172122 ⎘
Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance using nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] NMR spectroscopy
Sub-classes:Methods and Apparatus for Low-Volatility Sampling
#2METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR USE IN MONITORING NEURAL ACTIVITY IN A SUBJECT'S BRAIN
#3Method for generating and/or detecting a magnetization, magnetometer and spectroscopy apparatus
#4Method, Device, System and Storage Medium for Evaluating Accumulation Efficiency of Helium-rich Natural Gas
#5METHOD OF POSITIONING A SAMPLE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD FOR NMR SPECTROMETER ANALYSIS
#6NMR PROBE HEAD WITH COMPACT MECHANISM FOR REMOTELY TUNING, MATCHING AND CONTROLLING AN NMR PROBE
#7MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DIAGNOSING PAIN OR INFECTION ASSOCIATED WITH PROPIONIC ACID
#8SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR GENERATION OF HYPERPOLARIZED MATERIALS
#9NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR NONINVASIVE AND IN-VIVO MEASUREMENTS USING A UNILATERAL MAGNET
#10Esterified Acids for Use in Polymeric Materials
#11METHODS DIRECTED TO CRYSTALLINE BIOMOLECULES
#12NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROMETER WITH LIGHT SOURCE
#13Multi-Parameter Diabetes Risk Evaluations
#14METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING GEOLOGICAL MODELS USING SPATIAL PROPERTIES BASED ON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE DATA
#15Magnetic resonance spectroscopy system and method for diagnosing pain or infection associated with propionic acid
#16Atomic vapor cell, an integrated atomic/photonic device and apparatus comprising the atomic vapor cell, and a method for fabricating an atomic vapor cell
#17PEPTIDE DESIGN AND GALECTIN-3 INHIBITORS
#18Illumination insert for an NMR spectrometer
#19PARAHYDROGEN HYPERPOLARIZATION MEMBRANE REACTOR
#20In situ, real-time in-line detection of filling errors in pharmaceutical product manufacturing using water proton NMR
#21Method and system for determining geological models using spatial properties based on nuclear magnetic resonance data
#22CLEAVABLE AGENTS
#23Nuclear magnetic resonance systems and methods for noninvasive and in-vivo measurements using a unilateral magnet
#24NMR Measurement Apparatus
#25Esterified acids for use in polymeric materials
#26DINITROXIDE BIRADICAL COMPOUNDS AS POLARIZING AGENTS
#27PARAMAGNETIC SODIUM NMR MACROCYCLIC-BASED BIOSENSORS, AND ASSOCIATED METHODS
#28Spin resonance signal measurement using a modulated fictitious field
#29Pneumatic cable shuttle system for 2FNMR
#30NMR magnet system with Stirling cooler
#31Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, method of operation, and probe therefore
#32SYSTEMS AND METHODS USING NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) SPECTROSCOPY TO EVALUATE PAIN AND DEGENERATIVE PROPERTIES OF TISSUE
#33Cryogenic integrated circuits architecture for multiplexed chemical-shift NMR
#34LIPID, PROTEIN, AND METABOLITE MARKERS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER
#35Enantiomerically enriched, polycrystalline molecular sieves
#36Diamond anvil cell having an integrated sensor
#37Methods and Apparatus for Low-Volatility Sampling
#38Planar inverse anapole microresonator and performing inductive-detection electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
#39Stripline detector for in situ battery and fuel cell NMR
#40Operando nuclear magnetic resonance rotor insert
#41Magnetically coupled loading chamber and apparatus for in situ MAS NMR: operating under either high or low pressure
#42Sheath wave barrier for magnetic resonance (MR) applications
#43Systems, spherical rotors, stators, and methods of use
#44Method for ascertaining the change in a spatial orientation of an NMR gyroscope and an NMR gyroscope
#45METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR USE IN MONITORING NEURAL ACTIVITY IN A SUBJECT'S BRAIN
#46Estimation of dynamical properties of fluids using optical defects in solids
#47In situ, real-time in-line detection of filling errors in pharmaceutical product manufacturing using water proton NMR
#48High-temperature NMR MAS probe with optimized temperature gradient across sample rotor
#49NMR spectrometer with quick-change system for samples
#50Magnetic resonance spectroscopy water suppression method and device
#51Tumor tissue characterization using multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging
#52NANOSHEET-CONTAINING ORIENTATION AGENT FOR NMR MEASUREMENT
#53Copolymer, polymer, molding material and resin molded body
#54Systems architecture for analysis of spectroscopy and fMRI data using multiple integrated classifiers
#55Substituted benzotriazole phenolate salts and antioxidant compositions formed therefrom
#56Cleavable agents
#57Esterified acids for use in polymeric materials
#58Methods directed to crystalline biomolecules
#59Dinitroxide biradical compounds as polarizing agents
#60Method and assembly for measuring diffusion in nanoporous media
#61Cell for nuclear magnetic resonance measurement in a liquid medium, system comprising such a cell and the use thereof
