ClassID:

104858

C09K21/04 - CPC Classification

Classification description:

Fireproofing materials; Inorganic materials containing phosphorus

Recent Application in this class:
#1
20260152647
2026-06-04

FLAME RETARDANT COMPOSITION

#2
20260041949
2026-02-12

Liquid Concentrate Fire Retardant Compositions Containing Mixtures of Ammonium Phosphates

#3
20250320717
2025-10-16

METHOD OF PROVIDING A SERVICE PENETRATION THROUGH AN INTERNAL BUILDING WALL

#4
20250136866
2025-05-01

WOOD MULCH AGENT DELIVERY

#5
20250122426
2025-04-17

FLAME-RETARDANT MIXTURES, FLAME-RETARDING POLYMER COMPOSITIONS, CABLE EQUIPPED THEREWITH AND USE THEREOF

#6
20250122364
2025-04-17

FLAME RETARDANT MIXTURES, FLAME-RETARDANT POLYMER COMPOSITIONS, CABLES ENDOWED THEREWITH AND USE THEREOF

#7
20250066668
2025-02-27

LIQUID COMPOSITION, FIREPROOF LAYER, LAMINATED STRUCTURE INCLUDING FIREPROOF LAYER, AND FIREPROOFING METHOD

#8
20240360364
2024-10-31

METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING AN AQUEOUS FIRE RETARDANT COMPOSITION, AN AQUEOUS FIRE RETARDANT COMPOSITION, A METHOD FOR TREATING A WOOD SUBSTRATE THEREWITH, AND A WOOD PRODUCT PRODUCED THEREFROM

#9
20240150673
2024-05-09

BORON-FREE IMPREGNATING SOLUTION FOR A WICK AND BORON-FREE WICK

#10
20240034888
2024-02-01

NON-HALOGEN FIRE-RETARDANT COMPOSITION AND USE OF SAID COMPOSITION FOR DIRECT AND INDIRECT FIRE PROTECTION LAYERS ON SUBSTRATES

#11
20240026224
2024-01-25

FLAME RETARDANT AGENT COMPOSITION, FLAME-RETARDANT RESIN COMPOSITION, AND MOLDED BODY

#12
20230416503
2023-12-28

HIGH-HEAT AND HIGH-SHEAR-RESISTANT HIGH-FLAME-RETARDANT HALOGEN-FREE FLAME-RETARDANT COMPOUND SYSTEM AND USE

#13
20230348785
2023-11-02

FLAME RETARDANT FOR WOODY MATERIALS AND FLAME-RETARDANT WOODY MATERIAL

#14
20230340227
2023-10-26

COMPOSITION CONTAINING AMMONIUM POLYPHOSHATE

#15
20230321473
2023-10-12

LIQUID CONCENTRATE FIRE RETARDANT COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING MIXTURES OF AMMONIUM PHOSPHATES

#16
20230235230
2023-07-27

FLAME RETARDANT COMPOSITION

#17
20230227726
2023-07-20

FIRE RETARDING COMPOSITION FOR USE IN WOOD COMPOSITE PANELS

#18
20230227725
2023-07-20

Fire retarding composition for use in wood composite panels

#19
20230193135
2023-06-22

HIGHLY FLAMEPROOF LAMINATED COMPOSITE MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF

#20
20230175252
2023-06-08

FIRE-STOPPING PRODUCT

#21
20230015188
2023-01-19

ALUMINUM PHOSPHITE-BASED COMPLEX WITH DUAL-PEAK THERMAL GRAVITY DECOMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS AND PREPARATION METHOD AND USE THEREOF

#22
20220389324
2022-12-08

Fire retardant formula and method of use

#23
20220380677
2022-12-01

SURFACE ACTIVATED NANOHYBRID FLAME RETARDANTS AND POLYMERS PRODUCED THEREFROM

#24
20220372749
2022-11-24

FIRE-RETARDANT-TREATED WOOD COMPOSITE PANELS FOR EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS OR WEATHER EXPOSURE DURING CONSTRUCTIONS

