SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR OPERATING HVAC SYSTEMS FROM STORED ENERGY

Description

FIELD

Embodiments of this disclosure relate generally to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. More specifically, the embodiments relate to an HVAC system for a building, e.g., residential or commercial building, that is connected to a stored energy source, in which a controller is used for adjusting operational aspects of the HVAC system when the HVAC system is at least provided energy from the stored energy source.

BACKGROUND

A heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system generally includes equipment configured to control one or more environmental conditions such as, but not limited to, temperature, humidity, and air quality. The function and control of the HVAC equipment or component can be adjusted by a thermostat, a web app, a mobile app, or the like, which is connected to or forms part of an HVAC system controller. The HVAC equipment or component can also be adjusted by receiving a signal from an external load management controller, such as a home energy management controller, battery management controller, or the like, which may send a signal to the HVAC system controller and/or to a controller for the HVAC equipment or component for controlling the same. An HVAC system controller and/or the controller may be configurable in order to be included in HVAC systems including varying types of HVAC equipment/components and configurations.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of this disclosure relate generally to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. More specifically, the embodiments relate to an HVAC system for a building, e.g., residential or commercial building, that is connected to a stored energy source, in which a controller is used for adjusting operational aspects of the HVAC system when the HVAC system is at least provided energy from the stored energy source.

Embodiments of this disclosure include HVAC equipment and a controller that is configured to switch a power supply of the HVAC equipment between grid power and stored energy from a stored energy source, such as, one or more batteries. The HVAC equipment configuration for switching between grid power and stored energy can be used for a building HVAC system, e.g., residential or commercial buildings. When operating on the stored energy source, such as, electrochemical batteries, the HVAC equipment configuration further includes selectable operation of the HVAC equipment in an additional mode or sub-mode, such as, a resilience mode or an arbitrage mode, to select, change, or adjust operational characteristics for the HVAC equipment in the selected sub-mode. In some embodiments, the additional mode or sub-mode can be configured for operating the HVAC equipment for various priorities, including, but not limited to, maintaining HVAC operation and/or maximizing useful battery life and/or maintaining operational performance to maintain occupant comfort and/or operation for a predetermined period of time, by leveraging parameters and variables corresponding to efficiency and performance of the HVAC equipment.

In an embodiment, a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is provided. The HVAC system includes HVAC equipment configured to heat and/or cool a building; a stored energy source electrically coupled to the HVAC equipment, the stored energy source comprising at least one battery; and a controller. The controller is configured to receive a signal, or stop receiving a signal, to switch operation of the HVAC equipment from a grid operation mode to a battery operation mode. When in the battery operation mode, the HVAC equipment is supplied power from the stored energy source and is selectably operable between at least a resilience mode configured to conserve battery life of the stored energy source, and an arbitrage mode configured to manage operation of the HVAC equipment for a predetermined period of time.

In another embodiment, a controller for operating a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment electrically coupled to a stored energy source is provided. The controller is configured to switch operation of the HVAC equipment from a grid operation mode to a battery operation mode. In the battery operation mode, the HVAC equipment is supplied power from the stored energy source and is selectably operable between: a resilience mode configured to conserve battery life of the stored energy source, and an arbitrage mode configured to manage operation of the HVAC equipment for a predetermined period of time.

In yet another embodiment, a method for operating heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment of an HVAC system is provided, in which the HVAC equipment is electrically coupled to a stored energy source comprising at least one battery. The method includes switching operation of the HVAC equipment from a grid operation mode to a battery operation mode; selecting an operation sub-mode of the HVAC equipment that is supplied power from the stored energy source between: a resilience mode configured to conserve battery life of the stored energy source, and an arbitrage mode configured to manage operation of the HVAC equipment for a predetermined period of time.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

References are made to the accompanying drawings that form a part of this disclosure and which illustrate the embodiments in which the systems and methods described in this specification can be practiced.

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) controller connected to HVAC equipment and a network, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2 illustrates a flowchart of a method for operating an HVAC system, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example control algorithm output for a cooling operation an HVAC system, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, according to an embodiment.

Like reference numbers represent like parts throughout.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of this disclosure relate generally to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. More specifically, the embodiments relate to an HVAC system for a building, e.g., residential or commercial building, that is connected to a stored energy source, in which a controller is used for changing operation of the HVAC system when the HVAC system is at least provided energy from the stored energy source.

A heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, whether residential or commercial, can be a heat pump or heating and cooling unit, that generally includes a variety of equipment and/or components, such as, but not limited to, an outdoor unit (such as, but not limited to, an air conditioning condenser), an indoor unit (such as, but not limited to, an air conditioning evaporator and/or a furnace), and other equipment (such as, but not limited to, a humidifier, a dehumidifier, air exchanger, and the like). Each piece of equipment within the HVAC system can include additional components such as, but not limited to, a compressor, heat exchanger, a blower, a fan, a sensor, a filter, and the like. The various equipment and components (referred to herein as “equipment”) can include more than one operating mode, such as, but not limited to, multiple stage cooling, multiple stage heating, and the like. The equipment within the HVAC system can operate according to various scheduling conditions, such as, but not limited to, a number of heating cycles per hour, a number of cooling cycles per hour, a fan or blower delay, and the like.

The HVAC system further includes one or more equipment controllers (e.g. an indoor unit controller and an outdoor unit controller), such as, a processor-enabled device, circuit board, and/or circuitry that controls the HVAC equipment to maintain or control one or more environmental conditions such as, but not limited to, temperature, humidity, and air quality. The HVAC equipment controller can be configured to control one or more operations of the HVAC system or equipment.

In some embodiments, the HVAC system can further include and/or be connected to a system controller for controlling the HVAC system, such as, a thermostat, web app, mobile app, or the like, that provides signals to the one or more equipment controllers, and/or an external load management controller, such as, a home energy management controller, a battery management controller, or the like, that is configured to control and/or manage an overall use of energy/power by various loads in a home or one or more homes or building(s), e.g., overall power consumption in a home, such as, by refrigerator(s), freezer(s), ovens/stove(s), water heater(s), TV(s), lighting, washer(s)/dryer(s), dishwasher(s), fan(s), HVAC system, and/or the like. For example, the HVAC system controller can be a thermostat and be configured to control the HVAC equipment and components therein to maintain a desired temperature in a space conditioned (“conditioned space”) by the HVAC system.

In some cases, when an HVAC system is connected to and is supplied mains/shore power from a utility grid, an HVAC controller for one or more equipment in an HVAC system can be configured to approach a desired setpoint as quickly as possible within the constraint of target overall efficiency, e.g., the control algorithm for the HVAC controller includes aggressive tuning coefficients, such as, a large gain value, to reach the user selected temperature as quickly as possible and maintain that setpoint temperature as closely as possible. Such control variables for the control algorithm, which can include, but not limited to, control loop gains, evaporator temperature, variable speed compressor load limits, compressor speed, acceptable setpoint deviation/error, setpoint, duty cycle, etc., of the HVAC controller for the HVAC equipment used to achieve this level of performance, can be chosen in the design process, and/or can be chosen during installation and commissioning of the HVAC system, e.g., according to user preference(s), climate, etc. When the HVAC system, however, is supplied stored energy, e.g., power from a stored energy source, for example, from one or more electrochemical batteries, the user preference(s) for operating the HVAC system may change, such that the control variables (and/or values of the control variables) may be adjusted or modified to change or modify the control algorithm or model for operating the HVAC system and/or equipment to meet the user preference(s). For example, in some embodiments, the user preference(s) can be directed to maximizing the performance operation and/or efficiency of the HVAC system and/or equipment, e.g., based on the available stored energy (or state of charge) of the stored energy source and/or occupant comfort and/or operation for a predetermined period of time.

Embodiments of this disclosure include an HVAC system and/or equipment for heating and cooling a building that is electrically connected to both an energy grid, e.g., utility grid, and a stored energy source that includes at least one battery, e.g., electrochemical battery storage, for off-grid operation. In some embodiments, the off-grid operation can include switching to the stored energy source due to AC power interruption, such as, utility grid/power failure/outage, or other required use and/or user selection to operate the HVAC system and/or equipment in the off-grid operation, e.g., to reduce carbon, avoid peak demand, peak energy costs, known outages, or other optional off-grid use. Because the operation of the HVAC system and/or equipment may have different operational priorities or characteristics when operating on grid power or on energy from the stored energy source, embodiments as discussed herein are at least directed to providing the HVAC system and/or equipment a signal, or removal thereof, indicating switching between a mode of operation, e.g., grid operation mode or battery operation mode, and/or a sub-mode of operation, such that, operation of the HVAC system and/or equipment can be adjusted or modified based on the selected mode and/or sub-mode of operation, e.g., to adjust operation of the HVAC system based on user preference(s) regarding system performance and/or efficiency.

For example, in some cases of off-grid operation of the HVAC system, the user may prefer reduced performance of the HVAC system in exchange for longer battery life of the stored energy source versus optimized performance for occupant comfort, in which the optimized performance can include minimizing setpoint error as quickly as possible, or operating at a lower (or higher) desired setpoint, e.g., cooling to a low temperature, e.g., 68-70 degrees Celsius when the ambient temperature is greater than 85 degrees Celsius. As such, the embodiments as discussed herein provide systems, methods, and controllers that are designed, programmed, or otherwise configured to provide selectable operation of the HVAC system or equipment to a battery operation mode and further selection between an arbitrage mode configured to manage operation of the HVAC system for a predetermined period of time (e.g., the duration of a peak demand event) and a resilience mode configured to conserve battery life of the stored energy source to run as long as possible, for example, when duration of running in battery operation mode is unknown. Such operation of the HVAC system or equipment can be operated by managing and/or changing parameters or control variables of the HVAC equipment (or system) within constraints or operational limits, e.g., user selected control variables.

