages with the stabilizer. The permeable paving structure also includes a wearing course layer that operably engages with the base course layer and with the stabilizer. The stabilizer is configured to stabilize the base course layer and the wearing course layer in the at least two planes.

In another aspect, an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may provide a permeable paving structure. The permeable paving structure includes at least one stabilizer adapted to be engaged with a ground surface in at least two planes. The permeable paving structure also includes a base course layer operably engaged with the stabilizer. The permeable paving structure also includes a wearing course layer operably engaged with the base course layer and with the at least one stabilizer. The at least one stabilizer is configured to stabilize the base course layer and the wearing course layer in the at least two planes.

This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the fluid permeates through each of the at least one stabilizer, the base course layer, and the wearing course layer for complete infiltration of fluid in a subgrade of the ground surface. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include an underdrain system positioned in at least the base course layer and a subgrade of the ground surface; wherein the underdrain system is configured to capture fluid permeating through the base course layer and to direct the fluid away from the permeable paving structure. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the underdrain system comprises: a drainage channel operable with the base course layer and the at least one stabilizer; and a drainage pipe positioned inside of the drainage channel. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the at least one stabilizer is a geomembrane to prevent complete infiltration of the fluid into the subgrade of the ground surface. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the at least one stabilizer further comprises: a first stabilizer adapted to be engaged with a support structure in a first plane of the at least two planes; and a second stabilizer operably engaged with the base course layer and the wearing course layer in a second plane of the at least two planes that is non-parallel to the first plane; wherein the second stabilizer is separate from the first stabilizer. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the wearing course layer comprises: a first aggregate formed of a first material; a second aggregate formed of a second material different from the first material; and a plurality of voids defined between the first and second aggregates. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the first material is stone, and the second material is glass. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the base course layer comprises: a first aggregate section in communication with the wearing course layer and defining a first thickness; and a second aggregate section in communication with the first aggregate section and spaced apart from the wearing course layer and defining a second thickness that is one of equal to or greater than the first thickness. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the wearing course layer further defines a third thickness that is less than the first thickness and the second thickness. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the base course layer further comprises: a first aggregate having a first plurality of stone, wherein each stone of the first plurality of stone defines a first length; and a second aggregate having a second plurality of stone, wherein each stone of the second plurality of stone defines a second length that is less than the first length. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the wearing course layer further comprises: a binder for binding an aggregate of the wearing course layer together to form the wearing course layer as a unitary member. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the underdrain system includes a drainage pipe positioned inside of at least the base course layer.

In another aspect, an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may provide another permeable paving structure. The permeable paving structure includes a first stabilizer adapted to be engaged with a support structure in at least two planes. The permeable paving structure also includes a base course layer that operably engages with the first stabilizer. The permeable paving structure also includes a second stabilizer that operably engages with the base course layer and is separate from the first stabilizer. The permeable paving structure also includes a wearing course layer that is in operative communication with the base course layer and with the second stabilizer. Each of the first stabilizer and the second stabilizer is configured to stabilize the base course layer and the wearing course layer in the at least two planes.

In another aspect, an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may provide a method of installing a permeable paving structure. The method includes steps of: compacting a subgrade of a ground surface; installing a stabilizer with the subgrade; wherein the stabilizer provides structural support in a first plane; installing a base course layer with the stabilizer and the subgrade; expanding the stabilizer subsequent to the base course layer being installed with the stabilizer; wherein the stabilizer provides structural support in a second plane; and installing a wearing course layer with the base course layer and the stabilizer.

In another aspect, an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may provide a method of installing a permeable paving structure. The method includes steps of: compacting a subgrade of a ground surface; installing at least one stabilizer with the subgrade; wherein the at least one stabilizer provides structural support in at least one plane; installing a base course layer with the at least one stabilizer and the subgrade; expanding the at least one stabilizer subsequent to the base course layer being installed with the at least one stabilizer; wherein the at least one stabilizer provides structural support in a second plane; and installing a wearing course layer with the base course layer and the at least one stabilizer.

This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that fluid permeates through each of the at least one stabilizer, the base course layer, and the wearing course layer for complete infiltration of fluid in the subgrade of the ground surface. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include steps of: positioning an underdrain system in at least the base course layer and the subgrade of the ground surface; capturing fluid permeating through the base course layer; and directing said fluid away from the permeable paving structure and the subgrade. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the step of positioning the underdrain system further comprises: defining a drainage channel of the underdrain system in the base course layer and the at least one stabilizer and in the subgrade; and positioning a drainage pipe of the underdrain system inside of the drainage channel. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include a step of: diverting the fluid away from the subgrade of the ground surface by that least one stabilizer; wherein the at least one stabilizer is a geomembrane. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the step of installing at least one stabilizer further comprises: installing a first stabilizer with a support structure in a first plane of the at least one plane; and installing a second stabilizer operably engaged with the base course layer and the wearing course layer in at least another plane that is non-parallel to the at least one plane; wherein the second stabilizer is separate from the first stabilizer. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include a step of: binding an aggregate of the wearing course layer, by a binder, together to form the wearing course layer as a unitary member. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the step of installing the base course layer further comprises: installing a first aggregate section in communication with the wearing course layer and defining a first thickness; and installing a second aggregate section in communication with the first aggregate section and spaced apart from the wearing course layer and defining a second thickness that is one of equal to or greater than the first thickness. This exemplary embodiment or another exemplary embodiment may further include that the step of positioning the underdrain system further comprises: positioning a drainage pipe of the underdrain system inside of at least the base course layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Sample embodiments of the present disclosure are set forth in the following description, are shown in the drawings and are particularly and distinctly pointed out and set forth in the appended claims.

FIG. 1A (FIG. 1A) is a cross-sectional view of a permeable pavement structure in accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure, wherein the permeable pavement structure includes a stabilizer, a base course layer, and a wearing course layer.

FIG. 1B (FIG. 1B) is a cross-sectional view of an alternative permeable pavement structure of the permeable pavement structure shown in FIG. 1A, wherein the permeable pavement structure includes a peripheral drainage barrier.

FIG. 2 (FIG. 2) is a cross-sectional view of the permeable pavement structure shown in FIG. 1A illustrating water migration through the permeable pavement structure.

FIG. 3A (FIG. 3A) is a cross-sectional view of another pavement structure in accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, wherein the permeable pavement structure includes a stabilizer, a base course layer, and a wearing course layer having at least two types of aggregate.

FIG. 3B (FIG. 3B) is an enlargement of the highlighted region shown in FIG. 3A.

FIG. 4 (FIG. 4) is a cross-sectional view of another pavement structure in accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, wherein the permeable pavement structure includes a stabilizer, a base course layer having at least two types or layers of aggregate, and a wearing course layer.

FIG. 5 (FIG. 5) is a cross-sectional view of another pavement structure in accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, wherein the permeable pavement structure includes a first stabilizer, a second stabilizer, a base course layer, and a wearing course layer.

FIG. 6 (FIG. 6) is a flowchart for a method of installing a permeable paving structure.

FIG. 7 (FIG. 7) is a cross-sectional view of a permeable pavement structure in accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7A (FIG. 7A) is a cross-sectional view of an alternative permeable pavement structure in accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure

FIG. 8 (FIG. 8) is a cross-sectional view of a permeable pavement structure in accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure.

Similar numbers refer to similar parts throughout the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1A illustrates a pavement structure which is generally referred to as 10. As discussed in greater detail below, the permeable pavement structure 10 is configured to provide water mitigation through said permeable pavement structure 10 for draining precipitation and stormwater management of various forms. In certain instances, permeable pavement structure 10 may also provide or include an aesthetically pleasing element (e.g., desired colors, patterns, designs, etc.) to the surrounding environment. In one instance, permeable pavement structure 10 supports environmental sustainability initiatives and aligns with the principles of sponge city development by enhancing natural water absorption and reducing surface runoff.

In the present disclosure, the permeable pavement structure 10 is installed below a ground surface 12 inside of a hole or support structure 14 defined in the ground surface 12. As best seen in FIG. 1A, the support structure 14 includes a subgrade 16 and a pair of sidewalls 18 that extends vertically upward from the subgrade 16. In one exemplary embodiment, a subgrade 16 may be a compacted surface prior to the permeable pavement structure 10 being installed inside of the support structure 14. As discussed in greater detail below, the permeable pavement structure 10 provides water mitigation through said permeable pavement structure 10 from the ground surface 12 to the subgrade 16 and/or to the pair of sidewalls 18. Such components and features of the permeable pavement structure 10 that provides such water mitigation are discussed in greater detail below.

Permeable pavement structure 10 includes a stabilizer, generally referred to as 20, that operably engages with the subgrade 16 and the pair of sidewalls 18 to provide soil stabilization and/or mechanical soil stabilization. As best seen in FIG. 1A, the stabilizer 20 includes a first end 20A that operably engages with a first sidewall of the pair of sidewalls 18, and a second end 20B that operably engages with a second sidewall of the pair of sidewalls 18 and is opposite to the first end 20A. The stabilizer 20 also includes an inner surface 20C that extends between the first end 20A and the second end 20B and faces in a first direction inwardly from the subgrade 16 and the pair of sidewalls 18. With this configuration, the inner surface 20C is spaced apart from the subgrade 16 and pair of sidewalls 18 such that the inner surface 20C is free from engaging with these subgrade 16 and the pair of sidewalls 18. The stabilizer 20 also includes an outer surface 20D that extends between the first end 20A and the second end 20B and faces in a second direction outwardly towards the subgrade 16 and the pair of sidewalls 18; the second direction is opposite to the first direction. With this configuration, the outer surface 20D directly contacts the subgrade 16 and any pair of sidewalls 18 such that the outer surface 20D operably engages with this subgrade 16 and pair of sidewalls 18.