#25
20220332951
2022-10-20

THERMALLY INSULATING AND FIRE RETARDANT MATERIAL AND METHOD FOR MAKING SAME

#26
20220325182
2022-10-13

LIQUID COMPOSITION, FIREPROOF LAYER, LAMINATED STRUCTURE INCLUDING FIREPROOF LAYER, AND FIREPROOFING METHOD

#27
20220275279
2022-09-01

PREPARATION METHOD AND APPLICATION OF REACTIVE POLYURETHANE FLAME RETARDANT

#28
20220275190
2022-09-01

HEAT-EXPANDING FIRE RETARDANT

#29
20220220415
2022-07-14

Boron-free impregnating solution for a wick and boron-free wick

#30
20220220386
2022-07-14

Flame retardant composition, flame-retardant resin composition using same, molded article, and method for producing molded article

#31
20220220385
2022-07-14

Method for imparting flame retardancy to a substrate material

#32
20220220384
2022-07-14

Non-flammable hypophosphite metal salt based powders and their use as flame retardant ingredients

#33
20220220320
2022-07-14

A MIXTURE CURABLE TO PROVIDE AN INTUMESCENT COATING MATERIAL

#34
20220186042
2022-06-16

Flame Retardant Coating for Textiles

#35
20220177675
2022-06-09

Silyl functional compound for improving flame retardant properties

#36
20220135773
2022-05-05

FLAME RETARDANT MIXTURES, FLAME-RETARDANT POLYMER COMPOSITIONS, CABLES ENDOWED THEREWITH AND USE THEREOF

#37
20220119625
2022-04-21

Flame retardant mixture

#38
20220119608
2022-04-21

Fire-Retardant Composite Materials

#39
20220081551
2022-03-17

Flame-retardant epoxy composition and method of using the same

#40
20220064409
2022-03-03

ADDITIVE COMPOSITION, FLAME-RETARDANT SYNTHETIC RESIN COMPOSITION CONTAINING SAME, AND MOLDED ARTICLE THEREOF

#41
20220056341
2022-02-24

STORAGE STABLE LIQUID FUGITIVE COLORED FIRE-RETARDANT CONCENTRATES

#42
20220042301
2022-02-10

Fire-stopping product

#43
20220025268
2022-01-27

FLAME-RETARDANT MIXTURES, FLAME-RETARDING POLYMER COMPOSITIONS, CABLE EQUIPPED THEREWITH AND USE THEREOF

#44
20220017725
2022-01-20

Polyolefins halogen-free flame retardant moulding compositions comprising an inorganic hypophosphorous acid metal salt

#45
20220002605
2022-01-06

Heat storage composition, heat storage member, electronic device, and manufacturing method of heat storage member

#46
20210394490
2021-12-23

FIRE-RESISTANT GLAZING

#47
20210355608
2021-11-18

Reversibly thermochromic composite fiber

#48
20210309823
2021-10-07

Phosphinate as flame-proofing additive for PUR/PIR hard foam material

#49
20210253873
2021-08-19

FLAME RETARDANT COMPOSITION

#50
20210246373
2021-08-12

POLYPHOSPHATE AMINE SALT COMPOSITION, FLAME RETARDANT POLYPHOSPHATE AMINE SALT COMPOSITION, FLAME RETARDANT SYNTHETIC RESIN COMPOSITION CONTAINING SAME, AND MOLDED BODY THEREOF

#51
20210238382
2021-08-05

FLAME RETARDANT COATING FILM

#52
20210230483
2021-07-29

FLAME RETARDANT MATERIAL

#53
20210189245
2021-06-24

Flame-retardant and latent hardener composition, a method for making flame-retarded wood and cellulose-fiber based composites and boards and flame-retarded wood and cellulose-fiber based boards

#54
20210189244
2021-06-24

Composition and flame-retardant resin composition

#55
20210171735
2021-06-10

Flame retardant composition and flame-retardant thermoplastic resin composition containing said flame retardant composition

#56
20210147750
2021-05-20

Flame retardant for woody materials and flame-retardant woody material

#57
20210130584
2021-05-06

Phosphorus-nitrogen-zinc two-dimensional supramolecular coated molybdenum disulfide hybrid flame retardant and application thereof