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system 100 that includes a controller 110 that is connected to HVAC equipment 150. The HVAC system 100 can be a heat pump or heating and cooling unit that includes one or more HVAC equipment 150. The controller 110 can be programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to control or manage one or more operations of the HVAC equipment 150. For example, the controller 110 can be a processor-enabled device, e.g., circuit board/motherboard, that includes an executable control algorithm or model and the HVAC equipment 150 can be an air conditioning unit, in which the processor-enabled device is programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to control the air conditioning unit to, for example, maintain a desired environmental condition, such as, temperature, humidity, air quality, in a conditioned space.

The controller 110 includes a processor 112 in communication with a memory 114. The controller 110 can be configured to receive a signal to control or manage an environmental condition other than temperature, such as, but not limited to, monitoring air quality, humidity, and the like, in the conditioned space. In an embodiment, the controller 110 can be programmed to monitor additional aspects of the HVAC system, such as, pressure, moisture, or the like.

The processor 112 is configured to retrieve and execute programming instructions stored in the memory 114. For example, the processor 112 can retrieve and execute programming instructions, for example, a control algorithm or model, in order to configure the controller 110 for particular HVAC equipment 150. The processor 112 can include any suitable processor, such as, but not limited to, a single processor, a single processor having multiple processing cores, multiple processors, micro-processor, and the like.

The memory 114 is in communication with the processor 112. The memory 114 is generally included to be representative of a random access memory such as, but not limited to, a dynamic random access memory, a static random access memory, a Flash memory, and the like. The memory 114 stores instructions for an operating system that is executed by the processor 112. The memory 114 can also store an instruction for a computer program, such as, the control algorithm or model, that is executed by the processor 112. The computer program includes instructions such as, but not limited to, operation of the HVAC equipment (or system) in a battery operation mode and a grid operation mode, and further selectable between operation of the HVAC system or equipment in a sub-mode, such as, a resilience mode or an arbitrage mode. The memory 114 stores a plurality of parameters/control variables and corresponding settings for the plurality of parameters/control variables that are, for example, based on the HVAC equipment 150 and user selected operation of the HVAC system or equipment. In an embodiment, the plurality of settings stored in the memory 114 includes, for example, parameters that provide operational limits or targets for the HVAC equipment 150, a schedule according to which the HVAC equipment heats or cools a conditioned space, last operating conditions selected by the user, control variables used to maximize operational efficiency of the HVAC system to extend battery life of a stored energy source, control variables used to maximize performance or operation of the HVAC equipment for occupant comfort for a predetermined period of time, and/or timing, magnitude (e.g., % of performance), and/or duration of operation.

In some embodiments, the controller 110 can be connected to one or more of an external load management controller 120, a HVAC user experience (UX) input/output display 130, and a network 140. The external load management controller 120 can include a home energy management controller, a battery management controller, or the like, that is programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to control and/or manage an overall use of energy/power by various loads in a home or one or more home(s) or building(s), e.g., overall power consumption in a home, e.g., by refrigerator(s), freezer(s), oven(s)/stove(s), water heater(s), TV(s), lighting, washer(s)/dryer(s), dishwasher(s), fan(s), the HVAC system, and/or the like. The external load management controller 120 can include a user interface that can be provided or embedded in a processor-enabled device of the external load management controller 120, e.g., to provide user selection and/or preference(s) selection to control and/or manage the power consumption by the various loads, e.g., priority of use, timing, and/or duration of the one or more loads. In some embodiments, the external load management controller 120 can include a switch 122 that is configured to switch operation of the one or more of the various loads from the grid operation mode to a battery operation mode, e.g., off-grid mode, in which the one or more of the various loads selectably receive the stored energy, e.g., power, from the stored energy source. While the switch 122 is described as being in the external load management controller 120, such disclosure is not intended to be limiting. Rather, the switch 122 can be provided in other components or equipment of the HVAC system 100, such as, in the HVAC equipment 150 or HVAC controller 110, or the like.

The HVAC UX 130 can be a thermostat, a web app, a mobile app, or the like, that is programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to provide overall system control of the HVAC system 100. For example, the HVAC UX 130 can be a thermostat that can be configured to control one or more of the HVAC equipment to maintain a desired temperature in a space conditioned (“conditioned space”) by the one or more HVAC equipment, e.g., the outdoor unit, the blower fan, and the like. In some embodiments, the HVAC UX 130 can include a user interface 135, such as a touchscreen, a slider, button, and/or toggle, or the like, to provide user selection and/or preference(s) selection, to control and/or manage the HVAC system or equipment, e.g., priority of use, timing, and/or duration, and/or allow selectability and/or switching of the HVAC system 100 or HVAC equipment 150 to the battery operation mode, and/or further operation of the HVAC system and/or equipment while in the battery operation mode, e.g., a sub-mode, such as, a resilience mode and arbitrage mode, as discussed further below.

The external load management controller 120 and/or the HVAC UX 130 can be programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to provide a signal to the controller 110 to operate the HVAC equipment 150 in a battery operation mode or that the HVAC equipment 150 is operating in the battery operation mode, e.g., from the grid operation mode. In some embodiments, the external load management controller 120 and/or the HVAC UX 130 can be configured to further allow a user to select whether to operate the HVAC equipment 150 in a sub-mode, such as, the resilience mode or arbitrage mode. In some embodiments, the external load management controller 120 and/or the HVAC UX 130 can be programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to provide user feedback regarding benefit, such as, a cost/saving value, of the user selection of the type of battery operation mode, e.g., ‘your battery lasted x % longer with resilience mode implemented’, or ‘your HVAC battery mode enabled saving $X by enabling arbitrage events Y times’).

In some embodiments the signal to the controller 110 can include one or more of:

• • Enter Battery Operation Mode
  • Exit Battery Operation Mode
  • Arbitrage or Resilience Mode
  • Requested Duration (e.g., in Arbitrage Mode)
  • Requested Load Reduction % (e.g., in Arbitrage Mode)

In an embodiment, the interface on the HVAC UX 130 and/or the external load management controller 120 can include a plurality of configuration options for receiving a user input for selection of the same, in which the plurality of configuration options includes control variables or parameters that can be used to control or manage operation of the HVAC equipment. The control variables or parameters can include, but are not limited to, one or more of evaporator temperature, % of performance/load output, compressor load limit, compressor speed, fan speed, duty cycle, proportional, integral, or derivative control loop gains, setpoint, acceptable setpoint deviation/error, or the like. In an embodiment, the interface can include sliders, buttons, or the like that allow the user to select the configuration options based on numerical values, such as, a slider scale from 1 to 5, buttons having numerical values of 1 to 5, and/or allowing user inputs.

The controller 110 is programmed to operate the HVAC system or equipment 150 based on the configuration options, e.g., control load output, duration, magnitude, or the like of the HVAC system or equipment 150. The plurality of configuration options can further include, but not limited to, user selection of operation of the HVAC system 100 or HVAC equipment 150 in a battery operation mode (or grid operation mode), one or more of the sub-modes, such as, resilience mode or arbitrage mode, and/or providing efficiency and/or performance constraints or adjusted targets for operating the HVAC system 100 or HVAC equipment 150. In an embodiment, the interface can be provided to set battery mode limits to a percentage of overall state of charge (e.g., battery capacity or charge based on capacity) or a discrete list of settings, such as, ranging from no performance reduction to low/medium/high performance reduction with corresponding high/medium/low stored energy source duration improvements and/or timing, magnitude, duration, or other elements of the resilience mode and/or arbitrage mode to change or manage operation of the HVAC equipment 150 based on the selected limits. For example, in an embodiment, the efficiency and performance constraints can include constraints or other limits regarding how long the HVAC system 100 or HVAC equipment 150 can be operated at a particular performance level, e.g., 70-100% state of charge while operating in the battery operation mode. In an embodiment, the efficiency and performance constraints can include a low limit performance level, e.g., when the external load management controller 120 is in the off-grid mode, in which the controller 110 is programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to not limit performance of the HVAC system 100 or HVAC equipment 150, e.g., at the user selected cooling or heating level and/or % performance of the HVAC equipment 150, unless the state of charge of the stored energy source 170 falls below a predetermined battery state of charge level, e.g., 80%, or 50%, or below 40% or 30%. In some embodiments, the HVAC system or HVAC equipment can be configured to automatically switch to the resilience mode (if operating in arbitrage mode or in off-grid mode) based on the constraints and/or limits. In some embodiments, HVAC system or HVAC equipment can be configured to automatically switch to the grid mode (if operating in arbitrage mode or in off-grid mode) based on the constraints and/or limits, e.g., when the state of charge falls below the predetermined battery state of charge level. In some embodiments, the HVAC system or HVAC equipment can be configured to automatically switch back to grid mode when previously operating in arbitrage mode based on the constraints or limits. In another embodiment, the efficiency and performance constraints can include a low limit performance level in which the controller 110 is programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to reduce the performance of the HVAC system 100 or HVAC equipment 150 at incremented levels, e.g., at 1 or 5 degree values and/or between 5% and 25 % performance. For example, when the state of charge of the stored energy source 170 falls below 80%, the setpoint for cooling can be increased by 1 degree and/or the performance operation of the HVAC equipment 150 can be decreased by 5%, when the state of charge of the stored energy source 170 falls below 50%, the setpoint for cooling can be increased by 5 degrees and/or the performance of the HVAC equipment can be decreased by 10%, and when the state of charge of the stored energy source 170 falls below 40%, the controller can switch to resilience mode. In an embodiment, the controller 110 can be designed, programmed, or otherwise configured to manage the performance of the HVAC system 100 or HVAC equipment 150 to maintain occupant comfort or user selected operation and/or operational efficiency, when in the battery operation mode, as a function of battery life remaining, e.g., remaining state of charge of the stored energy source. In an embodiment, the controller 110 can automatically shift from performance operation, for example, while in the arbitrage mode, to operational efficiency optimization, e.g., such as in the resilience mode, as a function of the % state of charge remaining in the stored energy source. For example, in an embodiment, the shifting can occur when the state of charge of the stored energy source drops below 50%, such that the HVAC system 100 or HVAC equipment 150 is operated in the resilience mode. As such, the efficient operation of the HVAC system 100 or HVAC equipment 150 is provided, thereby enabling higher HVAC system 100 or HVAC equipment 150 performance/comfort when the stored energy source is relatively full, but can shift gradually towards operational efficiency to maintain operation with a depleting stored energy source 170. In some embodiments, the controller 110 can automatically switch to grid operation mode, for example, while in the arbitrage mode, as a function of the % state of charge remaining in the stored energy source. For example, in an embodiment, the switching can occur when the state of charge of the stored energy source drops below 40%, such that the HVAC system 100 or HVAC equipment 150 is operated in the grid mode.