Still referring to stabilizer 20, the stabilizer 20 also includes a set of first support walls 20E and a set of second support walls 20F. As best seen in FIG. 1A, each wall of the set of first support walls 20E extends in a first direction from the first end 20A to the second end 20B along a first axis. Still referring to FIG. 1A, each wall of the set of second support walls 20F extends a second direction along a second axis that is non-parallel or perpendicular to the first axis of each wall of the set of first support walls 20E. Still referring to FIG. 1A, a set of openings 20G is also defined by the set of first support walls 20E and the set of second support walls 20F. In the present disclosure, each opening of the set of openings 20G is defined by a pair of first support walls of the set of first support walls 20E and a pair of second support walls of the set of second support walls 20F.

In the present disclosure, the set of first support walls 20E and the set of second support walls 20F define a grid pattern or lattice pattern that extends between the first end 20A and the second end 20B. In this configuration, the set of first support walls 20E and the set of second support walls 20F creates a configuration that provides tensile strength in two axes. As such, each opening of the set of opening 20G may be defined as a two-dimensional square that is defined by a pair of first support walls of the set of first support walls 20E and a pair of second support walls of the set of second support walls 20F. In one example, stabilizer 20 mentioned herein may be a conventional stiff biaxial geogrid. In other exemplary embodiments, the stabilizer 20 may have any suitable configuration based on the positioning of the set of first support walls 20E and the set of second support walls 20F.

As mentioned previously, the stabilizer 20 directly contacts and engages with the subgrade 16 and the pair of sidewalls 18 to provide soil stabilization and mechanical ground stabilization for course layers of the permeable pavement structure 10. In other embodiments, the stabilizer 20 may directly contact and engage with one or both of the subgrade 16 and the pair of sidewalls 18. In one example, the stabilizer 20 may only directly contact and engage with the subgrade 16. In another example, the stabilizer 20 may only directly contact and engage with one or more sidewalls 18. As discussed in greater detail below, the stabilizer 20 may also provide mechanical ground stabilization to one or more course layers of the permeable pavement structure 10.

Permeable pavement structure 10 also includes a base course layer 30 that is installed inside of the support structure 14 and operably engages with the stabilizer 20. As best seen in FIG. 1A, the base course layer 30 includes the top surface 30A that is spaced apart from the subgrade 16, and a bottom surface 30B that directly contacts the subgrade 16 and a portion of the stabilizer 20 defined between the first and 20A and the second end 20B. The base course layer 30 comprises aggregate 30C that forms the top surface 30A and the bottom surface 30B. The aggregate 30C may include various types and/or shapes of material to form the base course layer 30. The base course layer 30 may also define a plurality of drainage passageways 30D that extends from the top surface 30A to the bottom surface 30B. In the present disclosure, the aggregate 30C defines each drainage passageway of the plurality of drainage passageways 30D from the top surface 30A to the bottom surface 30B. Such inclusion of the plurality of drainage passageways 30D allows for precipitation (e.g., rain, snow, sleet, water, and other forms of precipitation or water) to drain through the base course layer 30 and into the subgrade 16 or into a pair of sidewalls 18.

Still referring to base course layer 30, the base course layer 30 defines a first thickness 30F. As best seen in FIG. 1A, the first thickness 30F is defined between the top surface 30A and the bottom surface 30B. It should be understood that the first thickness 30F may be any suitable thickness dictated by the implementation of the permeable pavement structure. In one example, the stone aggregate 30C used to form the base course layer 30 may consist of clear stone with a nominal size of approximately 19 mm. In one example, a first thickness of a base course layer mentioned herein may be between 150 mm up to 300 mm or between approximately 6 inches or up to approximately 12 inches when measured between a top surface of the base course layer and a bottom surface of the base course layer. In another example, a first thickness of a base course layer mentioned herein may be 300 mm or approximately 12 inches when measured between a top surface of the base course layer and a bottom surface of the base course layer; such first thickness of a base course layer of a permeable pavement structure may be desired when the permeable pavement structure is intended to be used for walkways, patios, tree pits, driveways, sidewalks, and similar implementations that experience light or moderate force. In another example, a first thickness of a base course layer mentioned herein may be 455 mm or approximately 18 inches when measured between a top surface of the base course layer and a bottom surface of the base course layer; such first thickness of a base course layer of a permeable pavement structure may be desired when the permeable pavement structure is intended to be used for parking lot stalls, parking lot driving areas or roads, loading docks, and similar implementations that experience high force. In yet another example, a first thickness of a base course layer mentioned herein may be 610 mm to 900 mm approximately 24 inches to 36 inches when measured between a top surface of the base course layer and a bottom surface of the base course layer; such first thickness of a base course layer of a permeable pavement structure may be desired when the permeable pavement structure is intended to be used for large areas with medium traffic load and high rainfall intensity and significant stormwater runoff, where enhanced stormwater management performance is required.

Permeable pavement structure 10 also includes a wearing course layer 40 that is installed inside of the support structure 14 and operably engages with the stabilizer 20. As best seen in FIG. 1A, the wearing course layer 40 is laid on and positioned above the base course layer 30. As best seen in FIG. 1A, the wearing course layer 40 includes the top surface 40A that is spaced apart from the base course layer 30 and is external to the support structure 14, and a bottom surface 40B that directly contacts and lays on the top surface 30A of the base course layer 30.

The wearing course layer 40 also comprises aggregate 40C that forms the top surface 40A and the bottom surface 40B. The aggregate 40C may include various types and/or shapes of material to form the wearing course layer 40. The wearing course layer 40 may also define a plurality of drainage passageways 40D that extends from the top surface 40A to the bottom surface 40B. In the present disclosure, the aggregate 40C defines each drainage passageway of the plurality of drainage passageways 40D from the top surface 40A to the bottom surface 40B. Such inclusion of the plurality of drainage passageways 40D allows for precipitation (e.g., rain, snow, sleet, water, and other forms of precipitation or water) to drain through the wearing course layer 40 and into base course layer 30 so that such precipitation is absorbed into the subgrade 16 or into a pair of sidewalls 18. It should be understood that based on the structural configuration of the base course layer 30 and the wearing course layer 40, the plurality of the drainage passageways 30D of the base course layer 30 and the plurality of the drainage passageways 40D of the wearing course layer 40 are in fluid communication with one another for draining precipitation.

Still referring to the wearing course layer 40, the aggregate 40C discussed above and illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 2 is stone aggregate 40C that forms the wearing course layer 40. In one example, each stone of the stone aggregate 40C may have a length that ranges from 2 mm to 5 mm to form the wearing course layer 40. In other exemplary embodiments, aggregate 40C may include other suitable and/or conventional material or type that would create rigidity to the wearing course layer 40 while also permitting the option of draining precipitation and/or water through the wearing course layer 40 at a desired flow rate. It should also be understood that aggregate 40C may be of any gradation or color depending on the implementation of the permeable pavement structure 10 that are mentioned herein.

The wearing course layer 40 also includes a binder or similar resin material 40E that binds the aggregate 40C together to form the wearing course layer 40 as a unitary member or piece. It should be understood that binder 40E may completely or partially encapsulate the aggregate 40C while still enabling the aggregate 40C to define the plurality of drainage passageways 40D. In one example, binder 40E may be a polyurethane (or PU) based binder that binds the aggregate 40C together to form the wearing course layer 40 as a unitary member or piece. In another example, binder 40E may be a polyurethane (PU)-based binder, comprising between 4% and 7% by weight of the aggregate 40C, that binds the aggregate 40C together to form the wearing course layer 40 as a unitary member or piece. In the present disclosure, the binder 40E may also be elastic and/or flexible in that the binder 40E may bend and/or flex in one or more directions. Such elasticity and/or flexibility of the binder 40E prevents or at least mitigates the risks of potential damage or destruction of the wearing course layer 40 and other components of the permeable pavement structure 10 (e.g., stabilizer 20) during freeze and thaw cycles in climates that experience such fluctuations in temperature. Such elasticity and/or flexibility of the binder 40E also prevents or at least mitigates the risks of potential damage or destruction of the wearing course layer 40 when the wearing course layer 40 experiences an uniaxial pressure or load at elevated temperatures in climates that experience relatively high temperatures. As such, the wearing course layer 40, with assistance from the binder 40E, may allow for deformation and fatigue resistance in different climates as well as resistance to physical wear or stress applied to the wearing course layer 40 (e.g., resistance to snow plowing and other similar physical wear or stress). The binder 40E may also be resistant to various chemicals commonly placed on pavements and other surfaces, including deicing salts, chlorine, oils, solvents, weak acids or bases, ozone, bromine, and other chemicals that the binder 40E may experience from the surrounding environment.

Still referring to wearing course layer 40, the wearing course layer 40 is generally porous and may define a porosity based on the binder 40E that forms the wearing course layer 40. In the present disclosure, the porosity of wearing course layer 40 may be between 16% up to 27% for allowing precipitation and other forms of water to drain through the wearing course layer 40. In one exemplary embodiment, the porosity of wearing course layer 40 may be 27% (i.e., highest porosity) when the permeable pavement structure 10 is implemented as a walkway, a patio, a tree pit, or similar pavement structure that is intended to experience similar force; such percentage of porosity may allow for the highest and/or greatest flow rate of precipitation and/or water through the wearing course layer 40. In this particular embodiment, approximately 38,000 liters per square meter per hour. In another exemplary embodiment, at least 5,660 gallons per square foot per hour may permeate and drain through the wearing course layer 40. In another exemplary embodiment, the porosity of wearing course layer 40 may be 24% when the permeable pavement structure 10 is implemented as a driveway, a sidewalk, or a similar pavement structure that is intended to experience similar forces. In another exemplary embodiment, the porosity of wearing course layer 40 may be 22% when the permeable pavement structure 10 is implemented as a parking lot stall or similar pavement structure that is intended to experience similar forces. In another exemplary embodiment, the porosity of wearing course layer 40 may be 17% when the permeable pavement structure 10 is implemented as parking lot driving area, road, or similar pavement structure that is intended to experience similar forces. In another exemplary embodiment, the porosity of wearing course layer 40 may be 16% (i.e., lowest porosity) when the permeable pavement structure 10 is implemented as a locking dock or similar pavement structure that is intended to experience similar force; such percentage of porosity may allow for the lowest flow rate of precipitation and/or water through the wearing course layer 40.

