Layout of Ecological Spaces in River Corridors and method for constructing same

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of ecological space layout, and in particular, to a layout of ecological spaces in river corridors and a method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

River corridors are a key type of ecological corridor and an essential part of ecological networks. They serve various natural functions such as material and energy exchange, flood regulation, biodiversity conservation, water purification, pollution interception, and soil erosion prevention. Additionally, they offer social benefits like recreational activities, heritage protection, tourism, health and wellness, and economic and cultural advantages. As the rapid urbanization in China leads to the loss of natural habitats, fragmentation of regional ecosystems, and a decline in biodiversity, it is crucial to strengthen the construction of ecological corridors like river corridors. By using a small amount of ecological land to build an ecological network, land-use conflicts between urban development, industrial and agricultural growth, and ecological protection can be alleviated. This ensures regional ecosystem security, and addresses the fragmentation of urban and rural ecosystems caused by urbanization, and the resulting ecological and environmental issues.

River corridors are spatial areas formed by rivers and their adjacent floodplains, water shoreline areas, and nearby connected lakes and ponds. Horizontally, they can be divided into three parts: the river channel, floodplain, and highland edge transition zone. Vertically, they generally exhibit a sequence of deep pools and shallow shoals, and in the vertical dimension, they have layered physical habitats and biological communities. The integrity of the ecological spatial structure of river corridors directly determines the effectiveness of their ecological functions. However, due to shoreline development restrictions, the ecological spatial structure of river corridors in plain areas is often fragmented or artificially divided or blocked, making it difficult to have a complete three-dimensional spatial structure in many sections, leading to a certain degree of ecological function loss. For example, the construction of factories, docks, residential areas, and farmland near rivers has encroached on the highland edge transition zone of rivers. River channelization has led to the loss of floodplains horizontally, the loss of deep pool-shallow shoal sequences vertically, and the lack of layering in the vertical dimension. How to use limited ecological space to address the pressure on river ecosystems caused by high-intensity development along rivers, and to construct river corridors with relatively complete ecological spatial structures and functions through reasonable ecological spatial layout and construction, is a current challenge in river corridor construction, and no relevant technology has yet proposed an effective solution.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure provides a layout of ecological spaces in river corridors and a method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces.

A layout of ecological spaces in river corridors is provided. The ecological spaces comprise water ecological spaces and land ecological spaces. The water ecological spaces comprise river channels, floodplains, and lakes and wetlands adjacent to and communicated with the river channels. The land ecological spaces comprise forest and grasslands adjacent to the river channels, and strip-shaped ecological spaces along riverbanks. A width of each of the strip-shaped ecological spaces meets ecological functional requirements by river sections.

The layout of the ecological spaces in the river corridors follows a “patch-corridor-node” mode.

Large lakes and wetlands communicated with the river channels serve as water ecological patches.

River sections and river channel areas that do not allow for building wide floodplains serve as water ecological corridors.

Wide floodplains, river bends, and river channel areas and adjacent riverbanks that allow for being transformed into wide floodplains, river bends, small side-channel river wetlands, and lake pond wetlands, serve as water ecological nodes.

Large patches of forest and grasslands adjacent to the river channels, and areas allow for building large patches of forest and grasslands, serve as land ecological patches.

Forest and grassland belts along the river channels, and strip-shaped ecological spaces along the riverbanks that allow for building forest and grasslands, serve as land ecological corridors.

Small patches of forest and grasslands distributed intermittently along the river channels, and ecological spaces along the riverbanks that allow for building small patches of forest and grasslands, serve as land ecological nodes.