In some embodiments, the interface can be designed, programmed, or otherwise configured to provide user value visualization based on the selected operation mode, e.g., a cost or savings value. For example, in an embodiment, the interface can show the percent state of charge of the stored energy source 170, and/or predicted operation time (or cost) of the HVAC system 100 or HVAC equipment 150 based on the selected operation mode, e.g., resilience mode or arbitrage mode. In an embodiment, the interface may be designed, programmed, or otherwise configured to itemize the user value of the selected feature or operation and present it to the user, e.g., determine a cost or savings value of the HVAC equipment 150 operating in the resilience mode and the arbitrage mode and/or benefit for operating in the resilience mode or arbitrage mode. For example, if the resilience mode for the battery operation mode is selected, the controller 110 can be designed, programmed, or otherwise configured to calculate the improvement of battery life relative to if the resilience mode was not implemented, and the interface can be designed, programmed, or otherwise configured to present a message to the user such as ‘Battery Operation Mode controlled your HVAC system to make your battery last 4 hours longer’, or ‘Battery Operation Mode controlled your HVAC system to enable you to participate in your utilities arbitrage program 14 times this month’.

The network 140 can be, for example, the Internet, a cellular network, a wireless network (WiFi), and the like. The network 140 can be connected to one or more of the controller 110, the external load management controller, and the HVAC UX 130 via a network interface, e.g., card, controller, or the like, that is in communication with the network 140 via a wired connection, according to an embodiment. In another embodiment, the network interface can be in communication with the network 140 via a wireless communication, such as, but not limited to, WiFi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Z-Wave, other radio frequency (RF) communication, and the like.

The HVAC equipment 150 is electrically connected to a utility grid 160 to supply power to the HVAC system using grid power and to a stored energy source 170, such as, at least one battery, e.g., electrochemical battery, to supply stored energy to the electrically connected HVAC equipment 150. In some embodiments, the HVAC equipment 150 is designed or configured to switch between the grid power and the power from the stored energy source, for example, via circuitry including a transfer switch and/or switch that disconnects/connects the grid power and the stored energy source, as discussed above.

The HVAC equipment 150 can represent any of a variety of equipment or component(s) configured for use in the HVAC system 100 (as further illustrated in FIG. 4) for heating and cooling a building, for example, but not limited to, an outdoor unit (such as, but not limited to, an air conditioning condenser), an indoor unit (such as, but not limited to, a refrigerant heat exchanger and/or a furnace), and other equipment (such as, but not limited to, a humidifier, a dehumidifier, air exchanger, and the like), and can include additional components such as, but not limited to, a compressor, heat exchanger, a blower, a fan, a sensor, and the like, and associated controls thereof (referred to herein as “equipment”).

In an embodiment, a sensor, such as, a temperature sensor can be provided in the conditioned space such that the controller 110 controls the conditioned space to a user selected temperature setpoint for the conditioned space. For example, the HVAC UX 130 can represent a thermostat including the temperature sensor (not shown) and can be programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to send a signal to the controller 110 for operation thereof. The sensor is optional and may not be a part of the controller 110, but can be in communication with the controller 110 and/or the HVAC UX 130. The sensor can include a sensor other than a temperature sensor. For example, if the controller 110 is configured to control humidity or air quality, the sensor can respectively represent a humidity sensor or an air quality sensor.

As discussed above, the HVAC UX 130 and/or the external load management controller 120 can be used to send a signal to the controller 110 to operate the HVAC equipment 150 (or that the HVAC equipment 150 is operating) in either the grid operation mode, e.g., normal or default mode in which power is supplied from the utility grid 160, or a battery operation mode, in which the HVAC equipment 150 is supplied power from the stored energy source 170. For example, the HVAC equipment 150 is designed or otherwise configured to switch between the grid power and the power from the stored energy source, for example, via circuitry including a transfer switch and/or switch that disconnects/connects the grid power and the stored energy source, e.g., 122 of FIG. 1.

In the grid operation mode, the controller 110 can be programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to operate the HVAC equipment 150 in a user selected configuration and/or operation. In some embodiments, the user selected configuration and/or operation for the HVAC equipment 150 can include maintaining a temperature setpoint for a conditioned space, e.g., using physical sensor state data, in which a minimum setpoint error is provided as quickly as possible by adjusting and/or modifying one or more control variables, such as, compressor load limit, compressor speed, evaporator temperature, proportional, integral, or derivative control loop gains, acceptable setpoint deviation/error, setpoint, supply fan speed, duty cycle, or the like. While a variable speed compressor or fan is discussed herein, such disclosure is not intended to be limiting. Rather, other compressor or fan operations can also be included, such as, a 24v control system could be used as well, in which the user selected configuration and/or operation, can include, but not limited to, acceptable setpoint deviation/error, and some other parameters are used on such a single speed system.

In some embodiments, when in the battery operation mode, the controller 110 can be programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to further provide selectable operation of the HVAC equipment 150 between one or more modes or sub-modes that include a resilience mode that is configured to conserve battery life of the stored energy source and an arbitrage mode that is configured to manage operation of the HVAC equipment 150 for a predetermined period of time, such as the duration of a peak demand event, or duration a user may be sleeping or an amount of time before the user intends to go to sleep.

In the resilience mode, the controller 110 is programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to operate the HVAC equipment 150 to maximize the operational efficiency, for example, prioritizing operational efficiency over optimized performance or performance level of the HVAC equipment 150. In some embodiments, the operational efficiency can be maximized by limiting input power to the HVAC equipment 150. In some embodiments, the controller 100 is configured to choose and/or adjust one or more of the plurality of parameters/control variables so as to maximize the operational efficiency of the HVAC equipment 150 during a cooling mode or heating mode, respectively, to extend battery life of the stored energy source 170. In some embodiments, the controller 110 can include an algorithm or model that is a function of input power and/or performance of the HVAC equipment 150. In some embodiments, the algorithm or model can be a trained predictive model that can include model parameters that include, but are not limited, to ambient temperature, compressor load limit/output, % of performance, compressor speed, evaporator temperature, setpoint variation limit, acceptable setpoint deviation/error, setpoint, supply fan speed, proportional, integral, or derivative control loop gains, duty cycle, or the like, that affect the energy used by the HVAC equipment 150. In some embodiments, one or more of the parameters/control variables can be mapped to the discharge air temperature of the HVAC equipment 150, e.g., to provide upper limits of rotational speed of one or more of the compressor, fans, etc. to prevent or avoid operation of the HVAC equipment 150 in a higher, less efficient operational stage.

As such, the controller 110 is configured to manage or operate the HVAC equipment 150 to maximize operational efficiency by adjusting one or more of the parameters/control variables to conserve or maximize battery life of the stored energy source 170. For example, the controller 110 can limit the load of the HVAC equipment 150, e.g., limit load output to no more than 70% of total capacity of the HVAC equipment 150. In some embodiments, the controller 110 can be designed, programmed, or otherwise configured to adjust the control variables to result in longer time to achieve a setpoint, or greater deviation from setpoint, because reduced performance may be preferred to shorter battery life. In some embodiments, the model or algorithm for controlling the HVAC equipment 150 can further be configured to determine the amount of energy (or power) required (or currently being used) to operate the HVAC equipment 150 to the conditioning condition, e.g., temperature, humidity, air quality, given the ambient conditions for the conditioned space. In other embodiments, the algorithm or model can include determining how much energy or power is necessary to maintain the HVAC equipment at the user selected setpoint based on the one or more parameters/control variables, e.g., allowed variation of setpoint and time allowed to reach setpoint, and then selecting the variables that minimize power consumption, e.g., using a mapped or fitted model. In some embodiments, in the resilience mode, the controller 110 can revise or update the control signal based on selected time intervals for operation of the HVAC equipment 150 to ensure operation for as long as possible, e.g., by continuously updating the parameters/variables, or providing updated operation parameters of the one or more control variables on selected time intervals of every 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 minutes, every 4, 8, 12 hours, or every day.

In the arbitrage mode, the controller 110 is programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to manage operation of the HVAC equipment 150 for a predetermined period of time, e.g., based on user selected parameters, such as, duration of running in the arbitrage mode, and/or the power available in the stored energy source 170, in which the controller 110 is configured to choose and/or adjust one or more of the plurality of parameters/control variables to optimize performance of the HVAC equipment 150, such as, emphasizing occupant comfort over operational efficiency, for the predetermined period of time, for example, based on the power available in the stored energy source 170 and/or at a performance level of the HVAC equipment 150 for a predetermined period of time. The selection of the arbitrage mode by the user can be based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, cost of operating the HVAC equipment 150 on utility power or stored energy, expected duration of a power outage, emphasis of occupant comfort, avoiding peak power demand, reducing carbon dioxide production, or the like. That is, the arbitrage mode is configured to allow the user to optionally operate the HVAC equipment 150 off of the stored energy source for some duration of time, in which the operation of the HVAC equipment 150 can be managed based on user preferences, e.g., operational constraints, such as, occupant comfort, cost of power/energy, upper/lower limits, or the like, e.g., guide operation of the HVAC equipment 150 between selected limits. In some embodiments, the controller 110 can include an algorithm or model that is a function of one or more of input power, available state of charge of the stored energy source 170, and user selected parameters, such as, duration of arbitrage mode, setpoint temperature, setpoint dewpoint, maximum or minimum % of performance of the HVAC equipment 150, or the like. In some embodiments, the algorithm or model can be a trained predictive model that can include model parameters that include, but not limited, to ambient temperature, user selected temperature for the controlled space, duration of arbitrage mode, compressor load limit/output, % of performance, compressor speed, evaporator temperature, setpoint variation limit, acceptable setpoint deviation/error, setpoint, supply fan speed, proportional, integral, or derivative control loop gains, duty cycle, or the like, that can affect power consumption by the HVAC equipment 150. In some embodiments, one or more of the parameters/control variables can be mapped to the discharge air temperature of the HVAC equipment 150, e.g., that emphasize occupant comfort and/or the predetermined period of time over operational efficiency.