Depending on the porosity and/or density of the binder 40E, the wearing course layer 40 may have various flexure strengths, tensile strength, and compressive strengths as well as various flow rates depending on said flexure strength, tensile strength, and compressive strengths. In one exemplary embodiment, the flexure strength of a wearing course layer mentioned herein may be about 6.1 MPa based on an aggregate that forms the wearing course layer. In another exemplary embodiment, the flexure strength of a wearing course layer mentioned herein may be between 2.08 MPa and 6.18 MPa based on an aggregate that forms the wearing course layer. In another exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of a wearing course layer mentioned herein may have a range between 10.3 MPa to 75.8 MPa based on an aggregate that forms the wearing course layer. In another exemplary embodiment, the compressive strength of a wearing course layer mentioned herein may have a range between 21.3 MPa and 39.5 MPa based on an aggregate that forms the wearing course layer. In another exemplary embodiment, the tensile strength of a wearing course layer mentioned herein may have a range between 3.5 MPa and 5.5 MPa based on an aggregate that forms the wearing course layer. In another example, a binder of a wearing course layer mentioned herein may have a density between 1.0 g/cm³ to 1.2 g/cm³, a water absorption of less than 0.5 percent, a tensile strength of 73 MPa to 76 MPa, and/or elongation of 240 percent to 250 percent.

It should be understood that binder 40E of wearing course layer 40 (and other binders of wearing course layers mentioned herein) may have be a desired portion or amount for a permeable pavement structure 10 based on the implementation of permeable pavement structure 10. In one instance, a first portion or amount of binder may be used in a first application of a permeable pavement structure where such permeable pavement structure is used for walkways, patios, tree pits, driveways, sidewalks, green spaces, and similar areas that experience light force. In another instance, a second portion or amount of binder (which is greater than the first portion or amount discussed previously) may be used in a second application of a permeable pavement structure where such permeable pavement structure is used for parking lots, commercial areas, and areas with medium to high force that is greater than the light force mentioned previously.

Still referring to wearing course layer 40, the wearing course layer 40 defines a second thickness 40F. As best seen in FIG. 1A, the second thickness 40F is defined between the top surface 40A and the bottom surface 40B. It should be understood that the second thickness 40F may be any suitable thickness dictated by the implementation of the permeable pavement structure. In one example, a second thickness of a wearing course layer mentioned herein may be between 38 mm up to 50 mm or between approximately one and one-half inches or up to approximately 2 inches when measured between a top surface of the wearing course layer and a bottom surface of the wearing course layer. Depending on the implementation of the permeable pavement structure, the wearing course layer may define a thinner thickness that is within the range mentioned above when the permeable pavement structure is intended to be used for walkways, patios, tree pits, driveways, sidewalks, and similar that experience light or moderate force. Additionally, the wearing course layer may define a thicker thickness that is within the range mentioned above when the permeable pavement structure is intended to be used for parking lot stalls, parking lot driving areas or roads, loading docks, and similar implementations that experience high force.

In the present disclosure, the first thickness 30F of the base course layer 30 is greater than the second thickness 40F of the wearing course layer 40. It should be noted that in other exemplary embodiments, the first thickness 30F of the base course layer 30 and the second thickness 40F of the wearing course layer 40 may define any suitable thickness relative to one another based on the implementation of the permeable pavement structure 10. In one exemplary embodiment, a first thickness of a base course layer may be equal to a second thickness of a wearing course layer. In another exemplary embodiment, a first thickness of a base course layer may be less than a second thickness of a wearing course layer

Permeable pavement structure 10 also defines an overall thickness 50 once the permeable pavement structure 10 is formed by stabilizer 20, the base course layer 30, and the wearing course layer 40. As best seen in FIG. 1A, the overall thickness 50 is measured between the bottom surface 30B of the base course layer 30 and the top surface 40A of the wearing course layer 40. In one exemplary embodiment, the overall thickness 50 may be defined in a range between 188 mm up to 505 mm or between approximately 7½ inches to approximately 20 inches. In another exemplary embodiment, the overall thickness 50 may be defined in a range between 188 mm up to 950 mm or between approximately 7½ inches to approximately 37½ inches. Depending on the implementation of the permeable pavement structure, the wearing course layer may define a thinner thickness that is within the range mentioned above when the permeable pavement structure is intended to be used for walkways, patios, tree pits, driveways, sidewalks, and similar that experience light or moderate force. Additionally, the wearing course layer may define a thicker thickness that is within the range mentioned above when the permeable pavement structure is intended to be used for parking lot stalls, parking lot driving areas or roads, loading docks, and similar implementations that experience high force.

The structural configuration of the permeable pavement structure 10 is considered advantageous at least because the permeable pavement structure 10 acts as a fully customizable floating and/or unitary structure that is housed inside of a ground surface or similar support structure. One advantage of the structural configuration is that the permeable pavement structure 10 is that the permeable pavement structure 10 may include a certain thickness for each layer (e.g., base course layer 30 and wearing course layer 40) based on the intended use of the permeable pavement structure 10 while being held at such thickness by a stabilizer or biaxial member 20. Another advantage of the structural configuration of the permeable pavement structure 10 is that the wearing course layer 40 may be designed and configured with a predetermined density of aggregate (e.g., aggregate 40C) and a predetermined porosity of binder (e.g., binder 40E) to maximize a desired flexural and compressive strength along the wearing course layer 40 while also providing a desired flow rate for draining precipitation or water through the wearing course layer 40. Another advantage of the structural configuration of the permeable pavement structure 10 is that the wearing course layer 40 may be designed to promote environmental sustainability by reducing surface runoff, recharging groundwater, and contributing to urban resilience in alignment with sponge city strategies, thereby mitigating urban flooding and improving overall stormwater management. Another advantage of the structural configuration of the permeable pavement structure 10 is that the wearing course layer 40 may be designed and configured with a binder (e.g., binder 40E) to maximize the desired flexural strength and enhance the frost resistance of the permeable pavement structure 10, which maintains mechanical integrity and permeability even under repeated freeze-thaw cycles, making it well-suited for cold climate applications.

The structural configuration of the permeable pavement structure 10 is considered advantageous at least because the stabilizer 20 may provide support in at least one or more planes based on the shape and/or configuration of the support structure 14. In the present disclosure, the stabilizer 20 may provide support in a first plane (dashed line labeled “P1” in FIG. 1A) along the bottom surface 30B of the base course layer 30, a second plane (dashed line labeled “P2” in FIG. 1A) along a first portion of the base course layer 30 and a first portion of the wearing course layer 40 along the first sidewall of the pair of sidewalls 18, and a third plane (dashed line labeled “P3” in FIG. 1A) along a second portion of the base course layer 30 and a second portion of the wearing course layer 40 along the second sidewall of the pair of sidewalls 18. In the present disclosure, the first plane P1 is vertically below the second plane P2 and the third plane P3, while the first plane P1 is orthogonal to the second plane P2 and the third plane P3. In other exemplary embodiments, a stabilizer mentioned herein may provide support in one or more planes of a permeable pavement structure.

Having now discussed the components and features of pavement structure 10, a method of manufacturing and installing the permeable pavement structure 10 is discussed in greater detail below.

Prior to installing a permeable pavement structure 10, the hole or support structure 14 defined in the ground surface 12 is dug to a certain depth in the ground surface 12 based on the intended use of installing permeable pavement structure 10. Once dug, the support structure 14 may be defined by the subgrade 16 and the pair of sidewalls 18 as discussed previously. If desired, the subgrade 16 may be compacted by a desired compacting tool or machine to ensure the subgrade 16 is free from being loose dirt and/or stone.

It should be noted that the subgrade 16 may be prepared based on the intended application of the permeable pavement structure 10. In one instance, the subgrade 16 may need proper or desired compaction prior to installing a base course layer (such as base course layer) when the permeable pavement structure 10 is intended to be used for parking lots, commercial areas, residential areas, and similar areas the experience medium to high forces. In another instance, subgrade 16 may be free from any compaction prior to installing a base course layer (such as base course layer) when the permeable pavement structure 10 is intended to be used for walkways, patios, tree pits, driveways, sidewalks, green spaces, and similar areas that experience light forces. Such preparation methods of the subgrade 16 ensures a suitable foundation for the installation of the permeable paving structure.

Once the support structure 14 is provided stabilizer 20 may then be introduced into the support structure 14. As best seen in FIGS. 1A and 2, the stabilizer 20 directly contacts and engages with the subgrade 16 and the pair of sidewalls 18. If desired, the stabilizer 20 may be attached to the subgrade 16 and/or the pair of sidewalls 18 by one or more ground fasteners or connectors to prevent the stabilizer 20 from shifting or moving inside of the support structure 14. In the present disclosure, the outer surface 20D of the stabilizer 20 directly contacts and engages with the subgrade 16 and/and the pair of sidewalls 18 while the inner surface 20C of the stabilizer 20 faces away from the subgrade 16 and the pair of sidewalls 18.