A method for constructing a layout of ecological spaces in river corridors is provided. This method comprises defining river channels, floodplains, and lakes and wetlands adjacent to and communicated with the river channels as water ecological spaces, defining forest and grasslands adjacent to the river channels, and strip-shaped ecological spaces along riverbanks that have their width meet ecological functional requirements of river sections as land ecological spaces, and laying out the ecological spaces of the river corridors by a “patch-corridor-node” mode; defining large lakes and wetlands communicated with the river channels as water ecological patches; defining river sections and river channel areas that do not allow for building wide floodplains as water ecological corridors; defining wide floodplains, river bends, and river channel areas and adjacent riverbanks that allow for being transformed into wide floodplains, river bends, small side-channel river wetlands, and lake pond wetlands, as water ecological nodes; defining large patches of forest and grasslands adjacent to the river channels, and areas allow for building large patches of forest and grasslands, as land ecological patches; defining forest and grassland belts along the river channels, and strip-shaped ecological spaces along the riverbanks that allow for building forest and grasslands, as land ecological corridors; and defining small patches of forest and grasslands distributed intermittently along the river channels, and ecological spaces along the riverbanks that allow for building small patches of forest and grasslands, as land ecological nodes.

A method for constructing water ecological spaces in river corridors is provided. This method adopts the above-mentioned method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces in river corridors, and further comprises one or more of the following operations: removal of endogenous pollution, selection of habitat reshaping areas, terrain reshaping, construction of ecological revetments, improvement of water quality, construction of aquatic plant communities, and regulation of aquatic animal communities.

A method for constructing land ecological spaces in river corridors is provided. This method adopts the above-mentioned method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces in river corridors, and further comprises one or more of the following operations: selection of habitat reshaping areas, terrain reshaping, functional zoning, and construction of tree, shrub, and grass plant communities.

A method for terrain reshaping in habitat reshaping areas of water ecological patches is provided. This method adopts the above-mentioned method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces in river corridors, and further comprises constructing underwater terrain with a gentle slope or stepped floodplain with a water depth of 0-1.5 m in shoreline areas of lakes suitable for floodplain construction, and constructing underwater terrain with interlaced distribution of shallow shoals and deep pools in areas suitable for mudflat creation, with shallow shoals having a water depth of 0-1 m, and deep pools having a water depth of 1-2 m.

A method for terrain reshaping in habitat reshaping areas of water ecological corridors is provided. This method adopts the above-mentioned method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces in river corridors, and further comprises constructing underwater terrain with a gentle slope or stepped strip-shaped floodplain with a water depth of 0-1.5 m in shoreline areas of river channels suitable for floodplain construction.

A method for terrain reshaping in habitat reshaping areas of water ecological nodes is provided. This method adopts the above-mentioned method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces in river corridors, and further comprises: constructing a floodplain underwater terrain including a combination of gentle slope or stepped shoreline shallow shoals and a sequence of deep pools and shallow shoals in shoreline habitat reshaping areas of river bends suitable for wide floodplain construction and habitat reshaping areas of adjacent riverbanks suitable for transformation into river bends; transforming habitat reshaping areas of adjacent riverbanks suitable for small side-channel river wetlands into small side-channel river wetlands with gentle slope or stepped shoreline shallow-shoal terrain, each of the small side-channel river wetlands having both ends communicated with the main river channel; the shallow shoals have a water depth of 0-1 m, and the deep pools have a water depth of 1-2 m;

transforming habitat reshaping areas of adjacent riverbanks suitable for small lake pond wetlands into small lake pond wetlands communicated with the main river channel and having an underwater terrain with gentle slope or stepped shoreline shallow shoals and interlaced deep pools and shallow shoals, with shallow shoals having a water depth of 0-1 m, and deep pools having a water depth of 1-2 m.

A method for functional zoning and plant community construction in land ecological patches and nodes is provided. This method adopts the above-mentioned method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces in river corridors, and further comprises: dividing the land ecological patches from water to land into water-adjacent zones, transition zones, and land zones;

configuring a width of the water-adjacent zones to be greater than or equal to 5 m, with plant combinations of the water-adjacent zones including a combination of trees+shrubs+herbs and a combination of trees+herbs, and installing permeable paving in tree and herb belts as needed; configuring a width of the transition zones to be greater than or equal to 15 m, with the transition zones including trees and shrubs, to reduce riverbank erosion, trap sediment, absorb and retain nutrients, and increase wildlife habitat; configuring the land zones with vegetation belts of mixed forests, pure forests, and grasslands of different widths and interlaced distribution, forming a multi-layer structure of tall trees, small trees, shrubs, and ground cover grasses in vertical space, with walking paths and plazas as needed.