#58
20210076762
2021-03-18

FIRE-RETARDING COMPOSITION, PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF THE COMPOSITION, FIRE- RETARDING MIXTURE COMPRISING THE COMPOSITION AND TREATMENT OF FABRICS WITH THE COMPOSITION

#59
20210002439
2021-01-07

Fire-retardant composite materials

#60
20200369963
2020-11-26

Process for preparing flame retardant compositions

#61
20200308489
2020-10-01

FIRE-RETARDING MIXTURE WITH CARBONACEOUS COMPONENT AND PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF

#62
20200299584
2020-09-24

Fire retardant formula and method of use

#63
20200254290
2020-08-13

Liquid concentrate fire retardant compositions containing mixtures of ammonium phosphates

#64
20200199455
2020-06-25

Lignin based flame retardant compositions and processes for the preparation thereof

#65
20200122154
2020-04-23

Method for producing aqueous dispersions for use as a flame retardant additive to wood composite panels

#66
20200039106
2020-02-06

Composition and method of manufacturing the same

#67
20200010642
2020-01-09

Flame retardant composition and flame-retardant synthetic resin composition containing same

#68
20190382661
2019-12-19

Storage stable liquid fugitive colored fire-retardant concentrates

#69
20190338192
2019-11-07

Fire protection composition and use thereof

#70
20190330531
2019-10-31

Fire retarding composition for use in wood composite panels

#71
20190330449
2019-10-31

HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANT THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER COMPOSITION AND PRODUCT AND FLAME RETARDANT PACKAGE THEREOF

#72
20190316039
2019-10-17

Flame retardant mixtures, the production and the use thereof

#73
20190276745
2019-09-12

Flame- and smoke-retardant adhesive packages and insulation products

#74
20190264002
2019-08-29

Flame retardant propylene composition

#75
20190256779
2019-08-22

Fireproofing sealing mass and use thereof

#76
20190211267
2019-07-11

Lysine and proline based flame retardants

#77
20190194543
2019-06-27

MIXTURES OF ALUMINUM PHOSPHITE WITH SPARINGLY SOLUBLE ALUMINUM SALTS AND FOREIGN IONS, PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF AND THE USE THEREOF

#78
20190194413
2019-06-27

IN-SITU FOAMING SYSTEM FOR FORMING FLAME-RETARDANT POLYURETHANE FOAM IN SITU

#79
20190177971
2019-06-13

Fire-stopping product

#80
20190169839
2019-06-06

Class-A fire-protected oriented strand board (OSB) sheathing, and method of and automated factory for producing the same

#81
20190168413
2019-06-06

Class-A fire-protected wood products inhibiting ignition and spread of fire along class-A fire-protected wood surfaces and development of smoke from such fire

#82
20190168409
2019-06-06

CLASS-A FIRE-PROTECTED FLOOR AND ROOF TRUSS STRUCTURES, AND METHOD OF AND FACTORY FOR PRODUCING THE SAME

#83
20190145098
2019-05-16

Fireproofing strip

#84
20190106633
2019-04-11

Flame retardant itaconic acid-based compounds

#85
20190106631
2019-04-11

Lysine and proline based flame retardants

#86
20190062989
2019-02-28

Water based liquid fire retardant for use in cellulose insulation

#87
20190040234
2019-02-07

POLYMER COMPOSITION COMPRISING A FIRE SUPPRESSANT

#88
20190010401
2019-01-10

Fire retardant composition, structure and application

#89
20180355250
2018-12-13

Fire retardant cables formed from halogen-free and heavy metal-free compositions

#90
20180305620
2018-10-25

FLAME RETARDANT PARTICLE, MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREFOR, AND FLAME RETARDANT STYROFOAM USING SAME

#91
20180304493
2018-10-25

Mixtures of ammonium polyphosphate and at least one soluble ionic compound containing sulfate and/or is capable of releasing sulfate ions

#92
20180273727
2018-09-27

Halogen-free flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer composition and product and flame retardant package thereof

#93
20180142156
2018-05-24

Flame retardant compositions and processes for preparation thereof

#94
20180119017
2018-05-03

METHOD FOR PRODUCING FLAME-RETARDANT, NONCORROSIVE, AND STABLE POLYAMIDE MOLDING COMPOSITIONS

#95
20180022939
2018-01-25

Coating method for forming flame retardant substrate

#96
20170313845
2017-11-02

Flame retardant, composite flame retardant, flame retardant antistatic composition and flame resistant method