#62Implantable or insertable nuclear magnetic resonant imaging system
#63Multi-parameter diabetes risk evaluations
#64Methods for authenticating botanicals using a marker compound's related chromatographic profile and mass spectral profile jointly
#65Transport apparatus for temperature-controlled NMR test samples having a double tube system
#66Magnetic resonance spectroscopy system and method for diagnosing pain or infection associated with propionic acid
#67NMR-MAS probehead with an optimized MAS-DNP coil block for fast sample rotation
#68Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene-oxide) derivatives with sulfonyl pendant groups and methods therefor
#69Apparatus and method for processing spectrum
#70NMR probe head with a backbone in the shielding tube
#71Method for determining proper functioning of an analytic system and control composition for performing said method
#72Magnetic coil power methods and apparatus
#73Magnetic coil power methods and apparatus
#74Hermetically-Sealed, Flexible Polymer Gel Cylinder for NMR Measurements
#75Absolute porosity and pore size determination of pore types in media with varying pore sizes
#76Methods for the chemical synthesis of pyrrole-linked bivalent compounds, and compositions thereof
#77Titanium-containing film forming compositions for vapor deposition of titanium-containing films
#78METHOD, SYSTEM, AND COMPUTER-ACCESSIBLE MEDIUM FOR ASSESSMENT OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN CONCENTRATION IN VIVO BY CHEMICAL EXCHANGE SATURATION TRANSFER
#79Polyimide composition for package structure, package structure and method of fabricating the same
#80MAS-NMR rotor system with improved space utilization
#81NMR spectroscopy system
#82Method for performing an NMR measurement, probe arrangement for an NMR spectrometer, and NMR spectrometer arrangement
#83Flame retardant compound, method of preparing the same and use thereof
#84Nuclear magnetic resonance systems and methods for noninvasive and in-vivo measurements using a unilateral magnet
#85Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene-oxide) derivatives with sulfonyl pendant groups and methods therefor
#86Functionalized elastomer
#87Method of making a functionalized elastomer
#88Attenuation correction in emission tomography taking into account the hardware parts that are actually present
#89Estimating formation properties using saturation profiles
#90Magnetic coil power methods and apparatus
#91Magnetic coil power methods and apparatus
#92Imidazoline compound, mobility control system, plugging agent for gas channeling, and method for carbon dioxide flooding
#93Systems and methods for tri-axial NMR testing
#94DIFFUSION-RELAXATION CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGING
#95Systems and methods using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to evaluate pain and degenerative properties of tissue
#96PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS OF POLYANIONIC AND NON-IONIC CYCLODEXTRIN-BASED DENDRIMERS AND USES THEREOF
#97High-resolution in situ electrochemical NMR with interdigitated electrodes
#98Absolute porosity and pore size determination of pore types in media with varying pore sizes
#99Preparation method of new-type nanoparticles for loading emodin
#100APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR IN-VIVO FAT AND IRON CONTENT MEASUREMENT
#101Shifting phase in a resonator device for magnetic resonance
#102Enantiomerically enriched, polycrystalline molecular sieves
#103Magnetic resonance spectrometer
#104Polyphenylsulfone-based proton conducting polymer electrolyte, proton conducting solid polymer electrolyte membrane, electrode catalyst layer for solid polymer fuel cells, method for producing electrode catalyst layer for slid polymer fuel cells, and fuel cell
#105Determining a spatial configuration of multiple nuclei
#106Substituted benzotriazole phenolate salts and antioxidant compositions formed therefrom
#107DRUG SUSTAINED-RELEASE CARRIER AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME
#108Resin composition, microporous membrane, separator and secondary battery
#109Composition and method for preventing or reducing engine knock and pre-ignition in high compression spark ignition engines
#110PROCESS FOR REDUCING THE DEFECTIVITY OF A BLOCK COPOLYMER FILM
#111Process for the preparation of teriflunomide
#112TECHNIQUES, SYSTEMS AND MACHINE READABLE PROGRAMS FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
#113Copolymer and organic solar cell comprising same
#114Compound and organic electronic device using the same
#115Compound and organic electronic device using the same
#116Self-healing polysilsesquioxanes and hybrid film using the same
#117Shape-memory polymers and methods of making and use thereof
#118Compound and organic electronic device using the same
#119Clickable antimicrobial molecules and polymers
#120Method for analysis of hydrocarbons in water
#121Lubricant containing high-viscosity metallocene polyalpha-olefins
#122POLYMERS AND POLYMERIC ASSEMBLIES FOR PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN ENCAOSULATION AND RELEASE, AND METHODS THEREOF
#123NAPHTHOIC ACID ESTER PLASTICIZERS AND METHOD OF MAKING