Once the stabilizer 20 is positioned, the base course layer 30 may then be introduced into the support structure 14 and installed with the stabilizer 20. In the present disclosure, the aggregate 30C may engage with the subgrade 16 through the stabilizer 20 while also engaging with the stabilizer 20. Similarly, the aggregate 30C may also engage with the pair of sidewalls 18 through the stabilizer 20 while also engaging with the stabilizer 20. Such force applied by the aggregate 30C stretches and/or expands the stabilizer 20 in one or more directions to place tension along the entire length of the stabilizer 20 making the pavement structure 10 more rigid and stiff to prevent the permeable pavement structure 10, including the base course layer 30, from shifting or moving inside of the support structure 14.

As the aggregate 30C is placed in the support structure 14, the aggregate 30C begins to define the plurality of drainage passageways 30D to provide drainage and/or water irrigation through the base course layer 30. It should be understood that any suitable number of drainage passageways of the plurality of drainage passageways 30D may be defined based on the placement and arrangement of the aggregate 30C. The amount of aggregate 30C needed to form the base course layer 30 is dependent upon the intended use of the permeable pavement structure 10; as such, the first thickness 30F of the base course layer 30 is dependent upon the intended use of the permeable pavement structure 10.

Once the base course layer 30 is installed, the wearing course layer 40 may then be introduced into the support structure 14 and installed with the stabilizer 20 and the base course layer 30. In the present disclosure, the aggregate 40C may engage with the subgrade 16 through the stabilizer 20 while also engaging with the stabilizer 20. Similarly, the aggregate 40C may also engage with the pair of sidewalls 18 through the stabilizer 20 while also engaging with the stabilizer 20. Similar to the aggregate 30C of the base course layer 30, the force applied by the aggregate 40C stretches and/or expands the stabilizer 20 in one or more directions to place tension along the entire length of the stabilizer 20 making the pavement structure 10 more rigid and stiff to prevent the permeable pavement structure 10, including the wearing course layer 40, from shifting or moving inside of the support structure 14.

As the aggregate 40C is placed in the support structure 14, the aggregate 40C begins to define the plurality of drainage passageways 40D to provide drainage and/or water irrigation through the wearing course layer 40. It should be understood that any suitable number of drainage passageways of the plurality of drainage passageways 40D may be defined based on the placement and arrangement of the aggregate 40C. The amount of aggregate 40C needed to form the wearing course layer 40 is dependent upon the intended use of the permeable pavement structure 10; as such, the second thickness 40F of the wearing course layer 40 is dependent upon the intended use of the permeable pavement structure 10. Once the aggregate 40C is installed, the binder 40E is then applied to the aggregate 40C so that aggregate 40C is bound as a unitary member or piece to form the wearing course layer 40. It should be understood that the binder 40E applied to the aggregate 40C will have a predetermined porosity based on the intended use of the permeable pavement structure 10. Upon such installation of the wearing course layer 40, the permeable pavement structure 10 is complete and defines the overall thickness 50 that is based on the intended use of the permeable pavement structure 10.

Once the permeable pavement structure 10 is installed, precipitation or water (generally labeled as 60) that falls and permeates into the permeable pavement structure 10 drains through the permeable pavement structure 10 and into the ground surface 12. As best seen in FIG. 2, precipitation 60 is diagrammatically shown as rain drops falling from the external environment that surrounds the permeable pavement structure 10. As the precipitation 60 initially flows through the wearing course layer 40 (denoted as 62 in FIG. 2), the precipitation 62 may travel at a first flow rate based on the porosity of the binder 40E as well as the density and/or size of each passageway of the set of passageways 40D defined by the aggregate 40C. Similarly, the precipitation 62 may travel at a second flow rate as the precipitation 62 travels through the base course layer 30 based on the density and/or size of each passageway of the set of passageways 30D defined by the aggregate 30C. Once the precipitation 62 exits the base course layer 30, the precipitation 62 then enters and is absorbed into at least the subgrade 16, which may then be drained into an underground drainage pipe or tile. While not illustrated herein, the precipitation 62 may be absorbed into one or both of the sidewalls of the pair of sidewalls 18, which may then be drained into an underground drainage pipe or tile.

While the permeable pavement structure 10 is described and illustrated as being installed inside of the support structure 14, the permeable pavement structure 10 may be constructed completely outside of the support structure 14 given that the permeable pavement structure 10 is a unitary member. As such, the steps discussed above as to installing the permeable pavement structure 10 may be performed away and/or remote from the support structure 14. In this instance, additional tools and/or structures may be used to provide assistance when forming this permeable pavement structure 10 away from the desired support structure 14.

FIG. 1B illustrates an alternative permeable pavement structure 10′ that is similar to the permeable pavement structure 10 discussed above and illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 2. Particularly, permeable pavement structure 10′ includes a stabilizer 20′, a base course layer 30′, and a wearing course layer 40′ that are substantially similar to the stabilizer 20, the base course layer 30, and the wearing course layer 40 of the permeable pavement structure 10.

However, in this particular embodiment, permeable pavement structure 10′ includes a peripheral drain barrier or structure (hereinafter “drain barrier”) that is generally referred to as 70′. As best seen in FIG. 1B, the drain barrier 70′ includes a top surface 70A′ that is substantially parallel with a top surface (e.g., top surface 40A) of the wearing course layer 40′, a bottom surface 70B′ that is opposite to and below the top surface 70A′, and aggregate 70C′ that forms the drain barrier 70′ between the top surface 70a′ and the bottom surface 70B′. The aggregate 70C′ may include various types and/or shapes of material, such as stone or other material, to form the drain barrier 70′. The drain barrier 70′ may also define a plurality of drainage passageways 70D′ that extends from the top surface 70A′ to the bottom surface 70B′. In the present disclosure, the aggregate 70C′ defines each drainage passageway of the plurality of drainage passageways 70D′ from the top surface 70A′ to the bottom surface 70B′. Such inclusion plurality of drainage passageways 70D′ allows for precipitation (e.g., rain, snow, sleet, water, and other forms of precipitation or water) to drain through the drain barrier 70′ and into a drainage pipe or similar drainage member, which is discussed in greater detail below.

It should be understood that each drainage passageway of the plurality of drainage passageways 70D′ is greater than the each drainage passageway of a plurality of drainage passageways (e.g., plurality of drainage passageways 40D) defined by the aggregate of the wearing course layer 40′. With such configuration, the drain barrier 70′ is configured to receive and drain precipitation and other runoff received from the surrounding environment, including the sloped surface 13 of ground surface 12, prior to the same precipitation and runoff reaching the wearing course layer 40′. As such, any external elements and/or material that is included in the precipitation or runoff, including dirt, vegetation, and other similar material found in areas that permeable pavement structure 10′ would be installed, are drained through the drain barrier 70′ prior to the same precipitation and other runoff reaching the wearing course layer 40′. By including the drain barrier 70′, external elements and/or material that is included in the precipitation or runoff is substantially free from interacting with and being drained by the wearing course layer 40′ which could result in unwanted issues, including blockages created inside of the wearing course layer 40′ by said external elements and/or material included in the runoff.

Still referring to drain barrier 70′, the drain barrier 70′ defines a drain thickness 70F′. As best seen in FIG. 1B, the drain thickness 70F′ is defined between the top surface 70A′ and the bottom surface 70B′. In the present disclosure, the drain thickness 70F′ is greater than a thickness of the wearing course layer 40′ and is less than a thickness of the base course layer 30′. In other exemplary embodiments, the drain thickness 70F′ may be any suitable thickness dictated by the implementation of the permeable pavement structure 70′. In one example, a drain thickness mentioned herein may be less than a thickness of a wearing course layer mentioned herein and a thickness of a base course layer mentioned herein. In another example, a drain thickness mentioned herein may be greater than a thickness of a wearing course layer mentioned herein and a thickness of a base course layer mentioned herein.

Upon installation, the drain barrier 70′ may operably engage with one or more stabilizers 20′. In the present disclosure, a single stabilizer 20′ operably engages with the drain barrier 70′. However, a guard or material may be placed around the drain barrier 70′ to prevent unwanted runoff from entering into the adjacent layers of the permeable pavement structure 10′, including the base course layer 30′ and the wearing course layer 40′. As such, a solid and/or non-permeable guard or material may be placed around the drain barrier 70′ so that the runoff is drained exclusively by the drain barrier 70′ and is prevented from entering into the adjacent layers of the permeable pavement structure 10′.

Drain barrier 70′ may also be in fluid communication with a drainage pipe or member 72′. As best seen in FIG. 1B, drainage pipe 72′ is positioned below the drain barrier 70′ to receive any precipitation and/or runoff collected by the drain barrier 70′. In the present disclosure, the drainage pipe 72′ may be a perforated pipe or weeping tile that is configured to receive precipitation and/or runoff along the entire length of the drainage pipe 72′. The drainage pipe 72′ may also be held by a sublayer or drainage layer 74′. In one example, the sublayer 74′ may be additional material that is added with the permeable pavement structure 10′. In another example, the sublayer 74′ may be formed by the ground surface 12 such that sublayer 74′ is a cutout or carved out portion of the ground surface 12.

It should be understood that drain barrier 70′ and the drainage pipe 72′ may also be configured to prevent any escapement of said precipitation and/or runoff into the surrounding components of the permeable pavement structure 10′ (i.e., base course layer 30 or wearing course layer 40′) as well as surrounding ground elements or structures. As such, added material and/or barriers may be added between the drain barrier 70′ and the drainage pipe 72′ to prevent unwanted precipitation and runoff from entering into the base course layer 30 or wearing course layer 40′.