For example, in some embodiments, a period target duration for operating the HVAC system, e.g., predetermined period of time, can be received by the controller, e.g., to run for 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 5 days, 7 days, 14 days. As such, the controller 110 can be designed, programmed, or otherwise configured to determine the maximum % performance the HVAC equipment 150 can be operated to run for the predetermined period of time, e.g., if the user selects to run in arbitrage mode for 5 days, the controller 110 can be programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to determine the performance parameters to operate the HVAC equipment 150 for 5 days. In some embodiments, the controller 110 can control the HVAC equipment 150 to operate at a user selected temperature preference, e.g., at 70 degrees Celsius, for a predetermined period of time, e.g., between 1 and 10 days, even though such operation may deplete the power available in the stored energy source 170 at a quicker rate than maximizing operational efficiency, e.g., in the resilience mode. In some embodiments, the controller 110 may limit the load of the HVAC equipment 150 to achieve the user selected load reduction for a desired period of time, e.g., reduce HVAC equipment 150 load by 10, 20, 30, or 40 % for 1 to 10 days, by adjusting and/or modifying one or more control variables, e.g., to ensure operation for the user selected predetermined period of time at the reduced load. That is, in the arbitrage mode, the controller 110 can be designed, programmed, or otherwise configured manage or operate the HVAC equipment 150 for the predetermined period of time within operational constraints selected by the user. In some embodiments, in the arbitrage mode, the controller 110 can revise or update the control signal based on selected time intervals for operation of the HVAC equipment 150 to ensure operation for as long as possible, e.g., by continuously updating the parameters/variables, or providing updated operation parameters of the one or more control variables on selected time intervals of every 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 minutes, every 4, 8, 12 hours, or every day, and adjusting the % of performance of the HVAC equipment 150.

In some embodiments, a weather prediction module can be communicatively connected to the controller 110. The weather prediction module can be a processor-enabled device that receives weather data and/or predicted weather data that is inputted manually or automatically retrieved from the Internet that can be communicated to the controller 110. As such, the controller 110 can include a predictive model or algorithm that uses the weather data and/or the predicted weather data in revising and/or updating the control signal for operation of the HVAC equipment 150 based on the weather data, e.g., adjusts control of the HVAC equipment 150 based on future load. That is, when the weather prediction includes information that ambient load is decreasing, the controller 110 is configured to operate the HVAC system to prioritize performance operation of the HVAC equipment prior to the ambient load decreasing, or when the ambient load is increasing, the controller 100 is configured to operate the HVAC system to prioritize the conserving of the battery life of the stored energy source prior to the ambient load increasing. For example, if the controller 110 is operating the HVAC equipment 150 in the resilience mode, and the weather is predicted to be hotter in two days, while still operating in the resilience mode, the controller 110 can reduce the load limit of the HVAC equipment 150 to extend the battery life of the stored energy source 170, since hotter temperatures require more power to provide the requisite cooling for the conditioned space, e.g., the controller is configured to determine that battery capacity will be needed later because it is about to get hot, so the controller is configured to limit battery use now so that we have more battery left for later use. Similarly, if the controller 110 is operating the HVAC equipment 150 in the arbitrage mode, and the weather is predicted to be hotter in two days, while still operating in the arbitrage mode, the controller 110 can reduce the load limit of the HVAC equipment 150 to ensure operation of the HVAC equipment 150, e.g., based on the predicted load, available power/state of charge (or charge) in the stored energy source, and for the predetermined period of time, since hotter temperatures require more power to provide the requisite cooling for the conditioned space. Conversely, if the controller 110 is operating the HVAC equipment 150 in the arbitrage mode, and the weather is predicted to be cooler in two days, while still operating in the arbitrage mode, the controller 110 can increase the load limit of the HVAC equipment 150, e.g., to allow more cooling, in the near term, e.g., prioritize performance for user comfort and energy use in the near term, for operation of the HVAC equipment 150 for the predetermined period of time, since cooler temperatures require less power to provide the requisite cooling for the conditioned space.

In some embodiments, the switching of the operation of the HVAC system 100 or HVAC equipment 150 from the grid operation mode to the battery operation mode can be implemented by an automatic signal that is sent to the controller 110 when a given condition is met. For example, in an embodiment, when there is power interruption, e.g., due to loss of power from the utility grid 160, for example, from an outage or grid failure, the controller 110 can receive a signal to switch the HVAC equipment 150 to the battery operation mode. In some embodiments, the signal can be received from the external load management controller 120 or HVAC UX 130, in which the signal can be implemented through an interface, either remotely or through direct integration, or via a direct digital signal. In some embodiments, the automatic switching from the grid operation mode to the battery operation mode can automatically select the resilience mode operation for the HVAC equipment 150, e.g., if arbitrage mode is not selected. Conversely, in some embodiments, the switching of the operation of the HVAC equipment 150 to the grid operation mode (from the battery operation mode) can be implemented by an automatic signal that is sent to the controller 110 when another condition is met, e.g., no more power is available in the stored energy source 170 or when available power reaches a low threshold value, e.g., 10% power remaining, and/or when power is restored to the utility grid 160.

In some embodiments, the controller 110 can be further programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to switch the HVAC equipment 150 to the resilience mode when in the battery operation mode, when a given set of condition(s) is met. For example, in an embodiment, the controller 110 can switch the HVAC equipment 150 to the resilience mode when the stored energy source 170 drops below a predetermined threshold, e.g., between 50-80% state of charge and the stored energy source 170 is not being charged by the utility grid 160, otherwise, the HVAC equipment 150 can remain operating at the performance and/or efficiency conditions selected by the user. As such, the HVAC equipment 150 can remain operational based on the state of charge of the stored energy source 170. In some embodiments, if the user wants to maintain the HVAC equipment 150 at the performance/efficiency operation selected, the user can select the same to bypass the resilience mode.

The stored energy source 170 includes one or more batteries that can be charged using the grid power from the utility grid 160. The one or more batteries are configured to store energy, e.g., power from the utility grid, for later use, e.g., via charging of capacitors. In some embodiments, the stored energy source 170 can include a capacitance sensor or battery meter for measuring the state of charge or stored energy potential of the stored energy source 170. It is understood that while the use of the power from the utility grid 160 is discussed herein for charging the stored energy source 170, such disclosure is not intended to be limiting, but rather, other energy source can be used for such charging the stored energy source 170, e.g., solar, wind, or the like.

FIG. 2 illustrates a flowchart of a method 200 to operate a HVAC system (e.g., the HVAC system 100 of FIG. 1) having an HVAC equipment (e.g., HVAC equipment 150 of FIG. 1) using a controller (e.g., controller 110 of FIG. 1). The method 200 generally includes an interface, e.g., user interface or GUI, on a HVAC UX, such as, HVAC UX 130 of FIG. 1, or a load management controller, such as, external load management controller 120 of FIG. 1, that displays a plurality of configuration options to receive a user input for selection of the same. In an embodiments, the interface can include sliders, buttons, or the like that allow the user to select the configuration options based on numerical values, such as, a slider scale from 1 to 5, buttons having numerical values of 1 to 5, and/or allowing user inputs, in which the controller is programmed to operate the HVAC system or equipment based on the configuration options, e.g., control load output by the HVAC system or equipment based on performance operation versus operational efficiency constraints.

The method 200 begins optionally at 205 in which an input from the user regarding the plurality of configuration options is received on the interface, which can include, but not limited to, user selection of operation of the HVAC system or equipment in a battery operation mode (or grid operation mode), one or more of the sub-modes, such as, resilience mode or arbitrage mode, and/or providing efficiency and/or performance constraints for operating the HVAC system or HVAC equipment. In an embodiment, the interface can be provided to set battery mode limits to a percentage of overall capacity or a discrete list of settings, such as, ranging from no performance reduction to low/medium/high performance reduction with corresponding high/medium/low stored energy source duration improvements and/or timing, magnitude, duration, or other elements of the resilience mode and/or arbitrage mode to change or manage operation of the HVAC equipment based on the selected limits. For example, in an embodiment, the efficiency and performance constraints can include targets, constraints or other limits regarding how long the HVAC system or HVAC equipment can be operated at a particular performance level, e.g., 70-100% state of charge while operating in the battery operation mode, and/or at a particular battery level. In an embodiment, the efficiency and performance constraints can include a low limit performance level, e.g., when the external load management controller is in the off-grid mode, in which the controller is programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to not limit performance of the HVAC system or HVAC equipment, e.g., at the user selected cooling or heating level and/or % performance of the HVAC equipment, unless the state of charge of the stored energy source falls below a predetermined battery state of charge level, e.g., 80%, or 50%, or below 40% or 30%. In some embodiments, the method can include automatically switching to the resilience mode (if operating in arbitrage mode or in off-grid mode) based on the constraints and/or limits. In another embodiment, the efficiency and performance constraints can include a low limit performance level in which the method includes reducing the performance of the HVAC system or HVAC equipment at incremented levels, e.g., at 1 or 5 degree values and/or between 5% and 25 % performance. For example, when the state of charge of the stored energy source falls below 80%, the setpoint for cooling can be increased by 1 degree and/or the performance operation of the HVAC equipment can be decreased by 5%, when the state of charge of the stored energy source falls below 50%, the setpoint for cooling can be increased by 5 degrees and/or the performance of the HVAC equipment can be decreased by 10%, and when the state of charge of the stored energy source falls below 40%, the controller switches to resilience mode. In an embodiment, the method can include managing the performance of the HVAC system or HVAC equipment to maintain occupant comfort or user selected operation and/or operational efficiency, when in the battery operation mode, as a function of battery life remaining, e.g., remaining state of charge of the stored energy source. In an embodiment, the method can include automatically shifting from performance operation, for example, while in the arbitrage mode, to operational efficiency optimization, e.g., such as in the resilience mode, as a function of the % state of charge remaining in the stored energy source. For example, in an embodiment, the shifting can occur when the state of charge of the stored energy source drops below 50%, such that the HVAC system or HVAC equipment is operated in the resilience mode. As such, the efficient operation of the HVAC system or HVAC equipment is provided, thereby enabling higher HVAC system or HVAC equipment performance/comfort when the stored energy source is relatively full, but can shift gradually towards operational efficiency to maintain operation with a depleting stored energy source.