#97
20170313839
2017-11-02

Flame-retardant thermoplastic material and expanded beads thereof

#98
20170297298
2017-10-19

Fireproof construction and method for using same

#99
20170284014
2017-10-05

Flame retardant composition, flame retardant fiber and fabric formed using the same, and method for their production

#100
20170283989
2017-10-05

FLAME RETARDANT COMPOSITION, FLAME RETARDANT FIBER AND FABRIC FORMED USING THE SAME, AND METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION

#101
20170130392
2017-05-11

Liquid flame retardant composition

#102
20170130069
2017-05-11

FLAME-RETARDANT FORMULATIONS AND METHODS RELATING THERETO

#103
20170120473
2017-05-04

Methods of conferring fire retardancy to wood and fire-retardant wood products

#104
20170066970
2017-03-09

Flame-retardant formulations and methods relating thereto

#105
20170044442
2017-02-16

Fireproofing sealing mass and use thereof

#106
20170037318
2017-02-09

Fire protection composition and use thereof

#107
20170022420
2017-01-26

COMPOSITION BASED ON MAGNESIUM SULFATE AND DIAMMONIUM HYDROGENPHOSPHATE

#108
20170009140
2017-01-12

Method of Integrating Intumescent Infused Material to Form Fire Retardant Material

#109
20170009139
2017-01-12

Heat-absorbing material that uses magnesium phosphate hydrate

#110
20160348304
2016-12-01

Flame Retardant for Cellulose Based Materials

#111
20160340588
2016-11-24

Halogen-free solid flame retardant mixture and use thereof

#112
20160340586
2016-11-24

FIRE RESISTANT MATERIAL

#113
20160332880
2016-11-17

FIRE PROTECTION COMPOSITIONS, METHODS, AND ARTICLES

#114
20160319134
2016-11-03

FIRE RETARDANT, INSULATION MATERIAL AND SURFACE PROTECTANT

#115
20160304785
2016-10-20

Polyolefin-based flame retardant resin composition and molded product

#116
20160289969
2016-10-06

System, method and apparatus for thermal energy management in a roof

#117
20160281000
2016-09-29

METHOD TO PROVIDE FLAME RETARDANCY TO MATERIALS

#118
20160272893
2016-09-22

Hot melt intumescent materials for fire protection

#119
20160272891
2016-09-22

Solid composite intumescent structures for fire protection

#120
20160251491
2016-09-01

In-situ foaming system for forming flame-retardant polyurethane foam in situ

#121
20160222296
2016-08-04

Fire retardant composition, structure and application

#122
20160200897
2016-07-14

Process stabilization of polymer compositions comprising phosphorous containing flame retardants

#123
20160186061
2016-06-30

FLAME RETARDANT COMPRISING GRAPHENE OXIDE DOPED PHOSPHORUS ON THE SURFACE

#124
20160040069
2016-02-11

Intumescent composition

#125
20160032076
2016-02-04

Salts of pyrophosphonic acid as flame retardants

#126
20160017230
2016-01-21

Pulverulent Coated Flame Retardant

#127
20150376375
2015-12-31

Flame retardant composition

#128
20150368561
2015-12-24

Ammonium polyphosphate based fire-retardant compositions

#129
20150368560
2015-12-24

Fungicidal and parasiticidal fire-retardant powder

#130
20150360945
2015-12-17

FIRE PROTECTION COMPOSITIONS, METHODS, AND ARTICLES

#131
20150352744
2015-12-10

Methods of conferring fire retardancy to wood and fire-retardant wood products

#132
20150335926
2015-11-26

Flame retardant and fire extinguishing product for fires in liquids

#133
20150322194
2015-11-12

ISOCYANATE-BASED POLYMER FOAM HAVING IMPROVED FLAME RETARDANT PROPERTIES

#134
20150232636
2015-08-20

Water dispersible flame retardant composition comprising phosphorus-functionalized graphite preparation method thereof

#135
20150210865
2015-07-30

Combinatorial materials architecture and process for textiles and related applications