In operation, the drain barrier 70′ is configured to receive and drain unwanted precipitation and runoff prior to being received by the remaining components of the permeable pavement structure 10′, including base course layer 30 or wearing course layer 40′. As best seen in FIG. 1B, precipitation or runoff, generally referred to as 60′, is rushing down a sloped surface 13 of the ground surface 12 that is adjacent to the permeable pavement structure 10′. As the runoff 60′ passes over the aggregate 70C′ of drain barrier 70′, the runoff 60′ enters into one or more drain passageways of the plurality of drain passageways 70D′ defined between one or more stones of the aggregate 70C′. As the runoff 60′ travels downwardly through the drain barrier 70′, the runoff 60′ is then drained into the drainage pipe 72′ and transported away from the permeable pavement structure 10′ to a downstream sewer system or collection area. As mentioned above, the runoff 60′ collected and drained by the drain barrier 70′ and drainage pipe 72′ may not enter into surrounding components of the permeable pavement structure 10′, such as base course layer 30′ and wearing course layer 40′, and the surrounding ground or support structures, including sublayer 16 and sidewalls 18.

FIG. 3A-3B illustrate another permeable pavement structure 110. It should be understood that permeable pavement structure 110 is similar to permeable pavement structure 10 mentioned above and shown in FIGS. 1A and 2.

Particularly, permeable pavement structure 110 includes a stabilizer 120 that has a first end 120A, a second end 120B, an inner surface 120C, an outer surface 120D, a set of first support walls 120E, a set of second support walls 120F, and a set of openings 120G defined by the set of first support walls 120E and the set of second support walls 120F that are similar to the first end 20A, the second end 20B, the inner surface 20C, the outer surface 20D, the set of first support walls 20E, the set of second support walls 20F, and the set of openings 20G defined by the set of first support walls 20E and the set of second support walls 20F of stabilizer 20. Permeable pavement structure 110 also includes a base course layer 130 that has a top surface 130A, a bottom surface 130B, aggregate 130C, a plurality of passageways 130D defined by the aggregate 130C, and a first thickness 130F defined between the top surface 130A and the bottom surface 130B that are similar to the top surface 30A, the bottom surface 30B, the aggregate 30C, a plurality of passageways 30D defined by the aggregate 30C, and a first thickness 30F defined between the top surface 30A and the bottom surface 30B of the base course layer 30.

However, in this illustrated embodiment, permeable pavement structure 110 also includes a wearing course layer 140 that is different than wearing course layer 40 of permeable pavement structure 10 discussed previously and as illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 2. As best seen in FIGS. 3A-3B, the wearing course layer 140 includes the top surface 140A that is spaced apart from the base course layer 130 and is external to the support structure 14, and a bottom surface 140B that directly contacts and lays on the top surface 130A of the base course layer 130.

Still referring to FIGS. 3A-3B, wearing course layer 140 also comprises a first aggregate 140C1 and a second aggregate 140C2 that form the top surface 140A and the bottom surface 140B. The first aggregate 140C1 and the second aggregate 140C2 may include various types and/or shapes of material to form the wearing course layer 140. The wearing course layer 40 may also define a plurality of drainage passageways 140D that extends from the top surface 140A to the bottom surface 140B. In the present disclosure, the first aggregate 140C1 and the second aggregate 140C2 collectively define each drainage passageway of the plurality of drainage passageways 140D from the top surface 140A to the bottom surface 140B. Such inclusion of the plurality of drainage passageways 140D allows for precipitation (e.g., rain, snow, sleet, water, and other forms of precipitation or water) to drain through the wearing course layer 140 and into base course layer 130 so that such precipitation is absorbed into the subgrade 16 or into a pair of sidewalls 18.

In the present disclosure, the first aggregate 140C1 and the second aggregate 140C2 that collectively form the wearing course layer 140 of permeable pavement structure 110 are different types of material. In one example, the first aggregate 140C1 may be stone or a similar type of material that provides rigidity and flexural strength to the wearing course layer 140 while also allowing precipitation and water to pass through and/or drain through the wearing course layer 140. In this same example, the second aggregate 140C2 may be crushed glass or a similar type of material that increases the strength and rigidity of the wearing course layer 140 while also providing contact points along the top surface 140A of the wearing course layer 140 for slip resistance. It should also be understood that the first aggregate 140C1 and the second aggregate 140C2 may be of any gradation or color depending on the implementation of the permeable pavement structure 110 that are mentioned herein.

The wearing course layer 140 also includes a binder or similar resin material 140E that binds the first aggregate 140C1 and second aggregate 140C2 together to form the wearing course layer 140 as a unitary member or piece. It should be understood that binder 140E may completely or partially encapsulate the aggregate 140C. It should be understood that the binder 140E is substantially similar to the binder 40E discussed above and illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 2; such exemplary porosities and capabilities of the binder 40E mentioned above apply equally to the binder 140E of the wearing course layer 140 of the permeable pavement structure 110.

Still referring to wearing course layer 140, the wearing course layer 140 defines a second thickness 140F. As best seen in FIG. 3A, the second thickness 140F is defined between the top surface 140A and the bottom surface 140B. It should be understood that the second thickness 140F may be any suitable thickness dictated by the implementation of the permeable pavement structure. Such exemplary second thicknesses mentioned herein (including second thickness 40F) apply equally to second thickness 140F of permeable pavement structure 110.

Permeable pavement structure 110 also defines an overall thickness 150 once the permeable pavement structure 110 is formed by stabilizer 120, the base course layer 130, and the wearing course layer 140. As best seen in FIG. 3A, the overall thickness 150 is measured between the bottom surface 130b of the base course layer 130 and the top surface 140a of the wearing course layer 140. Such exemplary overall thicknesses mentioned herein (including overall thickness 50) apply equally to overall thickness 150 of permeable pavement structure 110.

FIG. 4 illustrates another permeable pavement structure 210. It should be understood that permeable pavement structure 210 is similar to permeable pavement structure 10 mentioned above and shown in FIGS. 1A and 2.

Particularly, permeable pavement structure 210 includes a stabilizer 220 that has a first end 220A, a second end 220B, an inner surface 220C, an outer surface 220D, a set of first support walls 220E, a set of second support walls 220F, and a set of openings 220G defined by the set of first support walls 220E and the set of second support walls 220F that are similar to the first end 20A, the second end 20B, the inner surface 20C, the outer surface 20D, the set of first support walls 20E, the set of second support walls 20F, and the set of openings 20G defined by the set of first support walls 20E and the set of second support walls 20F of stabilizer 20. Permeable pavement structure 210 also includes a wearing course layer 240 that includes a top surface 240A, a bottom surface 240B, an aggregate 240C that forms the wearing course layer 240, a plurality of drainage passageway 240D defined by the aggregate 240C, a binder 240E that completely or partially encapsulates the aggregate 240C, and a second thickness 240F defined between the top surface 240A and the bottom surface 240B that are similar to the top surface 40A, the bottom surface 40B, the aggregate 40C, the plurality of drainage passageway 40D defined by the aggregate 40C, the binder 40E that completely or partially encapsulates the aggregate 40C, and the second thickness 40F defined between the top surface 40A and the bottom surface 40B of the wearing course layer 40.

However, in this illustrated embodiment, permeable pavement structure 210 includes a base course layer 230 that is different than the base course layer 30 of the permeable pavement structure 10 mentioned above and illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 2. As best seen in FIG. 4, the base course layer 230 includes the top surface 230A that is spaced apart from the subgrade 16, a bottom surface 230B that directly contacts the subgrade 16 and a portion of the stabilizer 220 define between the first and 220A and the second end 220B.

The base course layer 230 also comprises a first aggregate 230C1 and a second aggregate 230C2 that forms the top surface 230A and the bottom surface 230B. The first aggregate 230C1 and the second aggregate 230C2 may include various types and/or shapes of material to form the base course layer 230. In the present disclosure, the first aggregate 230C1 includes a first stone type or material, and the second aggregate 230C2 includes a second stone type of material that is different than the first stone type of the first aggregate 230C1. In one exemplary embodiment, the first aggregate 230C1 may include clear stone or gravel in which each stone of the clear stone or gravel defines a first length, and the second aggregate 230C2 may include clear stone or gravel in which each stone of the clear stone or gravel defines a second length that is less than the first length of each stone of the first aggregate 230C1. In this exemplary embodiment, the first aggregate 230C1 may include clear stone or gravel in which each stone of the clear stone or gravel defines a length of about two inches, and the second aggregate 230C2 may include clear stone or gravel in which each stone of the clear stone or gravel defines a length between three-quarters of an inch to one inch. In other exemplary embodiments, any suitable stones, rocks, gravel, and other pavement building material may be used to construct a first aggregate of a base course layer discussed herein or a second aggregate of a base course layer discussed herein.

The base course layer 230 may also define a first plurality of drainage passageways 230D1 and a second plurality of drainage passageways 230D2 that extend from the top surface 230A to the bottom surface 230B. As best seen in FIG. 4, the first aggregate 230C1 defines each drainage passageway of the first plurality of drainage passageways 230D1 from the bottom surface 230B to the second aggregate 230C2. Similarly, the second aggregate 230C2 also defines each drainage passageway of the second plurality of drainage passageways 230D2 from the first aggregate 230C1 to the top surface 230A. Such inclusion of the first plurality of drainage passageways 230D1 and the second plurality of drainage passageways 230D2 allow for precipitation (e.g., rain, snow, sleet, water, and other forms of precipitation or water) to drain through the base course layer 230 and into the subgrade 16 or into a pair of sidewalls 18.

Still referring to base course layer 230, the base course layer 230 defines a first thickness 230F. As best seen in FIG. 4, the first thickness 230F is defined between the top surface 230A and the bottom surface 230B. It should be understood that the first thickness 230F may be any suitable thickness dictated by the implementation of the permeable pavement structure. Such exemplary thicknesses mentioned herein apply equally to the first thickness 230F of the base course layer 230 of the permeable pavement structure 210.

