PAPER MACHINE LUBRICANT COMPOSITIONS WITH MIXED BASESTOCK OILS

Description

FIELD OF INVENTION

This application relates to lubricant compositions and methods related thereto.

BACKGROUND

Paper machines are industrial devices used for various papermaking processes including forming, pressing, drying, calendaring, and the like. Various components of paper machines require lubrication oils with high duty capabilities for the harsh environment therein. Such harsh environment may include, for example, high temperature in bearings, high wetness, acidity, caustic environment, and the like. High bearing temperatures may generally lead to formation of sludge, deposits, or other such undesirable contamination such that performance is degraded and a likelihood of failure is increased due to increased friction. High wetness may be caused by significant water used in processing contacting lubrication oils. Furthermore, acidity may be present due to acids used in fluids for paper processing, contributing to additional contamination.

The American Petroleum Institute (API) defines Group I oil basestocks as solvent-refined mineral oils; Group I oil basestocks contain the least saturates and highest amount of sulfur and generally have the lowest viscosity indices. Group I generally defines the bottom tier of lubricant performance. Group II and Group III oil basestocks are high viscosity index and very high viscosity index basestocks, respectively. The Group III oil basestocks generally contain fewer unsaturates and sulfur than the Group II oils. Group IV oil basestocks consist of polyalphaolefins, which are produced via the catalytic oligomerization of linear alphaolefins (LAOs). Group V includes all the other oil basestocks not included in Groups I through IV; Group V basestocks include base oils based on or derived from esters.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Various details of the present disclosure are hereinafter summarized to provide a basic understanding. This summary is not an exhaustive overview of the disclosure and is neither intended to identify certain elements of the disclosure, nor to delineate the scope thereof. Rather, the primary purpose of this summary is to present some concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form prior to the more detailed description that is presented hereinafter.

According to an embodiment consistent with the present disclosure, paper machine lubricating compositions comprise: about 40 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first oil basestock, wherein the first oil basestock comprises an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock, and wherein the API group II extra heavy neutral basestock has: a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −6° C. or less, and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; about 2 wt % to about 20 wt % of a second oil basestock, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group I, an API group II, an API group IV basestock, or any combination thereof, and wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 3 cSt to 20 cSt.

According to another embodiment consistent with the present disclosure, paper machine lubricating compositions comprise: about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first oil basestock, wherein the first oil basestock comprises an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock, and wherein the API group II extra heavy neutral basestock has: a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −6° C. or less, and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; about 2 wt % to about 40 wt % of a second oil basestock, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group I, an API group II, an API group IV basestock, or any combination thereof, and wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 3 cSt to 50 cSt.

In another embodiment consistent with the present disclosure, methods comprise: operating a paper machine with a lubricating composition comprising: about 40 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first oil basestock, wherein the first oil basestock comprises an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock, and wherein the API group II extra heavy neutral basestock has: a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −6° C. or less, and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; about 2 wt % to about 20 wt % of a second oil basestock, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group I, an API group II, an API group IV basestock, or any combination thereof, and wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 3 cSt to 20 cSt.

In another embodiment consistent with the present disclosure, methods comprise: operating a paper machine with a lubricating composition comprising: about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first oil basestock, wherein the first oil basestock comprises an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock, and wherein the API group II extra heavy neutral basestock has: a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −6° C. or less, and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; about 2 wt % to about 40 wt % of a second oil basestock, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group I, an API group II, an API group IV basestock, or any combination thereof, and wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 3 cSt to 50 cSt.

Any combinations of the various embodiments and implementations disclosed herein can be used in a further embodiment, consistent with the disclosure. These and other features and attributes of the disclosed compositions and methods of the present disclosure and their advantageous applications and/or uses will be apparent from the detailed description which follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Not applicable.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This application relates to lubricant compositions and methods related thereto.

The term “mass %” as used herein indicates percentage by mass such as percentage by weight (e.g., wt %), “vol %” as used herein indicates percentage by volume, “mol %” as used herein indicates percentage by mole, “ppm” as used herein indicates parts per million, and “ppm wt” and “wppm” are used interchangeably and mean parts per million on a weight basis. All concentrations herein, unless otherwise stated, are expressed on the basis of the total amount of the composition in question.

The term “polymer” as used herein refers to any two or more of the same or different repeating units/mer units or units. The term “homopolymer” as used herein refers to a polymer having units that are the same. The term “copolymer” as used herein refers to a polymer having two or more units that are different from each other and includes terpolymers and the like. The term “terpolymer” as used herein refers to a polymer having three units that are different from each other. The term “different” as used herein as it refers to units indicates that the units differ from each other by at least one atom or are different isomerically. Likewise, the definition of polymer, as used herein, includes homopolymers, copolymers, and the like.

The term “alphaolefin” refers to any linear or branched compound of carbon and hydrogen having at least one double bond at the primary (alpha) position. For purposes of this specification and the claims appended thereto, when a polymer or copolymer is referred to as including an alpha-olefin (e.g., a polyalphaolefin) the alpha-olefin present in such polymer or copolymer is the polymerized form of the alpha-olefin.

The term “oil base stock” as used herein refers to any base fluid that could be used in a lubricant including, but not limited to, a terpene, a mineral oil, a synthetic hydrocarbon, an ester, the like, or any combination thereof. An oil base stock as used herein may include Group I, II, III, IV, and V (as defined by American Petroleum Institute [API]) base oils, including any combination thereof. The terms “base oil”, “oil base stock”, “oil basestock,” “basestock oil,” “base stock oil,” simply “basestock,” or any grammatical variations thereof are used interchangeably herein.