A method for functional zoning and plant community construction in land ecological corridors is provided. This method adopts the above-mentioned method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces in river corridors, and further comprises: for land ecological corridors with a width of less than or equal to 20 m, constructing green hedge isolation belts densely planted with shrubs and small trees, with openings at appropriate locations; for land ecological corridors with a width of greater than 20 m, dividing from water to land into water-adjacent zones and transition zones; configuring a width of the water-adjacent zones to be greater than or equal to 5 m, with plant combinations including a combination of trees+shrubs+herbs and a combination of trees+herbs, and installing permeable paving in tree and herb belts as needed; configuring a width of the transition zones, including trees and shrubs, to be greater than or equal to 15 m.

The present disclosure has following beneficial effects.

• • 1. The present disclosure introduces methods for defining the ecological spatial range of river corridors and delineating both aquatic and terrestrial ecological spaces, providing specific techniques for identifying and dividing these spaces.
  • 2. The present disclosure introduces, for the first time, an innovative ecological spatial layout plan for river corridors based on the “patch-corridor-node” mode, addressing the challenge of how to effectively layout the ecological spaces within river corridors, providing a scientific and targeted theoretical basis and methodological guidance.
  • 3. The present disclosure outlines various methods and steps for constructing the ecological spaces of river corridors using the “patch-corridor-node” mode, providing a universally applicable technical solution for the protection and restoration of river corridor ecological spaces, ensuring good technical guidance and operability.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a layout of ecological spaces in river corridors according to the present disclosure.

Reference numerals

• • 11. Water ecological patches
  • 12. Water ecological corridors
  • 13. Water ecological nodes
  • 131. Water ecological nodes of river bends
  • 132. Water ecological nodes of side-channel river wetlands
  • 133. Water ecological nodes of lake pond wetlands
  • 21. Land ecological patches of large patches of forest and grasslands
  • 22. Land ecological corridors of shoreline forest and grassland belts
  • 23. Land ecological nodes of small patches of forest and grasslands
  • 3. Riverbanks

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The embodiments are exemplary and are not to be construed as restricting the present disclosure.

It should be noted that terms such as “center”, “longitudinal”, “horizontal”, “up”, “down”, “front”, “back”, “left”, “right”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, “top”, “bottom”, “inside”, and “outside” indicate the orientation or position relationship based on those shown in the accompanying drawings. It is only for the convenience of describing and simplifying the description, and does not indicate or imply that the device or component mentioned must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and cannot be construed as restricting the present disclosure. In addition, the terms like “first” and “second” are used for indication purpose only, and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

In the present disclosure, unless otherwise expressly specified, terms such as “installation”, “connection”, and “coupling” should be broadly understood. For example, when one element is referred to as being “connected to” another element, one element may be fixedly connected to, detachably connected to, or integrally connected to another element, may be mechanically connected to or electrically connected to another element, may be directly connected to another element, or may be indirectly connected to another element with another element interposed therebetween. These two elements may also communicate with each other internally. For those skilled in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present disclosure can be understood based on specific situations.

In the present disclosure, “a plurality of” means two or more, unless otherwise expressly specified.

FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a layout of ecological spaces in river corridors according to the present disclosure. The ecological spaces comprise water ecological spaces and land ecological spaces. The water ecological spaces comprise river channels, floodplains, and lakes and wetlands adjacent to and communicated with the river channels. The land ecological spaces comprise forest and grasslands adjacent to the river channels, and strip-shaped ecological spaces along riverbanks, a width of each of the strip-shaped ecological spaces meeting ecological functional requirements of corresponding river sections.

The layout of the ecological spaces in the river corridors follows a “patch-corridor-node” mode.

Large lakes and wetlands communicated with the river channels serve as water ecological patches.

River sections and river channel areas that do not allow for building wide floodplains serve as water ecological corridors.

Wide floodplains, river bends, and river channel areas and adjacent riverbanks that allow for being transformed into wide floodplains, river bends, small side-channel river wetlands, and lake pond wetlands, serve as water ecological nodes.

Large patches of forest and grasslands adjacent to the river channels, and areas allow for building large patches of forest and grasslands, serve as land ecological patches.