In this embodiment, however, the first thickness 230F is also divided into a first aggregate thickness 230F1 and a second aggregate thickness 230F2 due to the inclusion of the first aggregate 230C1 and the second aggregate 230C2. As best seen in FIG. 4, the first aggregate 230C1 defines the first aggregate thickness 230F1 from the bottom surface 230B to the second aggregate 230C2, and the second aggregate 230C2 defines the second aggregate thickness 230F2 from the first aggregate 230C1 to the top surface 230A. In the present disclosure, the second aggregate thickness 230F2 is greater than the first aggregate thickness 230F1. In other exemplary embodiments, the first aggregate thickness 230F1 defined by the first aggregate 230C1 and the second aggregate thickness 230F2 defined by the second aggregate 230C2 may be of any suitable thickness dependent upon the implementation of the permeable pavement structure 210. In one exemplary embodiment, a second aggregate thickness may be equal with a first aggregate thickness. In another exemplary embodiment, a second aggregate thickness may be less than a first aggregate thickness.

While the first aggregate 230C1 defines the first aggregate thickness 230F1 and the second aggregate 230C2 defines the second aggregate thickness 230F2, any suitable measurements that define the first aggregate thickness 230F1 and the second aggregate thickness 230F2 may be used as dictated by the implementation of the permeable pavement structure 210. In one exemplary embodiment, a first aggregate thickness of a first aggregate may be within a range of four inches to six inches, and a second aggregate thickness of a second aggregate may be within a range of eight inches to twelve inches. In another exemplary embodiment, a first aggregate thickness of a first aggregate may be approximately four inches, and a second aggregate thickness of a second aggregate may be approximately eight inches; it should be understood that this particular embodiment may be used when a permeable pavement structure is intended to be used as a walkway, a patio, a tree pit, a driveway, or a sidewalk along with a desired porosity of a binder for an accompanying wearing course layer (see porosity values mentioned above). In another exemplary embodiment, a first aggregate thickness of a first aggregate may be approximately six inches, and a second aggregate thickness of a second aggregate may be approximately twelve inches; it should be understood that this particular embodiment may be used when a permeable pavement structure is intended to be used as for parking lot stalls, parking lot driving areas, roads, or loading docks along with a desired porosity of a binder for an accompanying wearing course layer (see porosity values mentioned above). In another exemplary embodiment, a first aggregate thickness of a first aggregate may be approximately 10 inches, and a second aggregate thickness of a second aggregate may be approximately 25 inches; it should be understood that this particular embodiment may be used when a permeable pavement structure is intended to be used for large areas with medium traffic load and high rainfall intensity and significant stormwater runoff, where enhanced stormwater management performance is required.

FIG. 5 illustrates another permeable pavement structure 310. It should be understood that permeable pavement structure 310 is similar to permeable pavement structure 10 mentioned above and shown in FIGS. 1A and 2.

Particularly, permeable pavement structure 310 includes a first stabilizer 320 that has a first end 320A, a second end 320B, an inner surface 320C, an outer surface 320D, a set of first support walls 320E, a set of second support walls 320F, and a set of openings 320G defined by the set of first support walls 320E and the set of second support walls 220F that are similar to the first end 20A, the second end 20B, the inner surface 20C, the outer surface 20D, the set of first support walls 20E, the set of second support walls 20F, and the set of openings 20G defined by the set of first support walls 20E and the set of second support walls 20F of stabilizer 20. Permeable pavement structure 310 also includes a base course layer 330 that includes a top surface 330A, a bottom surface 330B, an aggregate 330C that forms the base course layer 330, a plurality of drainage passageway 330D defined by the aggregate 330C, and a first thickness 330F defined between the top surface 330A and the bottom surface 330B that are similar to the top surface 30A, the bottom surface 30B, the aggregate 30C, the plurality of drainage passageway 30D defined by the aggregate 30C, and the first thickness 30F defined between the top surface 40A and the bottom surface 40B. Permeable pavement structure 310 also includes a wearing course layer 340 that includes a top surface 340A, a bottom surface 340B, an aggregate 340C that forms the wearing course layer 340, a plurality of drainage passageway 340D defined by the aggregate 340C, a binder 340E that completely or partially encapsulates the aggregate 340C, and a second thickness 340F defined between the top surface 340A and the bottom surface 340B that are similar to the top surface 40A, the bottom surface 40B, the aggregate 40C, the plurality of drainage passageway 40D defined by the aggregate 40C, the binder 40E that completely or partially encapsulates the aggregate 40C, and the second thickness 40F defined between the top surface 40A and the bottom surface 40B.

However, in this particular embodiment, permeable pavement structure 310 includes a second stabilizer 322 that covers and engages with the top surface 230A of the base course layer 330. As such, a portion of the first stabilizer 320 and the second stabilizer 322 collectively encase the entire base course layer 230 between the top surface 330A and the bottom surface 330B. As best seen in FIG. 5, the second stabilizer 322 operably engages with the top surface 330A of the base course layer 330, and the first stabilizer 320 operably engages with the bottom surface 330B of the base course layer 330 while also engaging with the subgrade 16 and the pair of sidewalls 18. In this same embodiment, the second stabilizer 322 also operably engages with the entire bottom surface 340B of the wearing course layer 340. It should be understood that the second stabilizer 322 also operably engages with the first stabilizer 320 in this embodiment by any suitable attachment means so that the second stabilizer 322 is prevented from shifting and/or disengaging from the first stabilizer 320.

Such inclusion of the second stabilizer 322 with the first stabilizer 320 is considered advantageous at least because the second stabilizer 322 increases the overall rigidity and tensile strength of the permeable pavement structure 310 in comparison to other permeable pavement structures mentioned herein and illustrated in FIGS. 1A-4 (e.g., permeable pavement structures 10, 10′, 110, 210). As such, the structural configuration of the permeable pavement structure 310 provides axial strength and support at more than one horizontal locations and/or planes. Specifically, the first stabilizer 320 provides axial strength and support at a first horizontal position (i.e., at the bottom surface 330B of the base course layer 330), and the second stabilizer 322 provides axial strength and support at a second horizontal position that is vertically above the first horizontal position (i.e., between the top surface 330A of the base course layer 330 and the bottom surface 340B of the wearing course layer 340). It should be understood that the base course layer 330 and the wearing course layer 340 still contact and engage with one another through openings defined in the second stabilizer 322.

The structural configuration of the permeable pavement structure 310 is also considered advantageous at least because the first stabilizer 320 and the second stabilizer 322 may provide support in at least one or more planes based on the shape and/or configuration of the support structure 14. In the present disclosure, the first stabilizer 320 may provide support in a first plane (dashed line labeled “P1” in FIG. 5) along the bottom surface 330B of the base course layer 330, a second plane (dashed line labeled “P2” in FIG. 5) along a first portion of the base course layer 330 and a first portion of the wearing course layer 340 along the first sidewall of the pair of sidewalls 18, and a third plane (dashed line labeled “P3” in FIG. 5) along a second portion of the base course layer 330 and a second portion of the wearing course layer 340 along the second sidewall of the pair of sidewalls 18. In the present disclosure, the second stabilizer 322 may also provide support in a fourth plane (dashed line labeled “P4” in FIG. 5) along the top surface 330A of the base course layer 330 and along the bottom surface 340B of the wearing course layer 340. In the present disclosure, the first plane P1 is vertically below the second plane P2 and the third plane P3 while the first plane P1 is orthogonal to the second plane P2 and the third plane P3. In the present disclosure, the first plane P4 is vertically above the first plane P1 and is orthogonal to the second plane P2 and the third plane P3. In other exemplary embodiments, one or more stabilizers mentioned herein may provide support in one or more planes of a permeable pavement structure.

It should be understood that while permeable pavement structure 310 includes a first stabilizer 320 and a second stabilizer 322, any suitable number of stabilizers may be used in this particular embodiment to provide additional rigidity and tensile and flexural strength to the permeable pavement structure 310. In one example, a permeable pavement structure may include a single stabilizer that wraps and/or encases a base course layer while also engaging with both sidewalls of a support structure and a wearing course layer. In another example, a permeable pavement structure may include three or more stabilizers where a first stabilizer encases and/or encapsulates a base course layer, a second stabilizer encases and/or encapsulates a wearing course layer, and a third stabilizer encases both the base course layer and the wearing course layer where the third stabilizer runs along a subgrade and a pair of sidewalls of a support structure.

It should be noted that any suitable components and elements may be used to form permeable pavement structures 10, 10′, 110, 210, 310 mentioned herein and illustrated in FIGS. 1A-5. In one exemplary embodiment, suitable components and elements discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,850,625 may be incorporated herein to form permeable pavement structures 10, 110, 210, 310 mentioned and illustrated herein.

FIG. 6 illustrates a method 400. An initial step 402 of method 400 includes compacting a subgrade of a ground surface. Another step 404 of method 400 includes installing a stabilizer with the subgrade, wherein the stabilizer provides structural support in a first plane. Another step 406 of method 400 includes installing a base course layer with the stabilizer and the subgrade. Another step 408 of method 400 includes expanding the stabilizer subsequent to the base course layer being installed with the stabilizer; wherein the stabilizer provides structural support in a second plane. Another step 410 of method 400 includes installing a wearing course layer with the base course layer and the stabilizer.

FIG. 7 illustrates another permeable pavement structure 510. It should be understood that permeable pavement structure 510 is similar to permeable pavement structure 10 mentioned above and shown in FIGS. 1A and 2; however, permeable pavement structure 510 includes one or more differences that are discussed in greater detail below.