According to the American Petroleum Institute (API) classifications, base stocks are categorized in five groups based on their saturated hydrocarbon content (saturates) (quoted as a weight percent (wt %)), sulfur level (wt %), and viscosity index (see Table 1 below). Lubricant base stocks are typically produced in large scale from petroleum sources. Group I, II, and III base stocks are derived from crude oil via processing, such as solvent extraction, hydroprocessing, solvent or catalytic dewaxing, and hydroisomerization. Group III base stocks also can be produced from synthetic hydrocarbon liquids obtained from natural gas, coal or other fossil resources; Group IV base stocks, the polyalphaolefins (PAO), are produced by oligomerization of alpha olefins, such as 1-decene; Group V base stocks include everything that does not belong to Groups I-IV, such as naphthenics, polyalkylene glycols (PAG), and esters.

TABLE 1
API Basestock Group Classifications.

	API	wt %	wt %	Viscosity
	Classification	Saturates	Sulfur	Index (VI)
	Group I	<90 and/or	>0.03 and	≥80 and <120
	Group II	≥90 and	≤0.03 and	≥80 and <120
	Group III	≥90 and	≤0.03 and	≥120

	Group IV	Polyalphaolefins (PAO)
	Group V	All others not in Groups I, II, III, or IV

Lubricating base oils of the present disclosure may be derived from any suitable source. Basestock oils useful in the present disclosure may include natural oils, synthetic oils, and/or unconventional oils (or mixtures thereof). Basestock oils suitable for the present disclosure may be used unrefined, refined, or rerefined (the latter is also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oil). Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source and used without added purification and may include shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations, petroleum oil obtained directly from primary distillation, and ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process. Refined oils are similar to the oils discussed for unrefined oils except refined oils are subjected to one or more purification steps to improve at least one lubricating oil property. One skilled in the art will be familiar with many purification processes. Such purification processes may include solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid extraction, base extraction, filtration, percolation, and the like. Rerefined oils may be obtained by processes analogous to refined oils but using an oil that has been previously used as a feed stock. Other processes may be used for production of oils of the present disclosure.

Lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include paper machine lubricant compositions. Lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may comprise one or more basestocks in combination, including three or more basestocks, such as a first oil basestock, a second oil basestock, and a third oil basestock.

Lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include the first oil basestock at a concentration of about 40 wt % to about 80 wt %, or about 50 wt % to about 80 wt %, or about 60 wt % to about 80 wt %, or about 65 wt % to about 75 wt %, or about 67 wt % to about 70 wt %.

Lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include the first oil basestock at a concentration of about 20 wt % to about 80 wt %, or 40 wt % to about 80 wt %, or about 50 wt % to about 80 wt %, or about 60 wt % to about 80 wt %, or about 65 wt % to about 75 wt %, or about 67 wt % to about 70 wt %, or about 35 wt % to about 45 wt %.

The first oil basestock may include suitable API group II basestocks such as group II extra heavy neutral basestocks. Group II extra heavy neutral basestocks of interest in the present disclosure, may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 300 centistokes (cSt) to 600 cSt (or 320 cSt to 520 cSt, or 380 cSt to 520 cSt, or 450 cSt to 520 cSt) and a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 40 cSt (or 22 cSt to 36 cSt, or 27 cSt to 36 cSt, or 32 cSt to 36 cSt). Suitable Group II extra heavy neutral basestocks may have a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119 (or 95 to 115). Suitable Group II extra heavy neutral basestocks may have a pour point (IP 15 or ASTM D97) of −35° C. to −6° C. (or −35° C. to −15° C., or −6° C. or less, or −15° C. or less). Suitable Group II extra heavy neutral basestocks may have a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater (or 90 wt % to 99.99 wt %, or 95 wt % to 99.99 wt %, or 98 wt % to 99.99 wt %, or 90 wt % to 99 wt %, or 95 wt % to 99 wt %, or 98 wt % to 99 wt %, or 95 wt % or greater, or 98 wt % or greater, or 99 wt % or greater). Other characteristics of suitable Group II extra heavy neutral basestocks may include, but are not limited to: basestock color (ASTM D6045) of L1.5 to L0.5 (or L1.5 to L1.0, or L1.0 to L0.5); carbon residue (ASTM D4530) of 0.0001 mass % to 0.1 mass %, or 0.001 mass % to 0.01 mass %, or 0 mass % to 0.1 mass %, or 0 mass % to 0.01 mass %, or 0.1 mass % or less, or 0.01 mass % or less; cloud point (ASTM D2500) of −60° C. to −2° C., or −60° C. to −30° C., or −30° C. to −2° C., or −2° C. or less, or −30° C. or less, or −60° C. or less; flashpoint (ASTM D92) of 250° C. and 300° C., or 250° C. to 275° C., 275° C. to 300° C., or 250° C. or greater. Preferred Group II extra heavy neutral basestocks for use as a second oil basestock may include those commercially available under the tradenames EHC™ (including, but not limited to, EHC 340 MAX™) (ExxonMobil Chemical Company).

Lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include the second oil basestock at a concentration of about 2 wt % to about 20 wt %, or about 2 wt % to about 15 wt %, or about 2 wt % to about 10 wt %, or about 2 wt % to about 7 wt %.

Lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include the second oil basestock at a concentration of about 2 wt % to about 40 wt %, or about 2 wt % to about 20 wt %, or about 2 wt % to about 15 wt %, or about 2 wt % to about 10 wt %, or about 2 wt % to about 7 wt %.

Second oil basestocks of the present disclosure may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 60 cSt or less, or 25 cSt or less, or 10 cSt or less, or 0.1 cSt to 60 cSt, or 0.1 cSt to 25 cSt, or 1 cSt to 10 cSt, or 3 cSt to 20 cSt, or 3 cSt to 16 cSt, or 3.5 cSt to 15 cSt, or 0.1 cSt to 10 cSt, or 5 cSt to 7 cSt. Second oil basestocks may include an API Group IV basestock. Suitable second basestock oils may include, but are not limited to, for example, a polyalphaolefin. Suitable polyalphaolefins may include those commercially available under the tradenames GTL 4, GTL 8, SPECTRASYN™ 4, SPECTRASYN™ 6, SPECTRASYN™ 8 (all available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company). Second oil basestocks may include an API Group II basestock. Suitable API Group II basestocks may include those commercially available under the tradenames EHC™ 50, EHC™ 120 (all available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company). Second oil basestocks may include an API Group I basestock. Suitable API Group I basestocks may include those commercially available under the tradenames Americas CORE™ 150, Americas CORE™ 600 (all available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company).

In some embodiments, second oil basestocks of the present disclosure may have a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 60 cSt or less, or 25 cSt or less, or 10 cSt or less, or 0.1 cSt to 60 cSt, or 0.1 cSt to 25 cSt, or 1 cSt to 10 cSt, or 3 cSt to 50 cSt, or 3 cSt to 20 cSt, or 3 cSt to 16 cSt, or 3.5 cSt to 15 cSt, or 0.1 cSt to 10 cSt, or 5 cSt to 7 cSt.

Lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include a third oil basestock at a concentration of about 5 wt % to about 45 wt %, or about 10 wt % to about 30 wt %, or about 15 wt % to about 25 wt %, or about 17 wt % to about 23 wt %.

Lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include a third oil basestock at a concentration of about 5 wt % to about 45 wt %, or about 2 wt % to about 30 wt %, or about 10 wt % to about 30 wt %, or about 15 wt % to about 25 wt %, or about 17 wt % to about 23 wt %.

Suitable third oil basestocks may include an API group V basestock oil, including, but not limited to, for example, an alkylated naphthalene, a di-ester, a complex ester, an alcohol, a polyalkylene glycol (e.g., an oil-soluble polyalkylene glycol), the like, or any combination thereof.

Additives

Lubricant compositions may include one or more various additive(s) for increasing lubricant performance. Lubricant additives may include, but are not limited to, for example, dispersants, detergents, antiwear additives, viscosity modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, extreme pressure additives, anti-seizure agents, wax modifiers, fluid-loss additives, seal compatibility agents, friction modifiers, lubricity agents, anti-staining agents, chromophoric agents, defoamants, demulsifiers, emulsifiers, densifiers, wetting agents, gelling agents, tackiness agents, colorants, and others, including combinations thereof. These additive(s) may be delivered with varying amounts of diluent oil. When lubricant compositions include one or more of the foregoing additive(s), the additive(s) may be blended into the compositions in an amount sufficient to perform an intended function. For example, a package including desired additive(s) may be present in lubricant compositions at concentrations of about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %, or about 2 wt % to about 50 wt %, or about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %, or about 5 wt % to about 20 wt %, or about 5 wt % to about 7 wt %. Nonlimiting example lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include about 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % of defoamant, including, but not limited to, for example silicone. Nonlimiting example lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include about 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % of metal passivator, including, but not limited to, for example, triazole yellow. Nonlimiting example lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include about 0.01 wt % to 0.2 wt % of antiwear agent, including, but not limited to, for example, aryl phosphate. Nonlimiting example lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include about 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt % of antioxidant, including, but not limited to, for example, a hindered phenol. Nonlimiting example lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include about 0.01 wt % to 1.0 wt % of a rust inhibitor, including, but not limited to, for example, calcium sulfonate. Nonlimiting example lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include about 0.1 wt % to 5.0 wt % of dispersant, including, but not limited to, for example, succinimide. As described above, various additives including combinations thereof may be present in lubricant compositions thereof including, but not limited to, those described herein.

For another example, a package including desired additive(s) may be present in lubricant compositions at concentrations of about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %, or about 2 wt % to about 50 wt %, or about 2 wt % to about 10 wt %, or about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %, or about 5 wt % to about 20 wt %, or about 5 wt % to about 7 wt %.

Properties

Lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may have various properties that may allow for increased performance in specialty machinery, including, for example, paper machines. Properties of lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include a viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 150 cSt to 320 cSt, 180 cSt to 280 cSt, 180 cSt to 250 cSt, 200 cSt to 240 cSt, 210 cSt to 230 cSt. Properties of lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include an ISO Viscosity Grade (VG) of 220, or ISO VG 150, or ISO VG 320, or ISO VG 460.

Properties of lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average varnish score of 7.3 or greater, or 7.4 or greater, or 7.5 or greater, or 7.6 or greater, or 7.8 or greater, or 7.3 to 10, or 7.4 to 10, or 7.5 to 10, or 7.6 to 10, or 7.8 to 10. Properties of lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average sludge score of 9.6 or less, or 9.5 or less, or 9.3 or less, or 5 to 9.6, or 5 to 9.5, or 5 to 9.3.