In some embodiments, the method can include providing user value visualization based on the selected operation mode, e.g., a cost or savings value. For example, in an embodiment, the interface can be used to show percent state of charge of the stored energy source, and/or predicted operation time (or cost) of the HVAC system or HVAC equipment based on the selected operation mode, e.g., resilience mode or arbitrage mode. In an embodiment, the interface may be designed, programmed, or otherwise configured to itemize the user value of the selected feature or operation and present it to the user, e.g., determine a cost or savings value of the HVAC equipment operating in the resilience mode and the arbitrage mode and/or benefit for operating in the resilience mode or arbitrage mode. For example, if the resilience mode for the battery operation mode is selected, the method can include calculating the improvement of battery life relative to if the resilience mode was not implemented, and the interface can be designed, programmed, or otherwise configured to present a message to the user such as ‘Battery Operation Mode controlled your HVAC system to make your battery last 4 hours longer’, or ‘Battery Operation Mode controlled your HVAC system to enable you to participate in your utilities arbitrage program 14 times this month’.

At 210, the HVAC system or equipment can be operated in the grid mode, in which the HVAC system or equipment is operated from power supplied from the utility grid. As such, the HVAC system or equipment is operated based on performance user selected configuration and/or operation, which can include minimum setpoint error, user preferences, such as, temperature deviation, peak power consumption, % of performance, or the like, since the power supplied to the HVAC system or equipment can be continuously supplied. The method can then proceed to 215.

At 215, the method includes the controller receiving a signal, or no longer receiving a signal, e.g., sent from a HVAC UX 130 or external load management controller 120, that indicates to operate the HVAC system or equipment in a battery operation mode such that the HVAC system or equipment is supplied power from a stored energy source, e.g., stored energy source 170 of FIG. 1. In some embodiments, the signal received by the controller to switch to the battery operation mode can be implemented by an automatic signal that is sent to the controller when a given condition is met. For example, in an embodiment, when there is power interruption, e.g., due to loss of power from the utility grid 160, for example, from an outage or grid failure, the controller can receive a signal to switch the HVAC equipment to the battery operation mode. In some embodiments, the signal can be received from the external load management controller or HVAC UX, in which the signal can be implemented through an interface, either remotely or through direct integration, or via a direct digital signal. The method can then proceed to 220.

At 220, the HVAC UX or external load management controller can be configured to provide the controller instructions, e.g., control signal, for the selectable operation of the HVAC equipment between one or more modes or sub-modes that include a resilience mode that is configured to conserve battery life of the stored energy source and an arbitrage mode that is configured to manage operation of the HVAC equipment for a predetermined period of time. The method can proceed to either 225 or 245.

At 225, when the resilience mode is selected, the HVAC equipment is operated to maximize the operational efficiency, for example, prioritizing operational efficiency over optimized performance or performance level of the HVAC equipment. In some embodiments, the operational efficiency can be maximized by limiting input power to the HVAC equipment. In some embodiments, the controller is configured to choose and/or adjust one or more of the plurality of parameters/control variables so as to maximize the operational efficiency of the HVAC equipment during a cooling mode or heating mode, respectively, to extend battery life of the stored energy source. In some embodiments, an algorithm or model that is a function of input power and/or performance of the HVAC equipment can be used. In some embodiments, the algorithm or model can be a trained predictive model that can include model parameters that include, but are not limited, to ambient temperature, compressor load limit/output, % of performance, compressor speed, evaporator temperature, setpoint variation limit, acceptable setpoint deviation/error, setpoint, supply fan speed, proportional, integral, or derivative control loop gains, duty cycle, or the like, that affect the energy used by the HVAC equipment. In some embodiments, one or more of the parameters/control variables can be mapped to the discharge air temperature of the HVAC equipment, e.g., to provide upper limits of rotational speed of one or more of the compressor, fans, etc. to prevent or avoid operation of the HVAC equipment in a higher, less efficient operational stage.

As such, the HVAC equipment is managed or operated to maximize operational efficiency by adjusting one or more of the parameters/control variables to conserve or maximize battery life of the stored energy source. For example, the controller can limit the load of the HVAC equipment, e.g., limit load output to no more than 70% of total capacity of the HVAC equipment. In some embodiments, the method can include adjusting the control variables to result in longer time to achieve a setpoint, or greater deviation from setpoint, because reduced performance may be preferred to shorter battery life. In some embodiments, the model or algorithm for controlling the HVAC equipment can further be configured to determine the amount of energy (or power) required (or currently being used) to operate the HVAC equipment to the conditioning condition, e.g., temperature, humidity, air quality, given the ambient conditions for the conditioned space. In other embodiments, the algorithm or model can include determining how much energy or power is necessary to maintain the HVAC equipment at the user selected setpoint based on the one or more parameters/control variables, e.g., allowed variation of setpoint and time allowed to reach setpoint, and then selecting the variables that minimize power consumption, e.g., using a mapped or fitted model. In some embodiments, in the resilience mode, the method can include revising or updating the control signal based on selected time intervals for operation of the HVAC equipment 150 to ensure operation for as long as possible, e.g., by continuously updating the parameters/variables, or providing updated operation parameters of the one or more control variables on selected time intervals of every 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 minutes, every 4, 8, 12 hours, or every day. The method 200 may then optionally proceed to 230.

At 230, optionally, weather data and/or predicted weather data from a weather prediction module can be used to update or revise the predictive model or algorithm to revise and/or update the control signal for operation of the HVAC equipment based on the weather data, e.g., adjusts control/operation of the HVAC equipment based on future load. That is, when the weather prediction includes information that ambient load is decreasing, the controller is configured to operate the HVAC system to prioritize performance operation of the HVAC equipment prior to the ambient load decreasing, or when the ambient load is increasing, the controller is configured to operate the HVAC system to prioritize the conserving of the battery life of the stored energy source prior to the ambient load increasing. For example, if the controller is operating the HVAC equipment in the resilience mode, and the weather is predicted to be hotter in two days, while still operating in the resilience mode, the controller can reduce the load limit of the HVAC equipment to extend the battery life of the stored energy source, since hotter temperatures require more power to provide the requisite cooling for the conditioned space. The method 200 may then proceed to 235.

At 235, the controller can receive a signal to return to grid mode operation, e.g., “YES” signal, such that the HVAC equipment is supplied power from the utility grid. The return to grid mode signal can be received from the external load management controller or the HVAC UX, and/or due to depletion of the state of charge of the stored energy source, e.g., no more power remains available to operate the HVAC equipment. The signal from the external load management controller or the HVAC UX can be from user selection if the user no longer wishes to run the HVAC system on the battery operation mode. The method 200 may return to 210 or proceed to 240.

At 240, if the user does not select to return to operating the HVAC system on the grid power, e.g., the signal is “NO” or not “YES”, the controller may automatically send a signal or switch to the grid mode, e.g., return to step 210, when the stored energy is depleted, e.g., power is no longer available from the stored energy source.

At 245, when the arbitrage mode is selected, the HVAC equipment can be managed or operated for a predetermined period of time, e.g., based on user selected parameters, such as, duration of running in the arbitrage mode, and/or the power available in the stored energy source, in which one or more of the plurality of parameters/control variables are chosen and/or adjusted to optimize performance of the HVAC equipment. In some embodiments, in the arbitrage mode, the user selected parameters can include, but not limited to, emphasizing occupant comfort over operational efficiency, for the predetermined period of time, for example, based on the power available in the stored energy source and/or at a performance level of the HVAC equipment for a predetermined period of time. The selection of the arbitrage mode by the user can also be based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, cost of operating the HVAC equipment on utility power or stored energy, expected duration of a power outage, emphasis of occupant comfort, avoiding peak power demand, reducing carbon dioxide production, or the like. That is, the arbitrage mode is configured to allow the user to optionally operate the HVAC equipment off of the stored energy source for some duration of time, in which the operation of the HVAC equipment can be managed based on user preferences, e.g., operational constraints, such as, occupant comfort, cost of power/energy, upper/lower limits, or the like, e.g., guide operation of the HVAC equipment between selected limits. In some embodiments, the controller can include an algorithm or model that is a function of one or more of input power, available state of charge of the stored energy source, and user selected parameters, such as, duration of arbitrage mode, setpoint temperature, setpoint dewpoint, maximum or minimum % of performance of the HVAC equipment, or the like. In some embodiments, the algorithm or model can be a trained predictive model that can include model parameters that include, but not limited, to ambient temperature, user selected temperature for the controlled space, duration of arbitrage mode, compressor load limit/output, % of performance, compressor speed, evaporator temperature, setpoint variation limit, acceptable setpoint deviation/error, setpoint, supply fan speed, proportional, integral, or derivative control loop gains, duty cycle, or the like, that can affect power consumption by the HVAC equipment. In some embodiments, one or more of the parameters/control variables can be mapped to the discharge air temperature of the HVAC equipment, e.g., that emphasize occupant comfort and/or the predetermined period of time over operational efficiency.