Similar to permeable pavement structure 10, permeable pavement structure 510 includes similar components discussed and illustrated above. Particularly, permeable pavement structure 510 includes a soil stabilizer 520, a base course layer 530, and a wearing course layer 540 that are each installed along a subgrade 516 inside of a hole or support structure 514 having walls 518 defined in a ground surface 512 similar to the soil stabilizer 20, base course layer 30, and wearing course layer 40 of permeable pavement structure 10 being installed inside of the support structure 14 defined in the ground surface 12.

In this embodiment, however, a first portion of the permeable pavement structure 510 may also be operably engaged with an existing pavement structure 515 that is positioned on the ground surface 512 above the support structure 514 defined by the ground surface 512. Particularly, a portion of the soil stabilizer 520, a portion of the base course layer 530, and the wearing course layer 540 may operably engage with the existing pavement 515 above the support structure 514 that is defined by the ground surface 512. With such positioning relative to the existing pavement structure 515, the permeable pavement structure 510 may receive precipitation, water, or other fluids that drains from the existing pavement structure 515 so that such fluids may permeate into and drain through the permeable pavement structure 510 to one or more drainage or underdrain systems, which are discussed in greater detail below. Additionally, another portion of the soil stabilizer 520 may also be positioned between the existing pavement structure 515 and the ground surface 512 to provide additional stability and support for the permeable pavement structure.

It should be understood that such positioning of the soil stabilizer 520 between the existing pavement structure 515 and the ground surface 512 occurs when pavement 515 is new and will be installed prior to the installation of the permeable pavement structure 510. In one exemplary embodiment, the soil stabilizer 520 may be placed at least one meter horizontally, alongside and parallel to the ground surface 512, within the footprint of the pavement 515 to ensure structural integrity. Additionally, such soil stabilizer 520 may continue vertically along the sidewall 518 up to the ground surface 512. Upon positioning, stabilizer 520 may continue uninterrupted toward the permeable pavement structure 510, extending parallel to the ground surface 516 and then continue to completely encapsulate the support structure 514. In another exemplary embodiment, the soil stabilizer 520 is free from being positioned underneath the existing pavement 515 if the existing pavement 515 is already installed and the permeable pavement structure 510 is being added adjacent to said existing pavement 515.

Additionally, in this embodiment, a second portion of the permeable pavement structure 510 may also be operably engaged with an upstanding barrier or wall 517 that is anchored into the ground surface 512 in which the barrier 517 is spaced apart from the existing pavement 515 by the permeable pavement structure 510. Particularly, another portion of the base course layer 530 and the wearing course layer 540 may operably engage with the barrier 517. In operation, the barrier 517 may direct precipitation, water, or other fluids into the permeable pavement structure 510 for drainage purposes while also preventing such precipitation, water, or other fluids from draining or escaping into surrounding ground areas 519 (such as lawns or areas that are vulnerable or susceptible to low amount of force when wet). Additionally, the barrier 517 may prevent debris and precipitation, water, or fluids from adjacent areas from entering the permeable pavement structure 510, thereby mitigating the potential for clogging and maintaining the long-term infiltration performance of permeable pavement structure 510.

As noted previously, permeable pavement structure 510 may include one or more differences relative to the permeable pavement structure 10 (and other permeable pavement structures) mentioned herein. Particularly, a drainage channel 570 of an underdrain system may be defined in the subgrade 516 in which a portion of the base course layer 530 is located inside of the drainage channel 570 and bound by a section of the soil stabilizer 520. It should also be noted that a drainage pipe 572 of the underdrain system may be housed inside of the drainage channel 570 along with a portion of the base course layer 530 being located inside of the drainage channel 570. In this embodiment, the drainage channel 570 is configured to direct precipitation and other fluids that permeate through the permeable pavement structure 510 to the drainage pipe 572 so such precipitation and other fluids is directed away from the area to catch basins or similar sewage lines.

While the embodiment illustrates a single drainage channel 570 that houses a single drainage pipe 572, any suitable number and size of drainage channels 570 may be defined in an underdrain system discussed herein to house one or more drainage pipes 572 based on various considerations, including the size, shape, or configuration of the permeable pavement structure, the intended use of the permeable pavement structure, and other considerations of the like.

As noted previously, permeable pavement structure 510 may include one or more differences relative to the permeable pavement structure 10 (and other permeable pavement structures) mentioned herein. Particularly, it should be noted that a drainage pipe 572 of the underdrain system is embedded directly within the base course layer 530. Depending on specific design parameters, the drainage pipe 572 may be positioned at different vertical elevations within the base course layer 530 remote from a channel (such as drainage channel) or aligned along or parallel to the sidewalls 518, as long as it remains within the boundaries of the base course layer 530. In these embodiments, the base course layer 530 is configured to collect and convey precipitation and other fluids that permeate through the permeable pavement structure 510 to the drainage pipe 572, which then directs such fluids away from the area to catch basins or similar sewage lines, yet gives the permeable pavement structure 510 the chance to permeate precipitation to the underground soil 516. In one alternative embodiment, as shown in FIG. 7A, an alternative permeable pavement structure 510′ may include at least one drainage pipe 572′ that is positioned at an elevation vertical position inside of a base course layer 530′ above a drainage channel (such as drainage channel 570) or underground soil; it should be noted that the drainage channel (such as drainage channel 570) may be omitted and/or free from being defined in permeable pavement structure 510 when one or more drainage pipes 572′ are installed at different vertical elevations or positions inside of the base course layer 530′.

Additionally, while the embodiment illustrates a single drainage pipe 572 embedded within the base course layer 530, any suitable number, size, or configuration of drainage pipes 572 may be incorporated into the base course layer 530 based on various design considerations, including the size, shape, or layout of the permeable pavement structure, the anticipated volume and rate of stormwater runoff, soil infiltration capacity, and the intended functional use of the permeable pavement structure. In one exemplary embodiment, multiple drainage pipes 572 may be placed at varying elevations or aligned near sidewalls 518 within the base course layer 530 to enhance drainage efficiency and system performance.

It should be noted that such permeable pavement structure 510 discussed above and illustrated in FIG. 7 is a permeable pavement structure that allows for partial infiltration of water to the subgrade 516. Particularly, the inclusion of the drainage channel 570 and drainage pipe 572 prevents complete or full infiltration of water to the subgrade 516 as compared to the permeable pavement structures mentioned above, include permeable pavement structures 10, 110, 210, 310.

FIG. 8 illustrates another permeable pavement structure 610. It should be understood that permeable pavement structure 610 is similar to permeable pavement structure 10 mentioned above and shown in FIGS. 1A and 2; however, permeable pavement structure 610 includes one or more differences that are discussed in greater detail below.

Similar to permeable pavement structure 10, permeable pavement structure 610 includes similar components discussed and illustrated above. Particularly, permeable pavement structure 610 includes a base course layer 630 and a wearing course layer 640 that are each installed along subgrade 616 inside of a hole or support structure 614 having walls 618 defined in a ground surface 612 similar to the base course layer 30 and wearing course layer 40 of permeable pavement structure 10 being installed inside of the support structure 14 defined in the ground surface 12.

In this embodiment, however, permeable pavement structure 610 includes a geomembrane 620. Similar to soil stabilizer 20, the geomembrane 620 is positioned inside of and engages with the support structure 614 and engages with the subgrade 616 while encapsulating the base course layer 630 and wearing course layer 640 from surrounding environmental areas, including the ground surface 612 and an existing pavement structure 615. In this embodiment, geomembrane 620 prevents and/or blocks precipitation, water, and other fluids from escaping from the permeable pavement structure 610 and into the ground surface 612 that surrounds the permeable pavement structure 610. Rather, the geomembrane 620 may assist in absorbing or directing such precipitation, water, and/or other captured fluids towards a drainage or underdrain system included in this embodiment, which is discussed in greater detail below.

Additionally, in this embodiment, a first portion of the permeable pavement structure 610 may also be operably engaged with the existing pavement structure 615 that is positioned on the ground surface 612 above the support structure 614 defined by the ground surface 612. Particularly, a portion of the geomembrane 620, a portion of the base course layer 630, and the wearing course layer 640 may operably engage with the existing pavement 615 above the support structure 614 that is defined by the ground surface 612. With such positioning relative to the existing pavement structure 615, the permeable pavement structure 610 may receive precipitation, water, or other fluids that drains from the existing pavement structure 615 so that such fluids may permeate into and drain through the permeable pavement structure 610 to one or more drainage or underdrain systems, which are discussed in greater detail below. Additionally, another portion of the geomembrane 620 may also be positioned between the existing pavement structure 615 and the ground surface 612 to provide additional stability and support for the permeable pavement structure.

It should be understood that such positioning of the soil stabilizer 620 between the existing pavement structure 615 and the ground surface 612 occurs when pavement 615 is new and will be installed prior to the installation of the permeable pavement structure 610. In one exemplary embodiment, the soil stabilizer 620 may be placed at least one meter horizontally, alongside and parallel to the ground surface 612, within the footprint of the pavement 615 to ensure structural integrity. Additionally, such soil stabilizer 620 may continue vertically along the sidewall 618 up to the ground surface 612. Upon positioning, stabilizer 620 may continue uninterrupted toward the permeable pavement structure 610, extending parallel to the ground surface 616 and then continue to completely encapsulate the support structure 614. In another exemplary embodiment, the soil stabilizer 620 is free from being positioned underneath the existing pavement 615 if the existing pavement 615 is already installed and the permeable pavement structure 610 is being added adjacent to said existing pavement 615.

Further, in this embodiment, a second portion of the permeable pavement structure 610 may also be operably engaged with an upstanding barrier or wall 617 that is anchored into the ground surface 612 in which the barrier 617 is spaced apart from the existing pavement 615 by the permeable pavement structure 610. Particularly, another portion of the base course layer 630 and the wearing course layer 640 may operably engage with the barrier 617. In operation, the barrier 617 directs precipitation, water, or other fluids into the permeable pavement structure 610 for drainage purposes while also preventing such precipitation, water, or other fluids from draining or escaping into surrounding ground areas 619 (such as lawns or areas that are vulnerable to low amount of force).