Properties of lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average varnish score of 5.2 or greater, or 5.5 or greater, or 6.0 or greater, or 6.5 or greater, or 7.0 or greater, or 7.3 or greater, or 7.4 or greater, or 7.5 or greater, or 7.6 or greater, or 7.8 or greater, or 7.3 to 10, or 7.4 to 10, or 7.5 to 10, or 7.6 to 10, or 7.8 to 10. Properties of lubricant compositions of the present disclosure may include a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average sludge score of 9.5 or greater, or 9.6 or greater, or 9.7 or greater.

Methods

The present disclosure may include methods of operating a paper machine with lubricating compositions described herein. Such lubricating compositions may be used for any components of a paper machine, including, for example, bearings, rollers, the like, or any combination thereof. When used for one or more components in a paper machine, lubricant composition described herein may stored in a reservoir and cycled to components as needed, or may otherwise be applied for use in a paper machine in any suitable manner.

Such paper machines and components therein may experience temperatures of 20° C. to 300° C., or 20° C. to 250° C., or 20° C. to 200° C., or up to 300° C., or up to 250° C., or up to 200° C., or 30° C. to 200° C., or 30° C. to 150° C., or 100° C. to 300° C., or 100° C. to 200° C. Furthermore, lubricating compositions described herein may be able to maintain performance at such temperature longer than conventional lubricant compositions.

Additional Embodiments

Embodiments disclosed herein include:

A. Paper machine lubricating compositions. The compositions comprise: about 40 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first oil basestock, wherein the first oil basestock comprises an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock, and wherein the API group II extra heavy neutral basestock has: a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −6° C. or less, and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; about 2 wt % to about 20 wt % of a second oil basestock, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group I, an API group II, an API group IV basestock, or any combination thereof, and wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 3 cSt to 20 cSt.

B. Paper machine lubricating methods. The methods comprise: operating a paper machine with a lubricating composition comprising: about 40 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first oil basestock, wherein the first oil basestock comprises an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock, and wherein the API group II extra heavy neutral basestock has: a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −6° C. or less, and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; about 2 wt % to about 20 wt % of a second oil basestock, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group I, an API group II, an API group IV basestock, or any combination thereof, and wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 3 cSt to 20 cSt.

C. Paper machine lubricating compositions. The compositions comprise: about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first oil basestock, wherein the first oil basestock comprises an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock, and wherein the API group II extra heavy neutral basestock has: a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −6° C. or less, and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; about 2 wt % to about 40 wt % of a second oil basestock, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group I, an API group II, an API group IV basestock, or any combination thereof, and wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 3 cSt to 50 cSt.

D. Paper machine lubricating methods. The methods comprise: operating a paper machine with a lubricating composition comprising: about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first oil basestock, wherein the first oil basestock comprises an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock, and wherein the API group II extra heavy neutral basestock has: a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −6° C. or less, and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; about 2 wt % to about 40 wt % of a second oil basestock, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group I, an API group II, an API group IV basestock, or any combination thereof, and wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 3 cSt to 50 cSt.

Each of Embodiment A or B may have one or more additional elements in any combination.

Element 1: wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group IV basestock.

Element 2: wherein the second oil basestock comprises a polyalphaolefin.

Element 3: further comprising about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % of a third oil basestock, wherein the third oil basestock comprises an API group V basestock.

Element 4: wherein the third oil basestock comprises alkylated naphthalene.

Element 5: further comprising about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % of a performance additive package, the performance additive package comprising: about 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % of a defoamant, about 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % of a metal passivator, about 0.01 wt % to 0.2 wt % of an antiwear agent, about 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt % of an antioxidant, about 0.01 wt % to 1.0 wt % of a rust inhibitor, about 0.1 wt % to 5.0 wt % of a dispersant, or any combination thereof; wherein weight percentages are based on a total weight of the lubricating composition.

Element 6: wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 10 cSt to 50 cSt.

Element 7: wherein the paper machine lubricating composition has a viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 150 cSt to 320 cSt.

Element 8: wherein the paper machine lubricating composition has a viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 200 cSt to 240 cSt.

Element 9: wherein the paper machine lubricating composition conforms to ISO Viscosity Grade (VG) 220, or ISO VG 150, ISO VG 320, or ISO VG 460.

Element 10: wherein the lubricating composition conforms to an ISO Viscosity Grade (VG) 220.

Element 11: wherein the lubricating composition has a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average Varnish Score of 7.3 or greater.

Element 12: wherein the lubricating composition has a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average Sludge Score of 9.6 or lower.

Element 13: wherein the lubricating composition experiences temperatures of 30° C. to 200° C. within the paper machine.

Exemplary combinations applicable to A and B include, but are not limited to, 1 and 2; 1 and 3; 1 and 4; 2 and 4; 3 and 4; 1-3; 1-4; 1-5; 1 and 2 and 5; 1 and 3 and 5; 2 and 4 and 5; 1-6; 1 and 6; 2 and 6, 1-7; 1-8; 1-6 and 8; 1-9; 1-10; 1-8 and 10; 1-11; 1-12; 1-10 and 12; 1-13.

Each of Embodiment C or D may have one or more additional elements in any combination of Elements 1-13 and Elements 14-16.