#124General purpose plasticizers based on naphthalic acid diesters
#125Polymer composite material for 1H dynamic nuclear polarization experiments and method for producing the same, and polymer composite material for 1H dynamic nuclear polarization contrast variation neutron scattering experiments
#1261,8-bis(Schiff base)-p-menthane derivatives as well as preparation method and applications thereof
#127Chemical amplification in self-strengthening materials
#128Sulfonium compound, resist composition, and pattern forming process
#129Polymyxin derived cell penetrating scaffolds
#130Curable compositions containing 1,1-di-activated vinyl compounds that cure by pericyclic reaction mechanisms
#131Copolymer, polymer, molding material and resin molded body
#132Methods for the chemical synthesis of pyrrole-linked bivalent compounds, and compositions thereof
#133Method for synthesizing a precursor of a single dairy-lactone isomer
#134Aromatic diamine, an intermediate therefor, a method for producing the aromatic diamine, and a method for producing the intermediate therefor
#135Compound and organic solar cell comprising same
#136Polyester resin, method for producing polyester resin, and toner using said polyester resin
#137Process for producing thermoplastic polymer compositions with optimized degree of crosslinking
#138Use of polymers comprising two segments as polymer additives
#139Light-emitting element, light-emitting device, electronic device, lighting device, and organometallic complex
#140Organometallic compound
#141Stripline detector for in situ battery NMR
#142Esterified acids for use in polymeric materials
#143Bimodal polypropylene compositions and method of making same
#144Polyether-based polymer composition
#145Characterization of crude oil by NMR spectroscopy
#146Low by-product content polyphenylene polymethylene polyisocyanates
#147Performance high vinyl block copolymer compositions and uses thereof
#148PEG derivative
#149Deuterated compounds for treating cancer and related diseases and conditions, and compositions and methods thereof
#150Toner
#151Analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra with non-stationary peaks
#152Measuring apparatus for weak electromagnetic signals from a sample at low frequencies, in addition to a method
#153NEW C-GLYCOSYLPOLYPHENOL ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS, EFFECT ON GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND INTERACTION WITH BETA-AMYLOID. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF THE SYNTHESIZED AGENT(S) AND OF GENISTA TENERA ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACTS CONTAINING SOME OF THOSE AGENTS
#154Triacrylate compounds and methods for producing the same, and compositions
#155PHOTOSENSITIVE COMPOSITION FOR FORMING RESIST UNDERLAYER FILM, AND RESIST UNDERLAYER FILM
#156Method for preparing chiral ferrocene diphosphine ligand
#157IN SITU-FORMING OF DENDRIMER HYDROGELS USING MICHAEL-ADDITION REACTION
#158Non-ionic and thermoresponsive diblock copolypeptide hydrogels for delivery of molecules and cells
#159NMR measured pore fluid phase behavior measurements
#160SYSTEMS AND RELATED METHODS FOR RAPIDLY MOVING MATERIALS INTO AND OUT OF A CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENT
#161Probehead of an NMR-MAS apparatus with a device for determining the angle between the MAS rotor and the static magnetic field
#162TRITERPENOID COMPOSITION OF ANTRODIA CINNAMOMEA, PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS METHOD THEREOF
#163Use of a Measuring Appliance for Examining Constituents of a Human or Animal Body
#164Methods for producing a semi-adiabatic spectral-spatial spectroscopic imaging sequence and devices thereof
#165Methods for detecting and categorizing skin sensitizers
#166Measuring connectivity between different pore types in porous media
#167HIGH-PRESSURE, HIGH-TEMPERATURE NMR APPARATUS
#168External standard reference system of type inserted into coil of human magnetic resonance imaging equipment
#169NMR in kinetics of hydrocarbon generation
#170Closure and system for NMR sample containers with a secondary locking seal
#171Method and apparatus for determining dephasing factors in magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy
#172Multi-parameter diabetes risk evaluations
#173Magnetic coil power methods and apparatus
#174Coil assembly for accurate adjustment of magic angle in solid-state NMR apparatus and method of adjusting magic angle using such coil assembly
#175NMR flow cell
#176NMR spectrometer comprising a superconducting magnetic coil having windings composed of a superconductor structure having strip pieces chained together
#177Magnet coil assembly, comprising an HTS strip conductor and an LTS wire, which form a joint
#178MR field probes with additional windings for improving the homogeneity and localizing the measuring volume
#179NON AQUEOUS SOLVENTS OR MIXTURES FOR DNP NMR SPECTROSCOPY, METHOD TO PREPARE SAID SOLVENTS OR MIXTURES AND USE OF SAID SOLVENTS OR MIXTURES
#180NMR measurement cell and NMR measurement assembly
#181METHODS OF PREDICTING OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES FROM SPECTROSCOPIC DATA