Forest and grassland belts along the river channels, and strip-shaped ecological spaces along the riverbanks that allow for building forest and grasslands, serve as land ecological corridors.

Small patches of forest and grasslands distributed intermittently along the river channels, and ecological spaces along the riverbanks that allow for building small patches of forest and grasslands, serve as land ecological nodes.

A method for constructing a layout of ecological spaces in river corridors is provided. This method comprises defining river channels, floodplains, and lakes and wetlands adjacent to and communicated with the river channels as water ecological spaces, defining forest and grasslands adjacent to the river channels, and strip-shaped ecological spaces along riverbanks that have their width meet ecological functional requirements of river sections as land ecological spaces, and laying out the ecological spaces of the river corridors by a “patch-corridor-node” mode; defining large lakes and wetlands communicated with the river channels as water ecological patches; defining river sections and river channel areas that do not allow for building wide floodplains as water ecological corridors; defining wide floodplains, river bends, and river channel areas and adjacent riverbanks that allow for being transformed into wide floodplains, river bends, small side-channel river wetlands, and lake pond wetlands, as water ecological nodes; defining large patches of forest and grasslands adjacent to the river channels, and areas allow for building large patches of forest and grasslands, as land ecological patches; defining forest and grassland belts along the river channels, and strip-shaped ecological spaces along the riverbanks that allow for building forest and grasslands, as land ecological corridors; and defining small patches of forest and grasslands distributed intermittently along the river channels, and ecological spaces along the riverbanks that allow for building small patches of forest and grasslands, as land ecological nodes.

A method for constructing water ecological spaces in river corridors is provided. This method adopts the above-mentioned method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces in river corridors, and further comprises one or more of the following operations: removal of endogenous pollution, selection of habitat reshaping areas, terrain reshaping, construction of ecological revetments, improvement of water quality, construction of aquatic plant communities, and regulation of aquatic animal communities.

A method for constructing land ecological spaces in river corridors is provided. This method adopts the above-mentioned method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces in river corridors, and further comprises one or more of the following operations: selection of habitat reshaping areas, terrain reshaping, functional zoning, and construction of tree, shrub, and grass plant communities.

A method for terrain reshaping in habitat reshaping areas of water ecological patches is provided. This method adopts the above-mentioned method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces in river corridors, and further comprises constructing underwater terrain with a gentle slope or stepped floodplain with a water depth of 0-1.5 m in shoreline areas of lakes suitable for floodplain construction, and constructing underwater terrain with interlaced distribution of shallow shoals and deep pools in areas suitable for mudflat creation, with shallow shoals having a water depth of 0-1 m, and deep pools having a water depth of 1-2 m.

A method for terrain reshaping in habitat reshaping areas of water ecological corridors is provided. This method adopts the above-mentioned method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces in river corridors, and further comprises constructing underwater terrain with a gentle slope or stepped strip-shaped floodplain with a water depth of 0-1.5 m in shoreline areas of river channels suitable for floodplain construction.

A method for terrain reshaping in habitat reshaping areas of water ecological nodes is provided. This method adopts the above-mentioned method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces in river corridors, and further comprises: constructing a floodplain underwater terrain including a combination of gentle slope or stepped shoreline shallow shoals and a sequence of deep pools and shallow shoals in shoreline habitat reshaping areas of river bends suitable for wide floodplain construction and habitat reshaping areas of adjacent riverbanks suitable for transformation into river bends; transforming habitat reshaping areas of adjacent riverbanks suitable for small side-channel river wetlands into small side-channel river wetlands with gentle slope or stepped shoreline shallow-shoal terrain, each of the small side-channel river wetlands having both ends communicated with to the main river channel; the shallow shoals have a water depth of 0-1 m, and the deep pools have a water depth of 1-2 m;

transforming habitat reshaping areas of adjacent riverbanks suitable for small lake pond wetlands into small lake pond wetlands communicated with the main river channel and having an underwater terrain with gentle slope or stepped shoreline shallow shoals and interlaced deep pools and shallow shoals, with shallow shoals having a water depth of 0-1 m, and deep pools having a water depth of 1-2 m.