Element 14: further comprising about 2 wt % to about 30 wt % of a third oil basestock, wherein the third oil basestock comprises an API group V basestock.

Element 15: wherein the lubricating composition has a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average Varnish Score of 5.2 or greater.

Element 16: wherein the lubricating composition has a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average Sludge Score of 9.5 or greater.

Exemplary combinations applicable to C and D include, but are not limited to, 1 and 2; 1 and 14; 1 and 4; 2 and 4; 3 and 4; 1-2 and 14; 1-2, 4, and 14; 1-2, 4-5, and 14; 1 and 2 and 5; 1 and 14 and 5; 2 and 4 and 5; 1-2, 4-6, and 14; 1 and 6; 2 and 6, 1-2, 4-7, and 14; 1-2, 4-8, and 14; 1-2, 4-6, 8, and 14; 1-2, 4-9, and 14; 1-2, 4-10, and 14; 1-2, 4-8, 10, and 14; 1-2, 4-10, and 14-15; 1-2, 4-10, and 14-16; 1-2, 4-10, 14, and 16; 1-2, 4-10, and 13-16.

The present disclosure is further directed to the following non-limiting embodiments.

Embodiment 1. A paper machine lubricating composition comprising: about 40 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first oil basestock, wherein the first oil basestock comprises an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock, and wherein the API group II extra heavy neutral basestock has: a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −6° C. or less, and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; about 2 wt % to about 20 wt % of a second oil basestock, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group I, an API group II, an API group IV basestock, or any combination thereof, and wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 3 cSt to 20 cSt.

Embodiment 2. The paper machine lubricating composition of Embodiment 1, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group IV basestock.

Embodiment 3. The paper machine lubricating composition of Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2, wherein the second oil basestock comprises a polyalphaolefin.

Embodiment 4. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 1 to 3, further comprising about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % of a third oil basestock, wherein the third oil basestock comprises an API group V basestock.

Embodiment 5. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the third oil basestock comprises alkylated naphthalene.

Embodiment 6. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 1 to 5, further comprising about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % of a performance additive package, the performance additive package comprising: about 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % of a defoamant, about 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % of a metal passivator, about 0.01 wt % to 0.2 wt % of an antiwear agent, about 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt % of an antioxidant, about 0.01 wt % to 1.0 wt % of a rust inhibitor, about 0.1 wt % to 5.0 wt % of a dispersant, or any combination thereof; wherein weight percentages are based on a total weight of the lubricating composition.

Embodiment 7. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 10 cSt to 50 cSt.

Embodiment 8. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the paper machine lubricating composition has a viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 150 cSt to 320 cSt.

Embodiment 9. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the paper machine lubricating composition has a viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 200 cSt to 240 cSt.

Embodiment 10. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the paper machine lubricating composition conforms to ISO Viscosity Grade (VG) 220, or ISO VG 150, ISO VG 320, or ISO VG 460.

Embodiment 11. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the lubricating composition conforms to an ISO Viscosity Grade (VG) 220.

Embodiment 12. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the lubricating composition has a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average Varnish Score of 7.3 or greater.

Embodiment 13. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the lubricating composition has a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average Sludge Score of 9.6 or lower.

Embodiment 14. A method comprising: operating a paper machine with a lubricating composition comprising: about 40 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first oil basestock, wherein the first oil basestock comprises an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock, and wherein the API group II extra heavy neutral basestock has: a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −6° C. or less, and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; about 2 wt % to about 20 wt % of a second oil basestock, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group I, an API group II, an API group IV basestock, or any combination thereof, and wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 3 cSt to 20 cSt.

Embodiment 15. The method of Embodiment 14, where lubricating composition experiences temperatures of 30° C. to 200° C. within the paper machine.

Embodiment 16. The method of Embodiment 14 or Embodiment 15, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group IV basestock.

Embodiment 17. The method of Embodiment 14, wherein the second oil basestock comprises a polyalphaolefin.

Embodiment 18. The method of Embodiment 14, wherein the lubricating composition further comprises about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % of a third oil basestock, wherein the third oil basestock comprises an API group V basestock.

Embodiment 19. The method of Embodiment 18, wherein the third oil basestock comprises alkylated naphthalene.

Embodiment 20. The method of Embodiment 14, wherein the lubricating composition further comprises about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % of a performance additive package, the performance additive package comprising: about 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % of a defoamant, about 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % of a metal passivator, about 0.01 wt % to 0.2 wt % of an antiwear agent, about 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt % of an antioxidant, about 0.01 wt % to 1.0 wt % of a rust inhibitor, about 0.1 wt % to 5.0 wt % of a dispersant, or any combination thereof; wherein weight percentages are based on a total weight of the lubricating composition.

Embodiment 21. The method of Embodiment 14, wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 10 cSt to 50 cSt.

Embodiment 22. The method of Embodiment 14, wherein the paper machine lubricating composition has a viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 150 cSt to 320 cSt.

Embodiment 23. The method of Embodiment 14, wherein the paper machine lubricating composition has a viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 200 cSt to 240 cSt.

Embodiment 24. The method of Embodiment 14, wherein the paper machine lubricating composition conforms to ISO Viscosity Grade (VG) 220, or ISO VG 150, ISO VG 320, or ISO VG 460.

Embodiment 25. The method of Embodiment 14, wherein the lubricating composition conforms to an ISO Viscosity Grade (VG) 220.