#182Method and medical imaging apparatus of determining time windows in a scan sequence
#183Cooling device with cryostat and cold head having reduced mechanical coupling
#184Systems and methods for polarized nuclear imaging and spectroscopy
#185Method and magnetic resonance apparatus for planning a spectroscopy measurement
#186Transferring spin polarization
#187Refocussing pulse having an incremental phase
#188Quantification of in vivo metabolite
#189Magnetic resonance imaging of poly-L-glutamate
#190Devices for use in solid-state NMR analysis
#191Nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus and methods
#192Nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus and methods
#193NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE APPARATUS AND METHODS
#194Detection of BRCA and other high risk carriers in breast tissue
#195Sensor and method of detecting an analyte using 19F NMR
#196QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN SPECIES DISTRIBUTION IN DISPERSANTS
#197Method and magnetic resonance apparatus for generating a parameter map to compensate local inhomogeneities in the basic magnetic field
#198Method and apparatus to determine complex sensitivity factors of RF reception coils for magnetic resonance spectroscopy
#199Longevity of hyperpolarized enhanced signals for H NMR spectroscopy
#200Method for quantitation of acid sites in acidic catalysts using silane and borane compounds
#201Identification of materials from a hydrogen to electron ratio
#202Superconducting magnet operating in occasional idling mode
#203Method and apparatus for automated determination of the resonance frequencies of protons for magnetic resonance examinations
#204Method for transporting an NMR sample spaced horizontally and vertically from a cryo-magnetic system using a vibration isolated motorized curvilinear Transport Carrier with dual end-effector and method for telescoping the Carrier to different cryo-magnetic systems at different heights
#205System and method for portable magnetic resonance imaging using a rotating array of permanent magnets
#206Multi-parameter diabetes risk evaluations
#207Switching-frequency-controlled switch-mode power supply unit for powering magnetic resonance system gradient coils
#208RF pulses for magnetic resonance
#209Method for measuring acid strength in reaction medium using trimethylphosphine oxide and P NMR
#210NMR reaction monitoring flow cell
#211Shimming procedure that includes determination of the target field by optimization in a parameter space of reduced dimensionality
#212Gyroscopes based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
#213Quality assurance apparatus and method for magnetic resonance based radiation therapy planning
#214NMR spectrometer with ergonomically advantageous sample changer
#215Method and apparatus for magnetic resonance data acquisition using a multipoint dixon technique
#216Method and apparatus for acquiring magnetic resonance data and generating images therefrom using a two-point Dixon technique
#217Method for substance identification from NMR spectrum
#218Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy device
#219Multi-parametric magnetic resonance diagnosis and staging of liver disease
#220Rotating frame pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
#221SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PORTABLE MAGNETIC RESONANCE MEASUREMENTS OF LUNG PROPERTIES
#222Method and system for use in monitoring neural activity in a subject's brain
#223Methods for metabolic imaging
#224Multiple resonance NMR spectroscopy using a single transmitter
#225Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus and process for high-resolution in situ investigations
#226OPTICAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM INDUCED HYPERPOLARISATION IN INTERVENTIONAL APPLICATIONS
#227System and method of performing magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging
#228Chromatographic interface
#229Method for predicting resistance to heat deterioration of isoprene rubber
#230Multi-parameter diabetes risk evaluations
#231Longevity of hyperpolarized enhanced signals for H NMR spectroscopy
#232Pulse sequence for homonuclear J-decoupling during NMR data acquisition
#233System and method for processing magnetic resonance signals
#234METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR APPLYING NMR PULSE SEQUENCES USING DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES
#235Method and system for applying NMR pulse sequences with interacting shells
#236Probe for magnetic resonance force microscopy and method thereof
#237METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE HEAVY FRACTION OF PETROLEUM
#238MR imaging using navigators
#239Cooperative pulses
#240Compositions and methods for metabolic imaging
#241Quantitative NMR clinical analyzers with automatic NMR temperature sensitivity compensation that accommodate large ambient operational temperature ranges
#242Reference material for NMR, sample tube for NMR, capillary for NMR, and method for measuring NMR for a sample
#243C-MR detection using hyperpolarised C-fructose
#244METHODS TO DETECT CANCER IN ANIMALS