A method for functional zoning and plant community construction in land ecological patches and nodes is provided. This method adopts the above-mentioned method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces in river corridors, and further comprises: dividing the land ecological patches from water to land into water-adjacent zones, transition zones, and land zones;

configuring a width of the water-adjacent zones to be greater than or equal to 5 m, with plant combinations of the water-adjacent zones including a combination of trees+shrubs+herbs and a combination of trees+herbs, and installing permeable paving in tree and herb belts as needed; configuring a width of the transition zones to be greater than or equal to 15 m, with the transition zones including trees and shrubs, to reduce riverbank erosion, trap sediment, absorb and retain nutrients, and increase wildlife habitat; configuring the land zones with vegetation belts of mixed forests, pure forests, and grasslands of different widths and interlaced distribution, forming a multi-layer structure of tall trees, small trees, shrubs, and ground cover grasses in vertical space, with walking paths and plazas as needed.

A method for functional zoning and plant community construction in land ecological corridors is provided. This method adopts the above-mentioned method for constructing the layout of the ecological spaces in river corridors, and further comprises: for land ecological corridors with a width of less than or equal to 20 m, constructing green hedge isolation belts densely planted with shrubs and small trees, with openings at appropriate locations; for land ecological corridors with a width of greater than 20 m, dividing from water to land into water-adjacent zones and transition zones; configuring a width of the water-adjacent zones to be greater than or equal to 5 m, with plant combinations including a combination of trees+shrubs+herbs and a combination of trees+herbs, and installing permeable paving in tree and herb belts as needed; configuring a width of the transition zones, including trees and shrubs, to be greater than or equal to 15 m.

As described above, the present disclosure offers following technical solutions.

As shown in FIG. 1, water ecological patches are labeled with 11, water ecological corridors are labeled with 12, water ecological nodes are labeled with 13, water ecological nodes of river bends are labeled with 131, water ecological nodes of side-channel river wetlands are labeled with 132, water ecological nodes of lake pond wetlands are labeled with 133, land ecological patches of large patches of forest and grasslands are labeled with 21, land ecological corridors of shoreline forest and grassland belts are labeled with 22, land ecological nodes of small patches of forest and grasslands are labeled with 23, and riverbanks are labeled with 3.

Specifically, the ecological spaces of the river corridors are identified and divided by: analyzing the ecological red lines of rivers, adjacent lakes and wetlands communicated with the rivers, and nearby forests, along with urban blue lines, river management areas, embankment management areas, land buffer zones, and riparian green space planning areas; using the largest outer boundary within these areas as the ecological spaces of the river corridors; dividing the ecological spaces into water ecological spaces and land ecological spaces; defining river channels, floodplains, and lakes and wetlands adjacent to and communicated with the river channels as the water ecological spaces; and defining forest and grasslands adjacent to the river channels, and strip-shaped ecological spaces along riverbanks that have their width meet ecological functional requirements of corresponding river sections as the land ecological spaces.

The ecological spaces of the river corridors are identified and divided by a “patch-corridor-node” mode. Specifically, the water ecological spaces are identified and divided by: identifying and designating large lakes and wetlands communicated with the river channels as water ecological patches, to provide high-quality habitats for aquatic life and serve as core areas for ecological purification; identifying and designating river sections and river channel areas, where the shoreline floodplain is missing or narrow and do not allow for building wide floodplains and river bends, as water ecological corridors, to provide migration and dispersal pathways for aquatic life and serve as corridors for water quality purification; and identifying and designating wide floodplains, river bends, and river channel areas and adjacent riverbanks that allow for being transformed into the wide floodplains, river bends, small side-channel river wetlands, and lake pond wetlands as water ecological nodes, to provide temporary habitats for the migration and dispersal of aquatic life and serve as nodes for ecological purification. Specifically, the land ecological spaces are identified and divided by: identifying and designating large patches of forest and grasslands adjacent to the river channels, and areas allow for building the large patches of forest and grasslands as land ecological patches, to provide high-quality habitats for terrestrial wildlife; identifying and designating forest and grassland belts along the river channels, and strip-shaped ecological spaces along the riverbanks that allow for building forest and grasslands as land ecological corridors, to provide migration and dispersal pathways for terrestrial wildlife, conserve water sources, and intercept and purify pollutants entering the river; and identifying and designating small patches of forest and grasslands distributed intermittently along the river channels, and areas along the riverbanks that allow for building the small patches of forest and grasslands as land ecological nodes, to provide temporary habitats for the migration and dispersal of terrestrial wildlife.