Embodiment 26. The method of Embodiment 14, wherein the lubricating composition has a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average Varnish Score of 7.3 or greater.

Embodiment 27. The method of Embodiment 14, wherein the lubricating composition has a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average Sludge Score of 9.6 or lower.

Embodiment 28. A paper machine lubricating composition comprising: about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first oil basestock, wherein the first oil basestock comprises an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock, and wherein the API group II extra heavy neutral basestock has: a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −6° C. or less, and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; about 2 wt % to about 40 wt % of a second oil basestock, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group I, an API group II, an API group IV basestock, or any combination thereof, and wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 3 cSt to 50 cSt.

Embodiment 29. The paper machine lubricating composition of Embodiment 28, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group IV basestock.

Embodiment 30. The paper machine lubricating composition of Embodiment 28 or Embodiment 29, wherein the second oil basestock comprises a polyalphaolefin.

Embodiment 31. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 28 to 30, further comprising about 2 wt % to about 30 wt % of a third oil basestock, wherein the third oil basestock comprises an API group V basestock.

Embodiment 32. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 28 to 31, wherein the third oil basestock comprises alkylated naphthalene.

Embodiment 33. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 28 to 32, further comprising about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % of a performance additive package, the performance additive package comprising: about 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % of a defoamant, about 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % of a metal passivator, about 0.01 wt % to 0.2 wt % of an antiwear agent, about 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt % of an antioxidant, about 0.01 wt % to 1.0 wt % of a rust inhibitor, about 0.1 wt % to 5.0 wt % of a dispersant, or any combination thereof; wherein weight percentages are based on a total weight of the lubricating composition.

Embodiment 34. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 28 to 33, wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 10 cSt to 50 cSt.

Embodiment 35. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 28 to 34, wherein the paper machine lubricating composition has a viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 150 cSt to 320 cSt.

Embodiment 36. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 28 to 35, wherein the paper machine lubricating composition has a viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 200 cSt to 240 cSt.

Embodiment 37. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 28 to 36, wherein the paper machine lubricating composition conforms to ISO Viscosity Grade (VG) 220, or ISO VG 150, ISO VG 320, or ISO VG 460.

Embodiment 38. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 28 to 37, wherein the lubricating composition conforms to an ISO Viscosity Grade (VG) 220.

Embodiment 39. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 28 to 38, wherein the lubricating composition has a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average Varnish Score of 5.2 or greater.

Embodiment 40. The paper machine lubricating composition of any one of Embodiments 28 to 39, wherein the lubricating composition has a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average Sludge Score of 9.5 or greater.

Embodiment 41. A method comprising: operating a paper machine with a lubricating composition comprising: about 20 wt % to about 80 wt % of a first oil basestock, wherein the first oil basestock comprises an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock, and wherein the API group II extra heavy neutral basestock has: a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 320 cSt to 520 cSt, a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 100° C.) of 22 cSt to 36 cSt, a viscosity index (ASTM D2270) of 80 to 119, a pour point (ASTM D97) of −6° C. or less, and a saturate content (ASTM D7419) of 90 wt % or greater; about 2 wt % to about 40 wt % of a second oil basestock, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group I, an API group II, an API group IV basestock, or any combination thereof, and wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 3 cSt to 50 cSt.

Embodiment 42. The method of Embodiment 41, where lubricating composition experiences temperatures of 30° C. to 200° C. within the paper machine.

Embodiment 43. The method of Embodiment 41 or Embodiment 42, wherein the second oil basestock comprises an API group IV basestock.

Embodiment 44. The method of any one of Embodiments 41-43, wherein the second oil basestock comprises a polyalphaolefin.

Embodiment 45. The method of any one of Embodiments 41-44, wherein the lubricating composition further comprises about 2 wt % to about 30 wt % of a third oil basestock, wherein the third oil basestock comprises an API group V basestock.

Embodiment 46. The method of Embodiment 45, wherein the third oil basestock comprises alkylated naphthalene.

Embodiment 47. The method of any one of Embodiments 41-46, wherein the lubricating composition further comprises about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % of a performance additive package, the performance additive package comprising: about 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % of a defoamant, about 0.01 wt % to 0.1 wt % of a metal passivator, about 0.01 wt % to 0.2 wt % of an antiwear agent, about 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt % of an antioxidant, about 0.01 wt % to 1.0 wt % of a rust inhibitor, about 0.1 wt % to 5.0 wt % of a dispersant, or any combination thereof; wherein weight percentages are based on a total weight of the lubricating composition.

Embodiment 48. The method of any one of Embodiments 41-47, wherein the second oil basestock has a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 10 cSt to 50 cSt.

Embodiment 49. The method of any one of Embodiments 41-48, wherein the paper machine lubricating composition has a viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 150 cSt to 320 cSt.

Embodiment 50. The method of any one of Embodiments 41-49, wherein the paper machine lubricating composition has a viscosity (ASTM D445, 40° C.) of 200 cSt to 240 cSt.

Embodiment 51. The method of any one of Embodiments 41-50, wherein the paper machine lubricating composition conforms to ISO Viscosity Grade (VG) 220, or ISO VG 150, ISO VG 320, or ISO VG 460.

Embodiment 52. The method of any one of Embodiments 41-51, wherein the lubricating composition conforms to an ISO Viscosity Grade (VG) 220.