In some embodiments, before or after step 245, the controller can receive from the external load management controller or the HVAC UX, e.g., at step 250, a period target duration for operating the HVAC system at a user selected performance, e.g., run for 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 5 days, 7 days, 14 days. As such, the controller can be designed, programmed, or otherwise configured to determine the maximum % performance the HVAC equipment can be operated to run for the predetermined period of time, e.g., if the user selects to run in arbitrage mode for 5 days, the controller can be programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to determine the performance parameters to operate the HVAC equipment for 5 days. In some embodiments, the controller can control the HVAC equipment to operate at a user selected temperature preference, e.g., at 70 degrees Celsius, for a predetermined period of time, e.g., between 1 and 10 days, even though such operation may deplete the power available in the stored energy source at a quicker rate than maximizing operational efficiency, e.g., in the resilience mode. In some embodiments, the controller may limit the load of the HVAC equipment to achieve the user selected load reduction for a desired period of time, e.g., reduce HVAC equipment load for 1 to 10 days, by adjusting and/or modifying one or more control variables, e.g., to ensure operation for the user selected predetermined period of time. That is, in the arbitrage mode, the controller can be designed, programmed, or otherwise configured manage or operate the HVAC equipment for the predetermined period of time within operational constraints selected by the user. In some embodiments, in the arbitrage mode, the controller can revise or update the control signal based on selected time intervals for operation of the HVAC equipment 150 to ensure operation for as long as possible, e.g., by continuously updating the parameters/variables, or providing updated operation parameters of the one or more control variables on selected time intervals of every 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 minutes, every 4, 8, 12 hours, or every day, and adjusting the % of performance of the HVAC equipment. The method 200 may then optionally proceed to 255.

At 255, optionally, weather data and/or predicted weather data from a weather prediction module can be utilized to update or revise the predictive model or algorithm to revise and/or update the control signal for operation of the HVAC equipment based on the weather data, e.g., adjusts control of the HVAC equipment based on future load. That is, when the weather prediction includes information that ambient load is decreasing, the controller is configured to operate the HVAC system to prioritize performance operation of the HVAC equipment prior to the ambient load decreasing, or when the ambient load is increasing, the controller is configured to operate the HVAC system to prioritize the conserving of the battery life of the stored energy source prior to the ambient load increasing. For example, if the controller is operating the HVAC equipment in the arbitrage mode, and the weather is predicted to be hotter in two days, while still operating in the arbitrage mode, the controller can reduce the load limit of the HVAC equipment to ensure operation of the HVAC equipment, e.g., based on the predicted load, available power/state of charge in the stored energy source, and for the predetermined period of time, since hotter temperatures require more power to provide the requisite cooling for the conditioned space. Conversely, if the controller is operating the HVAC equipment in the arbitrage mode, and the weather is predicted to be cooler in two days, while still operating in the arbitrage mode, the controller can increase the load limit of the HVAC equipment, e.g., to allow more cooling, in the near term, e.g., prioritize performance and energy use in the near term, for operation of the HVAC equipment for the predetermined period of time, since cooler temperatures require less power to provide the requisite cooling for the conditioned space. The method 200 may then proceed to 260.

At 260, the controller can receive a signal to return to grid mode operation, e.g., “YES” signal, such that the HVAC equipment is supplied power from the utility grid and returns to 210. The return to grid mode signal can be received from the external load management controller or the HVAC UX, and/or due to depletion of the stored energy source, e.g., no more power remains in the stored energy source to operate the HVAC equipment. The signal from the external load management controller or the HVAC UX can be from user selection if the user no longer wishes to run the HVAC system on the battery operation mode. The method 200 may return to 210 or proceed to 265.

At 265, when there is no signal to return to grid operation mode, e.g., “NO” or not “YES” signal, the controller may achieve load reduction for the predetermined period of time by limiting the load of the HVAC equipment to achieve the user selected operation of the HVAC system for the predetermined period of time, e.g., for 1 to 14 days, by adjusting and/or modifying one or more control variables, such as, compressor load limit, % of performance, compressor speed, evaporator temperature, acceptable setpoint deviation/error, proportional, integral, or derivative control loop gains, duty cycle, setpoint, supply fan speed, or the like. In some embodiments, the controller can determine the amount of state of charge remaining in the stored energy source, the amount of energy required to operate the HVAC system, and control the HVAC system to operate for the duration of the predetermined period of time. In some embodiments, the external load management controller or the HVAC UX can be programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to prompt the user if they want to implement a more aggressive load reduction, e.g., “YES” signal, to operate the HVAC system for the duration of the arbitrage mode, for example, at 205, e.g., further adjust the % of performance. In some embodiments, when the user determines that performance operation of the HVAC equipment should be implemented, e.g., “NO” signal, the controller can be configured to operate the HVAC equipment until the power available in the stored energy source is depleted. The method 200 may then return to 205 or 210.

FIG. 3 is an example illustration of operating the HVAC system (such as, HVAC system 100) or equipment (such as, HVAC equipment 150) during an arbitrage mode of operation according to an embodiment. For example, in an embodiment, an HVAC controller (such as, HVAC controller 110) of the HVAC system or equipment can be configured to operate the HVAC system or equipment in the arbitrage mode for a predetermined number of days or hours, in which operation in the arbitrage mode is based on the battery state of charge of the stored energy source as an operational constraint. As such, while the HVAC controller controls the HVAC system or controller to maintain the user selected temperature, for example, for illustrative purposes only, at a temperature of 68 deg. C, while the battery state of charge of the stored energy source (such as, stored energy source 170) is at 100%, as the battery state of charge of the stored energy source is depleted, e.g., at 80%, 60%, 40%, the HVAC controller is configured to reduce performance of the HVAC system or equipment, e.g., by increasing the temperature set point by 1 degrees, 5 degrees, and/or switching operation of the HVAC system or equipment from arbitrage mode to resilience mode, to ensure operation of the HVAC system or equipment for the predetermined period of time (or as long as possible based on the user selected operational constraints).

FIG. 4 is an example embodiment of an HVAC system 400 (such as, HVAC system 100) having HVAC equipment (such as, HVAC equipment 150) having any of the features as discussed herein and/or for implementing any of the methods discussed above for controlling a climate within an indoor space 402.

In this embodiment, the HVAC system 400 is a heat pump system. Most generally, the HVAC system 400 may be selectively operated to implement one or more substantially closed thermodynamic refrigeration cycles to provide a heating functionality (hereinafter “heating mode”) and/or a cooling functionality (hereinafter “cooling mode”). It should be appreciated that reference to the HVAC system 400 is not intended to limit the other types of climate control systems in which the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied (e.g., non-heat pump air conditioning systems, gas furnace, electrical heater, hydronic system, etc.).

The HVAC system 400 generally includes an indoor unit 403, an outdoor unit 404, and a system controller 406 (which can be the external load management controller 120 and/or the HVAC UX 130, discussed above) that may generally control operation of the indoor unit 403 and/or the outdoor unit 404. The indoor unit 403 may generally be located within an indoor space 402, while the outdoor unit 404 may generally be located outside of the indoor space 402. In some embodiments, some or all of the components of the indoor unit 403 may be located outside of the indoor space 402. Thus, the arrangement of indoor unit 403 and outdoor unit 404 (and/or any other component of HVAC system 400) relative to the indoor space 402 is merely indicative of some embodiments, and should not be interpreted as limiting against other potential arrangements in other embodiments.

Indoor unit 403 generally includes an indoor air handling unit including one or more HVAC equipment or components, such as, an indoor heat exchanger 451, an indoor fan 452, an indoor metering device 453, etc. and an indoor controller 454 (which can be the HVAC equipment controller 110) that is connected to the HVAC equipment. The indoor heat exchanger 451 may generally be configured to promote heat exchange between refrigerant carried within internal tubing of the indoor heat exchanger 451 and an airflow that may contact the indoor heat exchanger 451 but that is segregated from the refrigerant. Specifically, indoor heat exchanger 451 may include a coil (which may include a single or multiple coils or tubes) for channeling the refrigerant therethrough that segregates the refrigerant from any air flowing through indoor heat exchanger 451 during operations. In some embodiments, the indoor heat exchanger 451 may comprise a plate-fin heat exchanger.

The indoor fan 452 may generally comprise a centrifugal blower comprising a blower housing, a blower impeller at least partially disposed within the blower housing, and a blower motor configured to selectively rotate the blower impeller. The indoor fan 452 may generally be configured to provide airflow through the indoor unit 403 and/or the indoor heat exchanger 451 (specifically across or over the coil) to promote heat transfer between the airflow and a refrigerant flowing through the coil of the indoor heat exchanger 451. The indoor fan 452 may also be configured to deliver temperature-conditioned air from the indoor unit 403 to one or more areas and/or zones of an indoor space 402. The indoor fan 452 may generally comprise a mixed-flow fan and/or any other suitable type of fan. The indoor fan 452 may generally be configured as a modulating and/or variable speed fan capable of being operated at many speeds over one or more speed ranges. In other embodiments, the indoor fan 452 may be configured as a multiple speed fan capable of being operated at a plurality of operating speeds by selectively electrically powering different ones of multiple electromagnetic windings of a motor of the indoor fan 452. In yet other embodiments, however, the indoor fan 452 may be a single speed fan.

The indoor metering device 453 may generally include an electronically-controlled motor-driven electronic expansion valve (EEV). In some embodiments, however, the indoor metering device 453 may comprise a thermostatic expansion valve, a capillary tube assembly, and/or any other suitable metering device. In some embodiments, while the indoor metering device 453 may be configured to meter the volume and/or flow rate of refrigerant through the indoor metering device 453, the indoor metering device 453 may also include and/or be associated with a refrigerant check valve and/or refrigerant bypass configuration when the direction of refrigerant flow through the indoor metering device 453 is such that the indoor metering device 453 is not intended to meter or otherwise substantially restrict flow of the refrigerant through the indoor metering device 453.