Ecological health assessment is performed by: evaluating the ecological health of various ecological areas using indicators like water quality, vegetation distribution, and the structure of plant and animal communities; enhancing environmental protection for areas with good ecological conditions and rich biodiversity; and constructing ecological spaces in areas experiencing ecological degradation and those suitable for ecological construction.

The water ecological spaces following a “patch-corridor-node” mode are constructed by steps 1-6.

• • Step 1 includes removing endogenous pollution. Specifically, a survey of sediment pollution is conducted, and endogenous pollution in heavily polluted areas is removed through ecological dredging and in-situ sediment capping.
  • Step 2 includes reshaping physical habitats. Specifically, the reshaping of physical habitats comprises: 1) selecting habitat reshaping areas; and 2) reshaping the terrain of habitat reshaping areas. The selecting of the habitat reshaping areas comprises conducting terrain surveys and analyses; and defining areas suitable for constructing shoreline areas and areas suitable for mudflat creation in river channels and lakes, and areas near the riverbanks suitable for transforming into river bends and small side-channel river-lake wetlands, as the habitat reshaping areas. The reshaping of the terrain of habitat reshaping areas comprises: 1) reshaping the terrain of the habitat reshaping areas of the water ecological patches; 2) reshaping the terrain of the habitat reshaping areas of the water ecological corridors; and 3) reshaping the terrain of the habitat reshaping areas of the water ecological nodes. The reshaping of the terrain of the habitat reshaping areas of the water ecological patches comprises constructing an underwater terrain with a gentle slope or stepped floodplain with a water depth of 0-1.5 m in shoreline areas of lakes suitable for floodplain construction, and constructing underwater terrain with interlaced shallow shoals and deep pools in areas suitable for mudflat creation, with shallow shoals having a water depth of 0-1 m, and deep pools having a water depth of 1-2 m. The reshaping the terrain of the habitat reshaping areas of the water ecological corridors comprises constructing underwater terrain with a gentle slope or stepped strip-shaped floodplain with a water depth of 0-1.5 m in shoreline areas of river channels suitable for floodplain construction. The reshaping of the terrain of the habitat reshaping areas of the water ecological nodes comprises constructing a floodplain underwater terrain including a combination of gentle slope or stepped shoreline shallow shoals (water depth of 0-1.5 m) and a sequence of deep pools (water depth of 0-1 m) and shallow shoals (water depth of 1-2 m) in shoreline habitat reshaping areas of river bends suitable for wide floodplain construction and habitat reshaping areas of adjacent riverbanks suitable for transformation into river bends; transforming habitat reshaping areas of adjacent riverbanks suitable for small side-channel river wetlands into small side-channel river wetlands with gentle slope or stepped shoreline shallow-shoal terrain (water depth of 0-1.5 m) connected at both ends to the main river channel; and transforming habitat reshaping areas of adjacent riverbanks suitable for small lake pond wetlands into small lake pond wetlands, which are communicated with the main river channel and having an underwater terrain with gentle slope or stepped shoreline shallow shoals (water depth of 0-1.5 m) and interlaced deep pools (water depth of 1-2 m) and shallow shoals (water depth of 0-1 m).
  • Step 3 includes constructing ecological revetments. Specifically, the constructing of the ecological revetments comprises transforming vertical hard revetments in the water ecological spaces with a “patch-corridor-node” design into ecological revetments, building the ecological revetments along erosion-prone shorelines and shorelines unsuitable for gentle slope shoreline construction in the habitat reshaping areas, and selecting one or more of wooden pile revetments, riprap revetments, gabion revetments, ecological concrete revetments, perforated precast block revetments, ecological bag revetments, and mat-type revetments as the ecological revetments.
  • Step 4 includes improving water quality. Specifically, the improving of the water quality comprises conducting water quality surveys of the water ecological patches in lakes and wetlands, and improving the water quality, by introducing clean water, into areas with class V and inferior class V water quality and can accommodate clean water introduction.
  • Step 5 includes constructing aquatic plant communities. Specifically, the constructing of the aquatic plant communities comprises planting emergent plants like reeds, cattails, thalia dealbata, irises, scirpus tabernaemontani, and pickerelweed in water ecological spaces with a depth of 0-0.5 m, planting floating-leaved plants like water lilies, nymphoides peltatas, semen uryales, and yellow pond-lily in areas with a depth of 0.5-1 m, and planting submerged plants like eelgrass, hydrilla verticillata, coontail, pondweed, and water milfoil in areas with a depth of 0.5-1.5 m.
  • Step 6 includes regulating aquatic animal communities. Specifically, the regulating of the aquatic animal communities comprises investigating and analyzing the structure of aquatic animal communities in water ecological patches and nodes, including plankton, benthos, and fish, and regularly adding and supplementing, based on the degradation of aquatic animal communities, large zooplankton like Daphnia, benthic animals such as snails, bivalves, and tubifex worms, and fish species that are filter feeders, omnivores, and carnivores to maintain a healthy and stable biological community structure.