As noted previously, permeable pavement structure 610 may include one or more differences relative to the permeable pavement structure 10 (and other permeable pavement structures) mentioned herein. Particularly, a drainage channel 670 of an underdrain system may be defined in the subgrade 616 in which a portion of the base course layer 630 is located inside of the drainage channel 670 and bound by a section of the geomembrane 620. It should also be noted that a drainage pipe 672 of underdrain system is housed inside of the drainage channel 670 along with a portion of the base course layer 630 being located inside of the drainage channel 670. In this embodiment, the drainage channel 670 is configured to direct precipitation and other fluids that permeate through the permeable pavement structure 610 to the drainage pipe so such precipitation and other fluids is directed to a catch basin or similar sewage line.

While the embodiment illustrates a single drainage channel 670 that houses a single drainage pipe 672, any suitable number of drainage channels 670 of an undrain system may be defined to house one or more drainage pipes 672 based on various considerations, including the size, shape, or configuration of the permeable pavement structure, the intended use of the permeable pavement structure, and other considerations of the like.

As noted previously, permeable pavement structure 610 may include one or more differences relative to the permeable pavement structure 10 (and other permeable pavement structures) mentioned herein. Particularly, it should be noted that a drainage pipe 672 of the underdrain system is embedded directly within the base course layer 630. Depending on specific design parameters, the drainage pipe 672 may be positioned at different vertical elevations within the base course layer 630 remote from a channel (such as drainage channel) or aligned along or parallel to the sidewalls 618, as long as it remains within the boundaries of the base course layer 630 (similar to the alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 7A). In this embodiment, the base course layer 630 is configured to collect and convey precipitation and other fluids that permeate through the permeable pavement structure 610 to the drainage pipe 672, which then directs such fluids away from the area to catch basins or similar sewage lines, yet gives the permeable pavement structure 610 the chance to permeate precipitation to the underground soil 616. In certain embodiments, the drainage channel (such as drainage channel 670) may be omitted and/or free from being defined in permeable pavement structure 610 when one or more drainage pipes 672 are installed at different vertical elevations or positions inside of the base course layer 630.

Additionally, while the embodiment illustrates a single drainage pipe 672 embedded within the base course layer 630, any suitable number, size, or configuration of drainage pipes 672 may be incorporated into the base course layer 630 based on various design considerations, including the size, shape, or layout of the permeable pavement structure, the anticipated volume and rate of stormwater runoff, soil infiltration capacity, and the intended functional use of the permeable pavement structure. In one exemplary embodiment, multiple drainage pipes 672 may be placed at varying elevations or aligned near sidewalls 618 within the base course layer 630 to enhance drainage efficiency and system performance.

It should be noted that such permeable pavement structure 610 discussed above and illustrated in FIG. 8 is a permeable pavement structure that prevents any infiltration of water to the subgrade 616. Particularly, the inclusion of the geomembrane 620 in the permeable pavement structure 610 blocks or prevents precipitation, water, or captured fluids from escaping the permeable pavement structure 610 and into the subgrade 616. Further, the inclusion of the drainage channel 670 and drainage pipe 672 also prevents infiltration of water to the subgrade 616 as compared to the permeable pavement structures mentioned above, include permeable pavement structures 10, 110, 210, 310. As such, the inclusion of the geomembrane 620 and the drainage system (i.e., the drainage channel 670 and drainage pipe 672) prevents any infiltration of water to the subgrade 616.

Referring to base course layers of permeable pavement structures discussed herein (e.g., base course layers 30, 30′ 130, 230, 330, 530, 630, 630′), the material used to construct such base course layers discussed herein may have any suitable or desired bulk density, apparent density, water absorption rate, void ratio, and percentage of crush particles. In one exemplary embodiment, the material used to construct such base course layers discussed herein is a clear stone type 2 material with a bulk density between 1,500 kg/m³ to 1,700 kg/m³, an apparent density between 2,500 kg/m³ to 2,700 kg/m³, a water absorption rate that is less than 2 percent, and a void ratio between 30 percent to 40 percent, and minimum of 60 percent of crushed particles.

Additionally, aggregate of base layers discussed herein (e.g., aggregate 30C, 130C, 230C1, 230C2, 330C) may have various sizes based on the implementation. In one instance, coarse aggregate sizes used to form base layers discussed may be in range of 2.36 mm to 4.75 mm. In another instance, fine aggregate sizes used to form base layers discussed may be in range of 0.30 mm to 2.36 mm.

It should be appreciated that any permeable pavement structure mentioned herein (e.g., permeable pavement structures 10, 10′, 110, 210, 310, 510, 610) may be experience pressure washing and/pr vacuum sweeping as maintenance practices in the event of clogging. Due to the particle size of the wearing course layer of the respective permeable pavement structure, the permeable pavement structure is inherently clog-resistant, with most sediments being trapped within upper surface layer of the wearing course layer (e.g., first 2 mm of the wearing surface layer) thus making it easy to remove. However, if clogging does occur, typically due to debris, solids, or sediments carried by precipitation, pressure washing and vacuum sweeping are effective maintenance methods to restore the system's infiltration rate.

Various inventive concepts may be embodied as one or more methods, of which an example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments.

While various inventive embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive embodiments described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific inventive embodiments described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure.

The articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.” The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims (if at all), should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc. As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or “exactly one of.” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

While components of the present disclosure are described herein in relation to each other, it is possible for one of the components disclosed herein to include inventive subject matter, if claimed alone or used alone. In keeping with the above example, if the disclosed embodiments teach the features of A and B, then there may be inventive subject matter in the combination of A and B, A alone, or B alone, unless otherwise stated herein.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the term “effecting” or a phrase or claim element beginning with the term “effecting” should be understood to mean to cause something to happen or to bring something about. For example, effecting an event to occur may be caused by actions of a first party even though a second party actually performed the event or had the event occur to the second party. Stated otherwise, effecting refers to one party giving another party the tools, objects, or resources to cause an event to occur. Thus, in this example a claim element of “effecting an event to occur” would mean that a first party is giving a second party the tools or resources needed for the second party to perform the event, however the affirmative single action is the responsibility of the first party to provide the tools or resources to cause said event to occur.

When a feature or element is herein referred to as being “on” another feature or element, it can be directly on the other feature or element or intervening features and/or elements may also be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly on” another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. It will also be understood that, when a feature or element is referred to as being “connected”, “attached” or “coupled” to another feature or element, it can be directly connected, attached or coupled to the other feature or element or intervening features or elements may be present. In contrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directly connected”, “directly attached” or “directly coupled” to another feature or element, there are no intervening features or elements present. Although described or shown with respect to one embodiment, the features and elements so described or shown can apply to other embodiments. It will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that references to a structure or feature that is disposed “adjacent” another feature may have portions that overlap or underlie the adjacent feature.

Spatially relative terms, such as “under”, “below”, “lower”, “over”, “upper”, “above”, “behind”, “in front of”, and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if a device in the figures is inverted, elements described as “under” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “over” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “under” can encompass both an orientation of over and under. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. Similarly, the terms “upwardly”, “downwardly”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, “lateral”, “transverse”, “longitudinal”, and the like are used herein for the purpose of explanation only unless specifically indicated otherwise.

Although the terms “first” and “second” may be used herein to describe various features/elements, these features/elements should not be limited by these terms, unless the context indicates otherwise. These terms may be used to distinguish one feature/element from another feature/element. Thus, a first feature/element discussed herein could be termed a second feature/element, and similarly, a second feature/element discussed herein could be termed a first feature/element without departing from the teachings of the present invention.

An embodiment is an implementation or example of the present disclosure. Reference in the specification to “an embodiment,” “one embodiment,” “some embodiments,” “one particular embodiment,” “an exemplary embodiment,” or “other embodiments,” or the like, means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments is included in at least some embodiments, but not necessarily all embodiments, of the invention. The various appearances “an embodiment,” “one embodiment,” “some embodiments,” “one particular embodiment,” “an exemplary embodiment,” or “other embodiments,” or the like, are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiments.

If this specification states a component, feature, structure, or characteristic “may”, “might”, or “could” be included, that particular component, feature, structure, or characteristic is not required to be included. If the specification or claim refers to “a” or “an” element, that does not mean there is only one of the element. If the specification or claims refer to “an additional” element, that does not preclude there being more than one of the additional element.

As used herein in the specification and claims, including as used in the examples and unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers may be read as if prefaced by the word “about” or “approximately,” even if the term does not expressly appear. The phrase “about” or “approximately” may be used when describing magnitude and/or position to indicate that the value and/or position described is within a reasonable expected range of values and/or positions. For example, a numeric value may have a value that is +/−0.1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−2% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−5% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−10% of the stated value (or range of values), etc. Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein.

Additionally, the method of performing the present disclosure may occur in a sequence different than those described herein. Accordingly, no sequence of the method should be read as a limitation unless explicitly stated. It is recognizable that performing some of the steps of the method in a different order could achieve a similar result.

In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively.

To the extent that the present disclosure has utilized the term “invention” in various titles or sections of this specification, this term was included as required by the formatting of requirements word document submissions pursuant the guidelines/requirements of the United States Patent and Trademark Office and shall not, in any manner, be considered a disavowal of any subject matter.

In the foregoing description, certain terms have been used for brevity, clearness, and understanding. No unnecessary limitations are to be implied therefrom beyond the requirement of the prior art because such terms are used for descriptive purposes and are intended to be broadly construed.

Moreover, the description and illustration of various embodiments of the disclosure are examples and the disclosure is not limited to the exact details shown or described.