Outdoor unit 404 generally includes HVAC equipment or components, such as, an outdoor heat exchanger 455, a compressor 456, an outdoor fan, an outdoor metering device 457, a reversing valve 458, and an outdoor controller 459. In some embodiments, the outdoor unit 404 may also include a plurality of temperature sensors for measuring the temperature of the outdoor heat exchanger 455, the compressor 456, and/or the outdoor ambient temperature. The outdoor heat exchanger 455 may generally be configured to promote heat transfer between a refrigerant carried within internal passages of the outdoor heat exchanger 455 and an airflow that contacts the outdoor heat exchanger 455 but that is segregated from the refrigerant. Specifically, outdoor heat exchanger 455 may include a coil (which may comprise a single or multiple coils or tubes) for channeling the refrigerant therethrough that segregates the refrigerant from any air flowing through outdoor heat exchanger 455 during operations. In some embodiments, outdoor heat exchanger 455 may comprise a plate-fin heat exchanger.

The compressor 456 may generally comprise a variable speed scroll-type compressor that may generally be configured to selectively pump refrigerant at a plurality of mass flow rates through the indoor unit 403, the outdoor unit 404, and/or between the indoor unit 403 and the outdoor unit 404. In some embodiments, the compressor 456 may comprise a rotary type compressor configured to selectively pump refrigerant at a plurality of mass flow rates. In some embodiments, however, the compressor 456 may comprise a modulating compressor that is capable of operation over a plurality of speed ranges, a reciprocating-type compressor, a single speed compressor, and/or any other suitable refrigerant compressor and/or refrigerant pump. In some embodiments, the compressor 456 may be controlled by a compressor drive controller, also referred to as a compressor drive and/or a compressor drive system.

The outdoor fan may generally comprise an axial fan comprising a fan blade assembly and fan motor configured to selectively rotate the fan blade assembly. The outdoor fan may generally be configured to provide airflow through the outdoor unit 404 and/or the outdoor heat exchanger 455 (specifically across or over the coil) to promote heat transfer between the airflow and a refrigerant flowing through the coil of outdoor heat exchanger 455. The outdoor fan may generally be configured as a modulating and/or variable speed fan capable of being operated at a plurality of speeds over a plurality of speed ranges. In other embodiments, the outdoor fan may comprise a mixed-flow fan, a centrifugal blower, and/or any other suitable type of fan and/or blower, such as a multiple speed fan capable of being operated at a plurality of operating speeds by selectively electrically powering different multiple electromagnetic windings of a motor of the outdoor fan. In yet other embodiments, the outdoor fan may be a single speed fan. Further, in other embodiments, the outdoor fan may comprise a mixed-flow fan, a centrifugal blower, and/or any other suitable type of fan and/or blower.

The outdoor metering device 457 may generally include a thermostatic expansion valve. In some embodiments, however, the outdoor metering device 457 may comprise an electronically-controlled motor driven EEV similar to indoor metering device 453, a capillary tube assembly, and/or any other suitable metering device.

The reversing valve 458 may generally comprise a four-way reversing valve. The reversing valve 458 may also comprise an electrical solenoid, relay, and/or other device configured to selectively move a component of the reversing valve 458 between operational positions to alter the flow path of refrigerant through the reversing valve 458 and consequently the HVAC system 400. Additionally, the reversing valve 458 may also be selectively controlled by the system controller 406 and/or an outdoor controller 459.

The system controller 406 may generally be configured to selectively communicate with an indoor controller 454 of the indoor unit 403, an outdoor controller 459 of the outdoor unit 404, and/or other components of the HVAC system 400. In some embodiments, the system controller 406 may be configured to control operation of the indoor unit 403 and/or the outdoor unit 404. In some embodiments, the system controller 406 may be configured to monitor and/or communicate, directly or indirectly, with a plurality of sensors associated with components of the indoor unit 403, the outdoor unit 404, etc. The sensors may measure or detect a variety of parameters, such as, for example, pressure, temperature, and flow rate of the refrigerant as well as pressure and temperature of other components or fluids of or associated with HVAC system 400. In some embodiments, the HVAC system 400 may include a sensor (or plurality of sensors) for sensing or detecting the ambient outdoor temperature. Additionally, in some embodiments, the system controller 406 may comprise a temperature sensor and/or may further be configured to control heating and/or cooling of zones associated with the HVAC system 400 (e.g., within the indoor space). In some embodiments, the system controller 406 may be configured as a thermostat, having a temperature sensor and user interface, for controlling the supply of conditioned air to zones associated within the HVAC system 400.

The indoor controller 454 may be carried by the indoor unit 403 and may generally be configured to receive information inputs, transmit information outputs, and/or otherwise communicate with the system controller 406, the outdoor controller 459, and/or any other device. In some embodiments, the indoor controller 454 may be configured to receive information related to a speed of the indoor fan 452, transmit a control output to an electric heat relay, transmit information regarding an indoor fan 452 volumetric flow-rate, communicate with and/or otherwise affect control over an air cleaner, and communicate with an indoor EEV controller. In some embodiments, the indoor controller 454 may be configured to communicate with an indoor fan controller and/or otherwise affect control over operation of the indoor fan 452.

The indoor EEV controller may be configured to receive information regarding temperatures and/or pressures of the refrigerant in the indoor unit 403. More specifically, the indoor EEV controller may be configured to receive information regarding temperatures and pressures of refrigerant entering, exiting, and/or within the indoor heat exchanger 451. Further, the indoor EEV controller may be configured to communicate with the indoor metering device 453 and/or otherwise affect control over the indoor metering device 453. The indoor EEV controller may also be configured to communicate with the outdoor metering device 457 and/or otherwise affect control over the outdoor metering device 457.

The outdoor controller 459 may be carried by the outdoor unit 404 and may be configured to receive information inputs, transmit information outputs, and/or otherwise communicate with the system controller 406, the indoor controller 454, and/or any other device. In some embodiments, the outdoor controller 459 may be configured to receive information related to an ambient temperature associated with the outdoor unit 404, information related to a temperature of the outdoor heat exchanger 455, and/or information related to refrigerant temperatures and/or pressures of refrigerant entering, exiting, and/or within the outdoor heat exchanger 455 and/or the compressor 456. In some embodiments, the outdoor controller 459 may be configured to transmit information related to monitoring, communicating with, and/or otherwise affecting control over the compressor 459, the outdoor fan, a solenoid of the reversing valve 458, a relay associated with adjusting and/or monitoring a refrigerant charge of the HVAC system 400, a position of the indoor metering device 453, and/or a position of the outdoor metering device 457. The outdoor controller 459 may further be configured to communicate with and/or control a compressor drive controller that is configured to electrically power and/or control the compressor 456.

During operations, system controller 406 may generally control the operation of HVAC system 400 through the indoor controller 454, outdoor controller 459, compressor drive controller, indoor fan controller, and indoor EEV controller (e.g., via communication bus). In the description below, specific control methods are described (e.g., method 200). It should be understood that the features of these described methods may be performed (e.g., wholly or partially) by system controller 406, and/or by one or more of controllers 454, 459 as directed by system controller 406. As a result, the controller or controllers of HVAC system 400 may include and execute machine-readable instructions (e.g., non-volatile machine-readable instructions) for performing the operations and methods described in more detail below. In some embodiments, each of the controllers may be embodied in a singular control unit, or may be dispersed throughout the individual controllers as described above.

As discussed above, any one of the system controller 406, the indoor controller 454, and/or the outdoor controller 459 can be programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to operate the HVAC equipment (any one or more of the indoor fan 452, the indoor metering device 453, the compressor 456, the outdoor metering device 457, the reversing valve 458, the outdoor fan, or the like) in a battery operation mode (and/or in a grid operation mode), or that the HVAC equipment is operating in the battery operation mode. In some embodiments any one of the system controller 406, the indoor controller 454, and/or the outdoor controller 459 can be configured to further allow a user to select whether to operate the HVAC equipment in a sub-mode, such as, the resilience mode or arbitrage mode, as discussed above.

In some embodiments, any one or more of the HVAC equipment is electrically connected to a utility grid to supply power to the HVAC system 400 (or equipment or component thereof) using grid power and to a stored energy source, such as, at least one battery, e.g., electrochemical battery, to supply stored energy to the electrically connected HVAC equipment. In some embodiments, the HVAC equipment is designed or configured to switch between the grid power and the power from the stored energy source, for example, via circuitry including a transfer switch and/or switch that disconnects/connects the grid power and the stored energy source, as discussed above.

In some embodiments, when in the battery operation mode, any one of the system controller 406, the indoor controller 454, and/or the outdoor controller 459 can be programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to further provide selectable operation of the HVAC equipment between one or more modes or sub-modes that include a resilience mode that is configured to conserve battery life of the stored energy source and an arbitrage mode that is configured to manage operation of the HVAC equipment for a predetermined period of time, such as the duration of a peak demand event, or duration a user may be sleeping or an amount of time before the user intends to go to sleep.

In the resilience mode, any one of the system controller 406, the indoor controller 454, and/or the outdoor controller 459 is programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to operate the HVAC equipment to maximize the operational efficiency, for example, prioritizing operational efficiency over optimized performance or performance level of the HVAC equipment. In some embodiments, the operational efficiency can be maximized by limiting input power to the HVAC equipment. In some embodiments, any one of the system controller 406, the indoor controller 454, and/or the outdoor controller 459 is configured to choose and/or adjust one or more of the plurality of parameters/control variables so as to maximize the operational efficiency of the HVAC equipment during a cooling mode or heating mode, respectively, to extend battery life of the stored energy source. In some embodiments, any one of the system controller 406, the indoor controller 454, and/or the outdoor controller 459 can include an algorithm or model that is a function of input power and/or performance of the HVAC equipment. In some embodiments, the algorithm or model can be a trained predictive model that can include model parameters that include, but are not limited, to ambient temperature, compressor load limit/output, % of performance, compressor speed, evaporator temperature, setpoint variation limit, acceptable setpoint deviation/error, setpoint, supply fan speed, proportional, integral, or derivative control loop gains, duty cycle, or the like, that affect the energy used by the HVAC equipment. In some embodiments, one or more of the parameters/control variables can be mapped to the discharge air temperature of the HVAC equipment, e.g., to provide upper limits of rotational speed of one or more of the compressor, fans, etc. to prevent or avoid operation of the HVAC equipment in a higher, less efficient operational stage.