#136
20150111986
2015-04-23

POLYOLEFIN INTUMESCENT PHOSPHOROUS FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEM

#137
20150090945
2015-04-02

FLAME-RETARDANT FORMULATIONS AND METHODS RELATING THERETO

#138
20150083980
2015-03-26

Composition based on magnesium sulfate and diammonium hydrogenphosphate

#139
20150018464
2015-01-15

Mixed alkali-aluminum phosphites, method for producing same, and the use thereof

#140
20150005427
2015-01-01

Mixtures of aluminum phosphite with sparingly soluble aluminum salts and foreign ions, process for the production thereof and the use thereof

#141
20140371361
2014-12-18

Aluminum Hydrogen Phosphites, A Process for Preparing Them and Their Use

#142
20140336325
2014-11-13

Mixtures of flame protection means containing flame protection means and aluminium phosphites, method for production and use thereof

#143
20140336318
2014-11-13

Method for obtaining hierarchically ordered inorganic phosphate structures on phyllosilicates

#144
20140272143
2014-09-18

METHOD FOR FLAME RETARDING COMPOSITION

#145
20140179848
2014-06-26

Fire retardant polypropylene

#146
20140102615
2014-04-17

Fire proof oriented strand board and its manufacture

#147
20140093742
2014-04-03

Fire retardant composition and method for treating wood

#148
20140079942
2014-03-20

FIRE-RETARDANT COATING, METHOD FOR PRODUCING FIRE-RETARDANT AND HEAT-RESISTNAT BUILDING MATERIALS

#149
20130280432
2013-10-24

Formaldehyde-free flame retardant compositions and their use for manufacturing durable formaldehyde-free flame retardant cellulosic materials

#150
20130274347
2013-10-17

Fungicidal and parasiticidal fire-retardant powder

#151
20130153643
2013-06-20

Polyamide composition for surface-mounted components

#152
20130131238
2013-05-23

Flame-proofed polymer compositions

#153
20130126805
2013-05-23

Method For Producing Alkylphosphonous Acid Salts

#154
20130014672
2013-01-17

Flame Retardant for Cellulose Based Materials

#155
20120316269
2012-12-13

METHOD OF MANUFACTURING OF FLAME RETARDANT PANELS

#156
20120316268
2012-12-13

METHOD OF REDUCING THE EMISSION OF FORMALDEHYDE FROM FORMALDEHYDE LADEN WOOD PRODUCTS

#157
20120312453
2012-12-13

SYSTEM FOR FORMING A FIRE RESISTANT WALL STRUCTURE, AND ASSOCIATED METHOD

#158
20120266553
2012-10-25

System, method and apparatus for thermal energy management in a roof

#159
20120208942
2012-08-16

Process for stabilizing hypophosphite

#160
20120174508
2012-07-12

Intumescent composition

#161
20120171299
2012-07-05

Crystallization of poly ammonium phosphate in particular organic material and uses thereof

#162
20120149821
2012-06-14

Process for stabilizing hypophosphite salts

#163
20120130012
2012-05-24

Flame retardant cable jacket materials including vanadium phosphate

#164
20120108716
2012-05-03

Flame retardant agent for thermoplastic resin and flame retardant resin composition

#165
20120108713
2012-05-03

Borophosphate, borate phosphate, and metal borophosphate as novel flame proofing additives for plastics

#166
20120045584
2012-02-23

FIRE RESISTANT TIMBER COATING COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURE

#167
20110315423
2011-12-29

ABRASION RESISTANT AND FLAME RETARDANT THERMOPLASTIC VULCANIZATE COMPOSITIONS

#168
20110213065
2011-09-01

SYNTHETIC INORGANIC FLAME RETARDANTS, METHODS FOR THEIR PREPARATION, AND THEIR USE AS FLAME RETARDANTS

#169
20110204304
2011-08-25

Flame retardant composition

#170
20110136927
2011-06-09

Flame retardant thermoplastic elastomers

#171
20110118371
2011-05-19

RUBBER-MODIFIED FLAME-RETARDANT MOLDING COMPOUNDS

#172
20110034587
2011-02-10

Flameproof thermoplastic resin composition and method for preparing the same

#173
20110023748
2011-02-03

FIRE PROTECTION COMPOSITIONS, METHODS, AND ARTICLES

#174
20100204377
2010-08-12

FLAME RETARDANT AGENT FOR THERMOPLASTIC RESIN AND FLAME RETARDANT RESIN COMPOSITION

#175
20100200819
2010-08-12

Flame retardant composition

#176
20100168284
2010-07-01

Flame retardant resinous compositions and process

#177
20100160523
2010-06-24

HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANT ADDITIVE

#178
20100112228
2010-05-06

FLAME RETARDANT FOR WOOD APPLICATION

#179
20100086268
2010-04-08

Fire Resistant Thermoplastic or Thermoset Compositions Containing an Intumescent Specialty Chemical

#180
20100069488
2010-03-18

Fire retardant composition

#181
20100068400
2010-03-18

COMPOSITION FOR USE AS A PREVENTIVE TEMPORARY FIRE PROTECTION AGENT, THE APPLICATION THEREOF TO PRODUCTS, AND THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF SAME

#182
20090258182
2009-10-15

Artificial sueded leather being excellent in flame retardance and method of producing the same

#183
20090253836
2009-10-08

Flexible high thermomechanical stress-resistant and fireproof halogen-free thermoplastic compositions

#184
20090192245
2009-07-30

FLAME RETARDANT RESINOUS COMPOSITIONS AND PROCESS

#185
20090192243
2009-07-30

Flame retardant resinous compositions and process

#186
20090104444
2009-04-23

HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANT ADHESIVE COMPOSITIONS AND ARTICLE CONTAINING SAME

#187
20080315164
2008-12-25

Flame-retardant prepreg

#188
20080167412
2008-07-10

Fire-retardant low-density epoxy composition

#189
20080160852
2008-07-03

Flame retardant, heat-insulated and moisture permeable coated fabric and its manufacturing method

#190
20080157915
2008-07-03

Flame retardant, electrically-conductive pressure sensitive adhesive materials and methods of making the same

#191
20080119595
2008-05-22

FLAME RETARDANT SYNTHETIC SOLID SURFACE MATERIAL

#192
20080102243
2008-05-01

Laminate fire retardant systems and uses

#193
20080099735
2008-05-01

Corrosion-inhibited ammonium polyphosphate fire retardant compositions

#194
20080035899
2008-02-14

Fire retardant compositions and methods for their preparation and use

#195
20070259582
2007-11-08

Polyphosphate flame retardant

#196
20070176156
2007-08-02

Fire retardant composition with insecticide

#197
20070170404
2007-07-26

Fire retardant with mold inhibitor and insecticide

#198
20070051271
2007-03-08

Composition for a fire-protection agent for materials and fire-protection method

#199
20060219991
2006-10-05

Metal hydroxide derivatives containing chemically bound organophosphorus or polyphosphate species as flame retardants

#200
20060192186
2006-08-31

Flame retardant additives, emulsion type coating compositions, and flame retardant compositions

#201
20060189232
2006-08-24

Fire retarding, stain and/or mold protecting composition

#202
20060151758
2006-07-13

Fire resistant intumescent thermoplastic or thermoset compositions

#203
20060113513
2006-06-01

Fire retardant and a method for production thereof

#204
20060100328
2006-05-11

Fire-resistant rubber composition and hose

#205
20060100325
2006-05-11

Flame-retardant composition comprising organophosphorus compound impregnated on a porous support, preparation method and use thereof

#206
20060057915
2006-03-16

Intumescent body

#207
20050285086
2005-12-29

Flame retardant composition

#208
20050279972
2005-12-22

Dry powdered fire retardant composition for mixing with water on-site

#209
20050245656
2005-11-03

Flame retardant products

#210
20050155733
2005-07-21

Fire-proof treatment solution and fire-retardant material therefrom

#211
20050070652
2005-03-31

Fire-retardant agent based on polyphosphoric or orthophosphoric acid impregnated on a highly porous mineral oxide method for preparation and use thereof

#212
17856737
2024-06-04

Mixture and method for fire suppression and prevention

#213
17856725
2024-06-04

Mixture and method for fire suppression and prevention

#214
15344298
2018-03-20

Fire inhibitor formulation