#245Implantable or insertable nuclear magnetic resonant imaging system
#246Implantable or insertable nuclear magnetic resonant imaging system
#247TRITERPENOID COMPOSITION OF ANTRODIA CINNAMOMEA, PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS METHOD THEREOF
#248Detection of J-coupling using atomic magnetometer
#249MRI BY DIRECT TRANSVERSE HYPERPOLARIZATION USING LIGHT ENDOWED WITH ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM
#250In Vivo 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy For The Diagnosis Of Testicular Function And Disease
#251Method of controlling static magnetic field in NMR spectrometer
#252NMR reaction monitoring flow cell
#253Method and system for magnetic resonance imaging, and use thereof
#254ULTRA-LOW FIELD NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE METHOD TO DISCRIMINATE AND IDENTIFY MATERIALS
#255Evaluating heparin preparations
#256Analysis system with GPC and NMR spectroscopy coupling, in particular for the analysis of samples having polymers
#257Interference compensation in MR measurements on moving objects through adjustment of the measurement conditions
#258ANALYSIS OF VI SACCHARIDES
#259Attenuation correction for PET or SPECT nuclear imaging systems using magnetic resonance spectroscopic image data
#260METHODS FOR IN VIVO EVALUATION OF PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY AND/OR FUNCTION USING NMR SIGNALS OF POLARIZED 129XE
#261Implantable or insertable nuclear magnetic resonant imaging system
#262Method, System, and Computer-Accessible Medium for Assessment of Glycosaminoglycan Concentration in Vivo by Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer
#263AGENT FOR TRANSPORTING NUCLEAR SPIN ORDER AND FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
#264Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy using light with orbital angular momentum
#265Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Method for Quantitative and Qualitative Measurement of Natural Products
#266Method and device for ex situ magnetic resonance analysis
#267Squid detected nuclear magnetic resonance and imaging at ultra-weak fields
#268NMR-detecting cell, NMR-measuring method, and NMR-measuring apparatus
#269Method for Detecting a Target Substance by Nuclear magnetic Resonance
#270Gas nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus
#271METHODS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND MONITORING OF NEUROLOGIC DISEASES USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE METHODS
#272TEMPERATURE-JUMP DYNAMIC NUCLEAR POLARIZATION
#273Evaluating magnetic resonance spectra
#274MAGNETIC RESONANCE CONTRAST MEDIUM USING POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGE PICK-UP METHOD
#275NMR probehead with a plurality of resonator systems for simultaneous measurement of a plurality of samples in a coupled mode
#276Sample exchange device having a sample receptacle guided through a meandering path, in particular for an NMR spectrometer
#277Singlet-state exchange NMR spectroscopy for the study of very slow dynamic processes
#278Systems and methods for alignment of objects in images
#279Discrete magic angle turning system, apparatus, and process for in situ magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging
#280Apparatus and method for performing in-vitro DNP-NMR measurements
#281Method and device for magnetic resonance analysis
#282Method and apparatus to improve NMR spectral resolution in an inhomogeneous magnetic field
#283Methods for magnetic resonance analysis using magic angle technique
#284Method of carrying out dynamic nuclear polarization
#285Systems and methods using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to evaluate pain and degenerative properties of tissue
#286Method and apparatus for magnetic resonance spectroscopy
#287Method and apparatus for analyzing sample utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance under terahertz-wave irradiation
#288Method and Device for High-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Using a Hyperpolarised Medium
#289Methods for detection of chloral hydrate in dichloroacetic acid
#290Rubber specimen-stretching jig and apparatus and method for analyzing molecular structure and molecular motion of stretched rubber specimen
#291Magnetic field gradient structure characteristic assessment using one dimensional (1D) spatial-frequency distribution analysis
#292Methods for in vivo evaluation of pulmonary physiology and/or function using NMR signals of polarized Xe
#293NMR spectroscopy using spin states with long lifetimes
#294Method of fabricating wire member
#295Method for automatic shimming for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
#296Nmr apparatus for concurrent analysis of multiple samples using a receiver coil array
#297High throughput screening of catalysts using spin resonance
#298Sample inspection apparatus for combining nmr with esr or icr-mass spectroscopy
#299Method for determining the content of at least one component of a sample by means of a nuclear magnetic resonance pulse spectrometer
#300High-throughput screening method for determining the enantioselectivity of catalysts, biocatalysts, and agents