As such, any one of the system controller 406, the indoor controller 454, and/or the outdoor controller 459 is configured to manage or operate the HVAC equipment to maximize operational efficiency by adjusting one or more of the parameters/control variables to conserve or maximize battery life of the stored energy source. For example, any one of the system controller 406, the indoor controller 454, and/or the outdoor controller 459 can limit the load of the HVAC equipment, e.g., limit load output to no more than 70% of total capacity of the HVAC equipment, e.g., if a fan or compressor. In some embodiments, any one of the system controller 406, the indoor controller 454, and/or the outdoor controller 459 can be designed, programmed, or otherwise configured to adjust the control variables to result in longer time to achieve a setpoint, or greater deviation from setpoint, because reduced performance may be preferred to shorter battery life. In some embodiments, the model or algorithm for controlling the HVAC equipment can further be configured to determine the amount of energy (or power) required (or currently being used) to operate the HVAC equipment to the conditioning condition, e.g., temperature, humidity, air quality, given the ambient conditions for the conditioned space. In other embodiments, the algorithm or model can include determining how much energy or power is necessary to maintain the HVAC equipment at the user selected setpoint based on the one or more parameters/control variables, e.g., allowed variation of setpoint and time allowed to reach setpoint, and then selecting the variables that minimize power consumption, e.g., using a mapped or fitted model. In some embodiments, in the resilience mode, any one of the system controller 406, the indoor controller 454, and/or the outdoor controller 459 can revise or update the control signal based on selected time intervals for operation of the HVAC equipment to ensure operation for as long as possible, e.g., by continuously updating the parameters/variables, or providing updated operation parameters of the one or more control variables on selected time intervals of every 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 minutes, every 4, 8, 12 hours, or every day.

In the arbitrage mode, any one of the system controller 406, the indoor controller 454, and/or the outdoor controller 459 is programmed, designed, or otherwise configured to manage operation of the HVAC equipment for a predetermined period of time, e.g., based on user selected parameters, such as, duration of running in the arbitrage mode, and/or the power available in the stored energy source, in which any one of the system controller 406, the indoor controller 454, and/or the outdoor controller 459 is configured to choose and/or adjust one or more of the plurality of parameters/control variables to optimize performance of the HVAC equipment, such as, emphasizing occupant comfort over operational efficiency, for the predetermined period of time, for example, based on the power available in the stored energy source and/or at a performance level of the HVAC equipment for a predetermined period of time. The selection of the arbitrage mode by the user can be based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, cost of operating the HVAC equipment on utility power or stored energy, expected duration of a power outage, emphasis of occupant comfort, avoiding peak power demand, reducing carbon dioxide production, or the like. That is, the arbitrage mode is configured to allow the user to optionally operate the HVAC equipment off of the stored energy source for some duration of time, in which the operation of the HVAC equipment can be managed based on user preferences, e.g., operational constraints, such as, occupant comfort, cost of power/energy, upper/lower limits, or the like, e.g., guide operation of the HVAC equipment between selected limits. In some embodiments, any one of the system controller 406, the indoor controller 454, and/or the outdoor controller 459 can include an algorithm or model that is a function of one or more of input power, available state of charge of the stored energy source, and user selected parameters, such as, duration of arbitrage mode, setpoint temperature, setpoint dewpoint, maximum or minimum % of performance of the HVAC equipment, or the like. In some embodiments, the algorithm or model can be a trained predictive model that can include model parameters that include, but not limited, to ambient temperature, user selected temperature for the controlled space, duration of arbitrage mode, compressor load limit/output, % of performance, compressor speed, evaporator temperature, setpoint variation limit, acceptable setpoint deviation/error, setpoint, supply fan speed, proportional, integral, or derivative control loop gains, duty cycle, or the like, that can affect power consumption by the HVAC equipment. In some embodiments, one or more of the parameters/control variables can be mapped to the discharge air temperature of the HVAC equipment, e.g., that emphasize occupant comfort and/or the predetermined period of time over operational efficiency.

ASPECTS. It is noted that any aspect can be combined with any other aspect below.

Aspect 1. A heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system comprising: HVAC equipment configured to heat or cool a building; a stored energy source electrically coupled to the HVAC equipment, the stored energy source comprising at least one battery; a controller, wherein the controller is configured to receive a signal to switch operation of the HVAC equipment from a grid operation mode to a battery operation mode, wherein in the battery operation mode, the HVAC equipment is supplied power from the stored energy source and is selectably operable between: a resilience mode configured to conserve battery life of the stored energy source, and an arbitrage mode configured to manage operation of the HVAC equipment for a predetermined period of time.

Aspect 2. The HVAC system of Aspect 1, wherein the resilience mode and the arbitrage mode are each operated based on one or more user selected parameters or control variables that manage operation of the HVAC equipment.

Aspect 3. The HVAC system of Aspect 2, wherein the one or more control variables includes one or more of evaporator temperature; compressor load limit; percentage of performance; compressor speed; fan speed; proportional, integral, or derivative control loop gains; setpoint; duty cycle; and acceptable setpoint deviation/error.

Aspect 4. The HVAC system any of Aspects 1-3, wherein the controller is configured to switch to the battery operation mode based on an automatically generated signal.

Aspect 5. The HVAC system of Aspect 4, wherein the controller is configured to switch to the battery operation mode automatically when a power interruption to the HVAC system is detected.

Aspect 6. The HVAC system of any of Aspects 1-5, further comprising an external load management controller that is configured to manage load in the building in an off-grid mode, wherein when a state of charge of the stored energy source falls below a predetermined battery state of charge, the external load management controller is configured to send the signal to the controller to switch operation of the HVAC equipment to the resilience mode.

Aspect 7. The HVAC system of Aspect 6, The HVAC system of claim 6, wherein the predetermined battery state of charge is a user selected parameter and the predetermined battery state of charge is 80%.

Aspect 8. The HVAC system of any of Aspects 1-7, wherein the controller is configured to receive the signal to switch operation of the HVAC equipment from the grid operation mode to the battery operation mode and/or for operation in the resilience mode or the arbitrage mode, wherein the signal is received from an HVAC user experience (UX) or from an external load management controller.

Aspect 9. The HVAC system of Aspect 8, wherein the signal is received from the HVAC UX and, wherein the HVAC UX is selected from a thermostat or application.

Aspect 10. The HVAC system of Aspect 8, wherein the signal includes operating in the arbitrage mode, and the signal further includes timing, magnitude, and/or duration of operation in the arbitrage mode.

Aspect 11. The HVAC system of any of Aspects 1-7, wherein the controller, when in the battery operation mode, is configured to automatically switch from the arbitrage mode to the resilience mode when a state of charge of the stored energy source falls below a predetermined battery state of charge.

Aspect 12. The HVAC system of any of Aspects 1-11, wherein the controller, when in the battery operation mode, is configured to automatically switch from the arbitrage mode to the grid operation mode when a state of charge of the stored energy source falls below a predetermined battery state of charge.

Aspect 13. The HVAC system of any of Aspects 1-12, wherein the controller is configured to receive a weather prediction and modify operation of the HVAC equipment in either the resilience mode or the arbitrage mode based on the weather prediction.

Aspect 14. The HVAC system of Aspect 13, wherein the modifying operation of the HVAC equipment includes: when the weather prediction includes information that ambient load is decreasing, the controller is configured to operate the HVAC system to prioritize performance operation of the HVAC equipment prior to the ambient load decreasing, or when the ambient load is increasing, the controller is configured to operate the HVAC system to prioritize the conserving of the battery life of the stored energy source prior to the ambient load increasing.

Aspect 15. The HVAC system of any one of Aspects 2-14, wherein the controller is configured to revise or update the one or more user selected parameters or control variables that manage operation of the HVAC equipment based on selected time intervals.

Aspect 16. The HVAC system of any one of Aspects 2-14, wherein the controller is configured to revise or update the one or more user selected parameters or control variables based on a state of charge of the stored energy source that falls below a predetermined battery state of charge.

Aspect 17. The HVAC system of Aspect 16, wherein when in the arbitrage mode and the predetermined battery state of charge falls below 80%, the controller is configured to reduce performance of the HVAC system.

Aspect 18. A controller for operating a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment electrically coupled to a stored energy source, wherein the controller is configured to switch operation of the HVAC equipment from a grid operation mode to a battery operation mode, wherein in the battery operation mode, the HVAC equipment is supplied power from the stored energy source and is selectably operable between: a resilience mode configured to conserve battery life of the stored energy source, and an arbitrage mode configured to manage operation of the HVAC equipment for a predetermined period of time.

Aspect 19. A method for operating heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment of an HVAC system, the HVAC equipment being electrically coupled to a stored energy source comprising at least one battery, the method comprising: switching operation of the HVAC equipment from a grid operation mode to a battery operation mode; selecting an operation sub-mode of the HVAC equipment that is supplied power from the stored energy source between: a resilience mode configured to conserve battery life of the stored energy source, and an arbitrage mode configured to manage operation of the HVAC equipment for a predetermined period of time.

Aspect 20. The method of Aspect 19, further comprising receiving a weather prediction and modifying operation of the HVAC equipment based on the weather prediction, wherein the modifying operation of the HVAC equipment includes: when the weather prediction includes information that ambient load is decreasing, the controller is configured to operate the HVAC system to prioritize performance operation of the HVAC equipment prior to the ambient load decreasing, or when the ambient load is increasing, the controller is configured to operate the HVAC system to prioritize the conserving of the battery life of the stored energy source prior to the ambient load increasing.

The terminology used in this specification is intended to describe particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. The terms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural forms as well, unless clearly indicated otherwise. The terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this Specification, specify the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components.

With regard to the preceding description, it is to be understood that changes may be made in detail, especially in matters of the construction materials employed and the shape, size, and arrangement of parts without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. This Specification and the embodiments described are exemplary only, with the true scope and spirit of the disclosure being indicated by the claims that follow.