Embodiment 53. The method of any one of Embodiments 41-52, wherein the lubricating composition has a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average Varnish Score of 5.2 or greater.

Embodiment 54. The method of any one of Embodiments 41-53, wherein the lubricating composition has a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) average Sludge Score of 9.5 or greater.

To facilitate a better understanding of the embodiments of the present invention, the following examples of preferred or representative embodiments are given. In no way should the following examples be read to limit, or to define, the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES

Experiment 1: Formulations

Example lubricant composition A-1 was formed including an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock oil comprising EHC 340 MAX™ (available from ExxonMobil Chemical) as a first basestock oil, an API group IV PAO comprising SpectraSyn™ 6 (available from ExxonMobil Chemical) as a second basestock oil, and an API group V oil comprising a Group V Alkylated Naphthalene as a third basestock oil. A comparative example composition CE-A-1 was formed including a Group IV PAO comprising SpectraSyn™ 100 (available from ExxonMobil Chemical) as a first basestock oil, an API group IV PAO comprising SpectraSyn™ 6 (available from ExxonMobil Chemical) as a second basestock oil, and an API group V oil comprising a Group V alkylated naphthalene as a third basestock oil. A-CE-1 and A-1 both additionally included a performance additive package comprising 0.02 wt % silicone (defoamant), 0.03 wt % triazole yellow (metal passivator), 0.75 wt % aryl phosphate (antiwear agent), 1.75 wt % hindered phenol (antioxidant), 0.6 wt % calcium sulfonate (rust inhibitor), and 3 wt % succinimide (dispersant), by total weight of example compositions. Details of compositions are shown in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2
Compositions.

A-CE-1

A-1

	Composition (wt %)

Group II Extra Heavy Neutral (EHC 340 MAX ™)	0	68
Group IV PAO 100 (SpectraSyn ™ 100)	47.71	0
Group IV PAO 6 (SpectraSyn ™ 6)	26.14	5.85
Group V Alkylated Naphthalene	20	20
Performance Additive Package	6.15	6.15

Further example lubricant compositions A-2 to A-6 were formed including an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock oil comprising EHC 340 MAX™ (available from ExxonMobil Chemical) as a first basestock oil. A-2 to A-6 also included one or more basestock oils selected from an API group IV PAO comprising SpectraSyn™ 6 (available from ExxonMobil Chemical), an API group IV PAO comprising SpectraSyn™ 40 (available from ExxonMobil Chemical), an API group V oil comprising a Group V Alkylated Naphthalene, or an API group II extra heavy neutral basestock oil comprising EHC 50™ (available from ExxonMobil Chemical). Compositions A-2 to A-6 additionally included a performance additive package comprising 0.02 wt % silicone (defoamant), 0.03 wt % triazole yellow (metal passivator), 0.75 wt % aryl phosphate (antiwear agent), 1.75 wt % hindered phenol (antioxidant), 0.6 wt % calcium sulfonate (rust inhibitor), and 3 wt % succinimide (dispersant), by total weight of example compositions. Details of the compositions A-2 to A-6 are shown in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3
Compositions A-2 to A-6.

A-2

A-3

A-4

A-5

A-6

	Composition (wt %)

Group II Extra Heavy	68	38	50	48	30
Neutral (EHC 340 MAX ™)
Group II Extra Heavy	5.85	0	0	0	0
Neutral (EHC 50 ™)
Group IV PAO 40	0	32	1.85	0.85	14.85
(SpectraSyn ™ 40)
Group IV PAO 6	0	3.85	9	9	3
(SpectraSyn ™ 6)
Group V Alkylated	20	20	20	20	20
Naphthalene
Performance Additive	6.15	6.15	6.15	6.15	6.15
Package

Experiment 2: Viscosity and Acid Number Testing

Example compositions were tested for viscosity according to ASTM D445. Results of viscosity testing are shown in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4
Viscosity of A-CE-1 and A-1.

	A-CE-1	A-1

	Kinematic Viscosity (cSt)	207	211
	(ASTM D445, 40° C.)

Comparative Example A-CE-1 and example compositions A-1 to A-6 were tested for viscosity according to ASTM D445 and ASTM D2270. Acid number for all compositions was determined according to ASTM D664. Rotating Pressure Vessel Oxidation Test (RPVOT) results (time in minutes for pressure of test vessel to decrease 25.4 psi from maximum starting pressure) for all compositions were determined according to ASTM D2272. Results of kinematic viscosity testing, viscosity index testing, acid number testing, and oxidation resistance (RPVOT) results are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5
Viscosity and Other Properties

	A-CE-1	A-1	A-2	A-3	A-4	A-5	A-6

Kinematic Viscosity	207.2	211	214.6	208.6	217.1	220.7	233.9
(cSt) (ASTM D445,
40° C.)
Kinematic Viscosity	25.68	19.4	19.46	21.56	22.02	22.61	24.88
(cSt) (ASTM D445,
100° C.)
Viscosity Index	156.5	104.3	102.9	123.7	122.5	125.1	134.7
(ASTM D2270)
Acid Number (ASTM	0.52	0.69	0.67	0.82	1.16	0.97	1.06
D664)
Oxidation Resistance,	223,	178	177	189	189	190	184
Rotating Pressure	205*
Vessel Oxidation Test
(min) (ASTM D2272).
*values from two separate runs

As shown in Table 5, A-1 to A-6 had viscosity, acid number, and oxidation resistance comparable to A-CE-1.