The land ecological spaces are constructed by selecting habitat reshaping areas, reshaping the terrain of habitat reshaping areas, and functional zoning and plant community construction.

Specifically, the selecting of the habitat reshaping areas comprises conducting terrain surveys and analyses to identify ecologically degraded forest and grassland areas within the land ecological spaces, as well as areas suitable for the construction of forest and grassland zones, as the habitat reshaping areas.

The reshaping of the terrain of the habitat reshaping areas comprises, for habitat reshaping areas suitable for the construction of forest and grassland zones, creating gently sloping terrain that gradually decreases in elevation from land to shore.

The functional zoning and plant community construction comprises: 1) functional zoning and plant community construction in land ecological patches and nodes; and 2) functional zoning and plant community construction in land ecological corridors. Specifically, the functional zoning and plant community construction in land ecological patches and nodes comprises dividing the land ecological patches and nodes from water to land into water-adjacent zones, transition zones, and land zones; configuring a width of the water-adjacent zones to be greater than or equal to 5 m, with plant combinations including a combination of trees+shrubs+herbs and a combination of trees+herbs, and installing permeable paving in tree and herb belts as needed, to intercept and purify pollutants, provide habitats for amphibians, birds, and other wildlife, and offer recreational spaces; configuring a width of the transition zones to be greater than or equal to 15 m, including trees and shrubs, to reduce riverbank erosion, trap sediment, absorb and retain nutrients, and increase wildlife habitat; configuring the land zones with vegetation belts of mixed forests, pure forests, and grasslands of different widths and interlaced distribution, and forming a multi-layer structure of tall trees, small trees, shrubs, and ground cover grasses in vertical space, with walking paths and plazas as needed, to meet the habitat and foraging needs of different birds, mammals, reptiles, and human recreational needs. The functional zoning and plant community construction in land ecological corridors comprises: for land ecological corridors with a width of less than or equal to 20 m, constructing green hedge isolation belts densely planted with shrubs and small trees, with openings at appropriate locations, to intercept and purify pollutants, protect river channels, and provide recreational spaces; for land ecological corridors with a width of greater than 20 m, dividing from water to land into water-adjacent zones and transition zones; configuring a width of the water-adjacent zones to be greater than or equal to 5 m, with plant combinations including a combination of trees+shrubs+herbs and a combination of trees+herbs, and installing permeable paving in tree and herb belts as needed, to intercept and purify pollutants, provide habitats for amphibians, birds, and other wildlife, and offer recreational spaces; and configuring a width of the transition zones, including trees and shrubs, to be greater than or equal to 15 m, to reduce riverbank erosion, trap sediment, absorb and retain nutrients, and increase wildlife habitats.

The above-mentioned embodiments are illustrative. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various improvements and transformations without departing from the technical principles of the present disclosure. These improvements and transformations shall be still covered by the scope of the present disclosure.