Experiment 3: Bearing Rig Testing

Example lubricant compositions were tested according to a Bearing Rig Test (BRT) using a heat exchange unit (Neslab) with parameters specified in Table 6 below.

TABLE 6
BRT parameters.

	Parameter	Value

	Oil Flow Rate	4.75 ± 0.25 cc/min,
		up to 10 ± 0.25 cc/min
	Bearing Oil Inlet Temperature	180 ± 2° F., up to 250 ± 2° F.
	Reservoir Oil Temperature	180 ± 2° F., up to 250 ± 2° F.

	Outer Race Temperature	330 ± 5°	F.
	Shaft Steam Pressure	250 ± 10	psi
	Shaft Temperature	405°	F.
	Shaft Speed	600 ± 20	rpm

Emulsion Addition

Every 168 hours

	Test Duration	500	hours

In the BRT, the oil is circulated through spherical roller bearings at 166° C. (330° F.) for 500 hours. Water is emulsified into the oil every 168 hours to simulate moisture contamination in service. After 500 hours, the bearings were rated for deposits and sludge with a Varnish Score and Sludge Score, respectively. Bearings were rated by ASTM Certified Raters according to the Coordinating Research Council Rust/Varnish/Lacquer Rating Scale (for Varnish Score) and the Coordinating Research Council Sludge Depth Scale (for Sludge Score). Lower Varnish Score indicated higher deposits, while lower Sludge Scores indicated greater sludge formation. Results of testing of examples are shown in Table 7 below.

TABLE 7
BRT results.

	A-CE-1	A-1

	Varnish Score (average)	7.26	7.84
	Sludge Score (average)	9.65	9.50

As shown in Table 7 above, Example A-1 showed a higher Varnish Score and lower Sludge Score than Comparative Example A-CE-1, indicating that Example A-1 had lower deposits.

BRT testing was further conducted on A-2, A-3, A-4, and A-6. Results of testing of these examples are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8
BRT results.

	A-CE-1	A-2	A-3	A-4	A-6

Varnish Score (average)	7.26	6.55	5.24	6.47	1.57
Sludge Score (average)	9.65	9.7	9.5	9.75	9.75

As shown in Table 8, Examples A-2, A-3, A-4, and A-6 had Sludge Scores comparable to Comparative Example A-CE-1. The Varnish Scores of A-2 to A-4 and A-6 were lower than Comparative Example A-CE-1. Unexpectedly, Example A-6, which had the lowest EHC 340 MAX™ content of any of the Examples (30 wt %), had a lower Vanish Score than either Comparative Example A-CE-1, which contained 0 wt % EHC 340 MAX™, or any Example with a higher EHC 340 MAX™ content (Examples A-1 to A-4, 38-68 wt % EHC 340 MAX™).

Experiment 4: Oxidative Stability Testing

Example lubricant compositions A-1 and A-3 to A-6, and comparative composition A-CE-1, were tested to determine changes in acid number, kinematic viscosity at 100° C., and mass loss from a lead specimen, according to the oxidation test described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,086. Present test conditions included 72 hour duration, temperature 163° C., and dry air flow rate 10 L/hr.

After conclusion of the 72 hour test run, the acid number and the kinematic viscosity at 100° C. were determined as described in Experiment 2 and compared to the values shown in Table 5. Results of testing of these examples are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9
Oxidative Test Results

	A-CE-1	A-1	A-3	A-4	A-5	A-6

Acid Number (ASTM	0.74	0.94	1.02	0.83	1.13	1.11
D664)
Kinematic Viscosity	26.41	19.68	21.92	22.63	23.26	25.76
(cSt) (ASTM D445,
100° C.) (“KV100”)
Acid Number	0.22	0.25	0.20	−0.33	0.16	0.05
Increase†
KV100 Increase	2.8	1.4	1.7	2.8	2.9	3.5
(%)‡
Lead Loss (mass %)	0.04	0.1	0.02	0.08	0.05	0.03
†relative to Acid Number of Table 5;
‡relative to KV100 of Table 5.

As shown in Table 9, Examples A-1, A-3, A-4, A-5, and A-6 had oxidation resistance, as determined by acid number increase, KV100 increase, and lead loss over the course of the test, comparable to Comparative Example A-CE-1.

Therefore, the present invention is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular examples and configurations disclosed above are illustrative only, as the present invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative examples disclosed above may be altered, combined, or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the present invention. The invention illustratively disclosed herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element that is not specifically disclosed herein and/or any optional element disclosed herein. While compositions and methods are described in terms of “comprising,” “containing,” or “including” various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps. All numbers and ranges disclosed above may vary by some amount. Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, every range of values (of the form, “from about a to about b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a to b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a-b”) disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. Moreover, the indefinite articles “a” or “an,” as used in the claims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the element that it introduces.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the present specification and associated claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the incarnations of the present inventions. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claim, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

One or more illustrative incarnations incorporating one or more invention elements are presented herein. Not all features of a physical implementation are described or shown in this application for the sake of clarity. It is understood that in the development of a physical embodiment incorporating one or more elements of the present invention, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's goals, such as compliance with system-related, business-related, government-related and other constraints, which vary by implementation and from time to time. While a developer's efforts might be time-consuming, such efforts would be, nevertheless, a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art and having benefit of this disclosure.

While compositions and methods are described herein in terms of “comprising” various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps.