METHOD AND ARRANGEMENT FOR COUPLING VERTICAL PRECAST STRUCTURES

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure generally relates to construction technology. In particular, the present disclosure relates to a connection assembly mechanism for coupling vertical precast structures for use in construction technology.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Existing construction technologies involve one-off (e.g., customized) build-on site approaches in which construction material is brought to the construction site where the actual construction is performed. This has been the traditional methodology and approach for many years but has certain inherent challenges, including non-availability of skilled workforce (e.g., manual labor), heavy and expensive on-site machinery, incorrect estimate of completion time of construction projects, delays in delivery of projects, inclement weather, poor quality and wastage of materials, noise and air pollution, and cost involved in disposal of debris. This approach is also “one-off” as it provides no repeatability or scalability leverage. Each building is constructed, and each project is performed differently, and results vary widely, which may be undesirable considering present day demand for symmetrical construction projects with enhanced look and feel. However, constructing or casting each individual component of a building on site incurs significant expenditures in time and resources. It also increases a project's vulnerability to unforeseen factors, such as poor weather, worksite accidents, improper pour, etc.

Such traditional methodologies and approaches use connection methods that typically include placing rebars and lapping them together with adjacent bars during formwork. However, such connection methods are time and manpower intensive during installation. Further, on-site rebar binding and requirement for shuttering for slab and wall makes such connection methods quite cumbersome to handle. Furthermore, substantial waiting time may also be observed by using such connection methods for slabs to gain sufficient strength before starting the next level of work.

In order to address the aforesaid shortfalls of such build or cast-on site approaches, some construction projects use precast modules. Examples of the precast modules may include walls, beams, slabs, and the like, that are built in factories under factory scaling, repeatability, and in-factory conditions. The precast modules are then delivered to a building site and installed using standard connection mechanisms. Such standard connection mechanisms take lesser time as compared to the connection methods for the build-on site approaches.

However, even standard connection mechanisms have different challenges for several types of interconnections. In an example for wall-to-wall connection, such standard connection mechanisms require pull out bar connection. Waiting time is to be allowed until connection strength is achieved. Overall, such standard connection mechanisms hamper the aesthetic look of the interior of the building.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments for a connection assembly mechanism for coupling precast structures, such as vertical precast structures, in construction technology are disclosed that address at least some of the above challenges and issues.

In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a connection assembly mechanism. The connection assembly mechanism includes a hollow box section member having a first set of elongated connectors. The first set of elongated connectors extends from an outer surface of a first vertical member of the hollow box section member and is configured for embedding within a horizontal precast structure. An outer surface of a second vertical member of the hollow box section member is configured for flush-mounting on a lateral side of the horizontal precast structure. The connection assembly mechanism further includes a first wall bracket having a first horizontal flange and a first vertical flange orthogonal to each other. A first set of shear connectors extending from inner surfaces of the first horizontal flange and the first vertical flange is configured for embedding within a base portion of a pocket member of a first vertical precast structure. An outer surface of the first horizontal flange is configured for flush-mounting with the base portion of the pocket member of the first vertical precast structure. The connection assembly mechanism further includes a second wall bracket having a second horizontal flange and a second vertical flange orthogonal to each other. A second set of shear connectors extending from inner surfaces of the second horizontal flange and the second vertical flange is configured for embedding towards the bottom end of a second vertical precast structure. An outer surface of the second horizontal flange is configured for flush-mounting with a base portion of the second vertical precast structure. The connection assembly mechanism further includes at least two connection mechanisms configured for coupling the outer surface of the first horizontal flange of the first wall bracket with an outer surface of a first horizontal member of the hollow box section member, and the outer surface of the second horizontal flange of the second wall bracket is coupled with an outer surface of a second horizontal member of the hollow box section member, thereby coupling the first vertical precast structure and the second vertical precast structure.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the connection mechanism further comprises a first clastic pad configured for slab bearing between the outer surface of the first horizontal flange of the first wall bracket and the outer surface of the first horizontal member of the hollow box section member.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the connection mechanism further comprises a second elastic pad configured for slab bearing between the outer surface of the second horizontal flange of the second wall bracket and the outer surface of the second horizontal member of the hollow box section member.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first wall bracket further comprises a first angular elongated connector configured embedding within the first vertical precast structure, and the second wall bracket further comprises a second angular elongated connector configured embedding within the second vertical precast structure.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first horizontal flange and the first vertical flange of the first wall bracket conform with an edge portion of the base portion of the pocket member provided at a top portion of the first vertical precast structure.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the outer surface of the first vertical flange of the first wall bracket is configured for flush-mounting at a vertical portion orthogonal to the base portion of the pocket member of the first vertical precast structure.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the second horizontal flange and the second vertical flange of the second wall bracket conform with an edge portion of the base portion of the second vertical precast structure.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the outer surface of the second vertical flange of the second wall bracket is configured for flush-mounting at a vertical portion orthogonal to the base portion of the second vertical precast structure.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, each connection mechanism of the at least two connection mechanisms corresponds to one of a welded connection using a flat bar, a direct welded connection, a fastening mechanism, or a chemical affixture.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a recess is formed between inner wall of the pocket member of the first vertical precast structure and the outer surface of the second vertical member of the hollow box section member flush-mounted on the lateral side of the horizontal precast structure.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the recess is filled with non-shrink grout.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first set of elongated connectors comprises base-side connectors configured for embedding within a concrete portion of the horizontal precast structure. The first set of elongated connectors further comprises top-side connectors configured for embedding within a structural topping of the horizontal precast structure.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the horizontal precast structure is one of a precast slab or a precast beam.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first vertical precast structure is a bottom wall, and the second vertical precast structure is a top wall.

In an aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a connection method that includes flush-mounting an outer surface of a second vertical member of a hollow box section member with a lateral side of the horizontal precast structure. A first set of elongated connectors, extending from an outer surface of a first vertical member of the hollow box section member, is embedded within a horizontal precast structure. The connection method further includes flush-mounting an outer surface of a first horizontal flange of a first wall bracket with a base portion of a pocket member of a first vertical precast structure. A first set of shear connectors extending from inner surfaces of the first horizontal flange and a first vertical flange of the first wall bracket is embedded within the base portion of a pocket member of the first vertical precast structure. The connection method further includes flush-mounting an outer surface of a second horizontal flange with a base portion of a second vertical precast structure. A second set of shear connectors extending from inner surfaces of the second horizontal flange and a second vertical flange is embedded towards the bottom end of the second vertical precast structure. The connection method further includes coupling the outer surfaces of the first horizontal flange of the first wall bracket and the second horizontal flange of the second wall bracket with respective outer surfaces of a first horizontal member and a second horizontal member of the hollow box section member, through at least two connection mechanisms at a construction site, thereby coupling the first vertical precast structure and the second vertical precast structure.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the connection method further includes determining a type, a quantity, and a size of a connection assembly mechanism for coupling the first vertical precast structure and the second vertical precast structure based on a first set of parameters associated with the connection assembly mechanism and a second set of parameters associated with at least one of the first vertical precast structure and the second vertical precast structure and the horizontal precast structure.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first set of parameters includes material specifications of the connection assembly mechanism. The material specifications of the connection assembly correspond to at least tensile strength and hardness of the connection assembly mechanism.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the second set of parameters includes environmental conditions and at least one of a location, an orientation, and a weight of at least one of the horizontal precast structure and the first and the second vertical precast structures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further advantages of the disclosure will become apparent by reference to the detailed description of preferred embodiments when considered in conjunction with the drawings. In the drawings, identical numbers refer to the same or a similar element.

FIG. 1A illustrates a first view of an enclosure structure, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 1B illustrates a second view of the enclosure structure with only a portion of two vertical precast structures and a horizontal precast structure, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a detailed view of the connection assembly mechanism, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a side view of the connection assembly mechanism for coupling two vertical precast structures, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary system, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates the steps of a method of coupling vertical precast structures, in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the disclosure. For purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required to practice the disclosure. Descriptions of specific applications are provided only as representative examples. Various modifications to the preferred embodiments will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the scope of the disclosure. The present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown but is to be accorded the widest possible scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

With modernization in construction-related methodologies and technologies, there has been a rapid shift from normal customized build on-site construction methodologies to construction using modules or blocks that may be built off-site and then assembled on-site to form a construction or a building. However, in the latter case, suitable connection assemblies for each service, environmental and ultimate load conditions are of utmost importance. The role of a connection assembly mechanism is not only to fix the prefabricated structures together, but also to ensure the structural continuity of the whole structure and to transfer forces between the prefabricated structures when the system is loaded.

Conventional connection methods for build or cast-on site approaches may be too time consuming and labor intensive for execution. Further, on-site rebar binding makes such connection methods quite cumbersome to handle. Furthermore, substantial waiting time may also be observed by using such connection methods for slab and beam elements to gain sufficient strength before starting the next level of work.

To overcome the challenges associated with conventional connection methods, standard connection mechanisms for standard precast modules were developed. However, such standard connection mechanisms were also not able to address the aforesaid shortfalls of the conventional connection methods. By ways of different examples, the standard connection mechanisms require pull out bar connection for slab-to-wall, require skilled labor for non-shrink grouting and pressure grouting, and the like. Further, standard connection mechanisms demand waiting time till connection or grout strength is achieved. Also, the overall aesthetic look of the interior of the building is hampered due to pull-out bars and different colored grouts by such standard connection mechanisms.

Clearly, current connection assemblies and technologies fail to address many concerns, as described hereinbefore. This is especially true for advanced precast structures, which are lightweight due to less material requirements, are more economical (due to less labor, accelerated manufacturing, and reduced cost), and have better performance, factors that together meet today's requirements of enhanced, efficient, and robust connection assemblies.

Accordingly, there remains a need in the art for an improved connection assembly mechanism that not only requires lesser skilled workers on site and saves cost and time in the installation process, but also ensures the structural continuity of the whole structure and transfer of forces between the prefabricated building modules during ultimate load conditions.

The embodiments of the present disclosure address these concerns by providing improved and better-quality connection assemblies that requiring lesser skilled workers on site and saving cost and time in the installation process. Further, such connection assemblies also ensure the structural continuity of the whole structure and the transfer of forces between the prefabricated structures during ultimate load conditions.

The disclosed architecture/solution provides several other objects and advantages, some of which are discussed below. The present disclosure supports rapid construction of a structure including precast (prefabricated) modules accommodating erratic site constraints/conditions and/or tight construction schedules. Further, the present disclosure provides at least pre-compression forces across such connection assemblies, thus improving the durability of enclosure structure. Additionally, an increase in the load resistance of the structure is able to be obtained by means of embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure. In particular, the disclosed connection assemblies have very minimal settlement and little or no future challenges, hence, little, or no future maintenance is required. At the least this durability makes the structure economical and also helps reduce the construction times.

Connection assemblies in accordance with the embodiments provide advantages in their simplicity of manufacture and system performance. By leveraging a controlled environment production, these connection assemblies ensure quality, cost reduction, and speedy installation.

Further, the connection assembly mechanism in accordance with the present disclosure exhibits substantial fire resistance owing to metallic body, which in turn reduces insurance costs due to increased safety, security, reliability, and structural soundness.

Structurally, the connection assembly mechanism in accordance with the present disclosure provides substantial loading capacity and further offers the enclosure structure a remarkably high resistance to wind, hurricanes, floods, and other damaging environmental occurrences.

Certain terms and phrases have been used throughout the disclosure and will have the following meanings in the context of the ongoing disclosure.

“Cast-in-place concrete” or “Cast-in-situ concrete” is a building-construction technology where elements of an enclosure structure are cast at the site in formwork.

“Pre-cast structure” refers to a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or form which is then cured in a controlled environment at an offsite location, transported to a construction site, and maneuvered into a targeted place. Examples include pre-cast beams, slabs, wall panels, and the like.

“Wall panel” refers to a prefabricated multi-layered wall fabricated at an offsite location and installed on-site, wherein “on-site” denotes a construction site and “offsite” denotes a location away from the construction site. The wall panel is able to be with or without door or window opening based on the design of the enclosure structure.

“Slab” refers to a prefabricated structure formed at an offsite location and installed on-site. A slab includes a concrete base and a structural topping. The structural toppings, also referred to as topping screeds, are specialized materials applied to an existing concrete base of the slab to enhance performance, durability, and aesthetics.

“Beam” refers to a construction element that is made by casting concrete into a mold and then curing it in a controlled environment at the offsite location. Beams are able to be used for both load-bearing and non-load bearing applications and are able to be made in a variety of shapes and sizes.

“Grout” is a filling, which when poured into a receptacle will fill in the receptacle and consolidate the adjacent edges into a solid mass, such as cementitious mortar or other cement-based materials, bentonite, bentonite/sand mixtures, graphite-based materials, carbon nanotubes and nanofibers, or similar materials.

“Sealant” refers to substances used to seal, block, or close gaps between enclosure structures to prevent fluids, air, and pests from passing through. These materials seal joints where dissimilar materials meet, filling gaps regardless of any irregularities that may exist between the two joint surfaces.

“Backer Rod” refers to a backing in joints. It controls the sealant thickness and amount of sealant needed to fill a gap between joints. The backer rod forces the sealant to the sidewalls to ensure contact and proper adhesion of the sealant.

“Modular” refers to individual and independent blocks or any mechanism or procedure for arranging them.

“Lattice girders” are three-dimensional, industrially prefabricated reinforcing elements. They consist of an upper chord, two lower chords, and continuous truss wires (e.g., diagonal chords). Typically, the continuous truss wires are connected to the chords by means of electric resistance welding.

FIG. 1A illustrates a first view 100A of an enclosure structure 100, in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 1B illustrates a second view 100B of the enclosure structure 100 with only a portion of two vertical precast structures and a horizontal precast structure, in accordance with some embodiments. Referring to FIG. 1A, the enclosure structure 100 includes precast structures including a foundation structure 102, a first wall structure 104, a second wall structure 106, a slab structure 108, a beam structure 110, and a staircase slab 112. There are further shown various connecting members, such as a connection assembly mechanism 114. It should be noted that various enclosure structures, such as the first wall structure 104, the second wall structure 106, the slab structure 108, the beam structure 110, and the staircase slab 112, are able to be precast structures prefabricated at an offsite location away from a construction site and installed on-site at the construction site. Referring to FIG. 1B, there are further shown portions of the first wall structure 104, such as a pocket member 120 in the top portion of the first wall structure 104. In some embodiments, the pocket member 120 has a base portion 122 and a vertical portion 124. There is further shown a recess 126.

Referring to FIG. 1A, in some embodiments, the foundation structure 102 corresponds to a monolithic cast-in-place foundation structure. The foundation structure 102 is the lowest part of the enclosure structure 100 that is in direct contact with the soil and transfers loads from the enclosure structure 100 to the soil safely. To construct the foundation structure 102, trenches are dug deeper into the soil until a hard stratum is reached. Reinforcement cages are incorporated, and concrete is poured. Because the foundation structure 102 is a cast-in-place module and is poured all at once, it is erected much faster, thereby keeping labor costs low. The foundation structure 102 is designed to account for the characteristics of the underlying soil and local environment (e.g., slope of underlying soil, soil type, compactness, local weather conditions, etc.) such that the underlying soil below the foundation structure 102 does not undergo shear failure.

In some embodiments, the first wall structure 104 corresponds to a level-1 wall which is installed directly on the foundation structure 102. In some embodiments, the first wall structure 104 is able to be a multi-layered precast structure that is able to withstand load, climate changes, and daily wear and tear as may be subjected to the enclosure structure 100. It will be appreciated that the first wall structure 104 obtained due to the construction technology is high quality, forming repeatable and scalable building structures. In some embodiments, the first wall structure 104 forms an IECC energy compliant high-performance envelope. In some embodiments, the first wall structure 104 is, for example, an 8 inches precast insulated wall. In some embodiments, the second wall structure 106 is able to be similar to the first wall structure 104 and is able to be installed vertically above the first wall structure 104 at level 2 of the enclosure structure 100. It will be appreciated that the enclosure structure 100 is merely illustrative of some embodiments. For example, in some embodiments, the first wall structure 104 is able to be installed indirectly on the foundation structure 102, such as by intermediate elements, the second wall structure 106 is able to be installed indirectly on the first wall structure 104, or both.

In some embodiments, the slab structure 108 corresponds to a horizontal precast structure that creates a flat horizontal surface, such as part of a floor, a roof deck, and ceiling. In some embodiments, the slab structure 108 is able to be generally several inches thick and supported by the beam structure 110, the first wall structure 104, the second wall structure 106, column, or the ground. In some embodiments, the slab structure 108 is able to include a concrete base and a structural topping, as further described in FIG. 3. The structural topping is able to be specialized materials applied to an existing concrete base of the slab structure 108 to enhance performance, durability, and aesthetics. In some embodiments, the slab structure 108 is able to be a lattice girder slab that acts as permanent formwork and as precast soffits for robust, high-capacity composite slabs. The slab structure 108 is able to be cast with most, if not all, of the bottom reinforcement; the top reinforcement is able to be fixed in situ.

In some embodiments, the beam structure 110 is able to correspond to a horizontal precast structure that is able to be able to withstand vertical loads, shear forces, and bending moments. In some embodiments, the beam structure 110 is able to transfer loads that are imposed along its length to its endpoints, such as the foundation structure 102, the first wall structure 104, the second wall structure 106, and the like. The beam structure 110 is able to be used for both load-bearing and non-load bearing applications and is able to be made in a variety of shapes and sizes. Similar to the slab structure 108, the beam structure 110 is also able to include a prestressed beam and a beam topping.

In some embodiments, the staircase slab 112 is able to be a precast structure designed to provide vertical access from one level to another in the enclosure structure 100. In some embodiments, the staircase slab 112 is able to be made up of reinforced concrete that eliminates the trouble of adjusting the number of steps, rise, run and width of each stair flight. In some embodiments, the staircase slab 112 includes a single precast unit containing all the flights and landings or separate precast flights and landings.

In some embodiments, the connection assembly mechanism 114 is able to correspond to a set of various members, such as wall brackets, a hollow box section member, and shear connectors that are embedded in different precast structures, such as the first wall structure 104, the slab structure 108 (or the beam structure 110), which when coupled at the construction site, results in a robust installation of ceiling portions of various levels of the enclosure structure 100. The structure and installation of the connection assembly mechanism 114 is described in detail in FIG. 2.

In some embodiments, the pocket member 120 in the top portion of the first wall structure 104 corresponds to an indentation formed during casting of the first wall structure 104 at the factory settings. The height of the pocket member 120 is able to be substantially equal to the height of the slab structure 108. In some embodiments, the length and width of the base portion 122 of the pocket member 120 are able to at least conform with the dimensions of the horizontal flange of the first wall bracket of the connection assembly mechanism 114. In an exemplary scenario, the height of the pocket member 120 is able to be, for example, 1 foot 6½ inches towards the internal side of the first wall structure 104. In some embodiments, the dimensions of the base portion 122 of the pocket member 120 are able to conform with the dimensions of the horizontal flange of the first wall bracket of the connection assembly mechanism 114.

In some embodiments, the recess 126 is able to be obtained when a horizontal precast structure, such as the slab structure 108 or the beam structure 110, is coupled to the two vertical precast structures, e.g., the first wall structure 104 and the second wall structure 106. More specifically, the recess 126 is able to correspond to a cavity between the vertical portion 124 of the pocket member 120, the outer surface of the hollow box section member 202 flush-mounted on the lateral side of the slab structure 108, and the wall brackets mounted on the first wall structure 104 and the second wall structure 106.

Once the aforesaid precast structures, e.g., the first wall structure 104 and the second wall structure 106 (with flush-mounted wall brackets of the connection assembly mechanism 114), and the slab structure 108 (with flush-mounted hollow box section member of the connection assembly mechanism 114), have been constructed in a factory setting, they are subsequently transported to the construction site. At the construction site, the first wall structure 104 is mechanically positioned in accordance with a pre-designed layout for the enclosure structure 100. On the top portion, in some embodiments, the first wall structure 104 has a flush-mounted component, e.g., a wall bracket with embedded shear connectors, of the connection assembly mechanism 114. In some embodiments, the first wall structure 104 is also able to have another embedded component of another connection assembly for coupling with corresponding component embedded in the foundation structure 102. Once the various instances of the first wall structure 104 are installed on the various instances of the foundation structure 102, the hollow box section members of various instances of the slab structure 108 are mechanically coupled with corresponding wall brackets of the various instances of the first wall structure 104 through a defined connection mechanism, such as welding, at the construction site. Further, as various instances of the second wall structure 106 are installed on the various instances of the first wall structure 104, the hollow box section members of various instances of the slab structure 108 are further mechanically coupled with corresponding wall brackets of the various instances of the second wall structure 106 through the defined connection mechanism, such as welding, at the construction site.

In some embodiments, as shown in the second view 100B, the slab structure has two portions, a precast plank 108A and a slab topping 108B. In some embodiments, the precast plank 108A is able to correspond to a precast concrete structure that is able to further consist of steel lattice girders and bottom reinforcement as well. The steel lattice girders are able to provide stiffness and the bonding between the precast plank 108A and the slab topping 108B. The bottom reinforcement is able to help to prevent the damage of concrete near joints. In some embodiments, the slab topping 108B of the slab structure 108, also referred to as topping screeds, are specialized materials applied to the precast plank 108A to enhance its performance, durability, and aesthetics. In an exemplary scenario, the slab topping 108B of the slab structure 108 is able to be, for example, 3 inches thick structural topping.

With reference to the building blocks disclosed in FIG. 1A, in some embodiments, various connection methodologies and/or technologies, such as the connection assembly mechanism 114, are utilized to couple two vertical precast structures and a horizontal precast structures and make the enclosure structure 100 structurally and environmentally seamless. The connection assembly mechanism 114, as described herein, is able to speed up installation processes and reduce the need for skilled labor and allow a high degree of precast structure completion in the factory enabling repeatability with higher quality levels than traditional methodologies.

Since the enclosure structure 100, as proposed by the present disclosure, is a modular construction, the precast structures are installed in an ordered manner so as to not create a load decompensation, the precast structures sequentially erected vertically, increasing the height of the enclosure structure 100 as per the pre-designed layout for the enclosure structure 100. Once the installation corresponding to the structural work has finished, the placement of doors and windows, bathroom fittings are then carried out in order for a final painting job. It is able to be contemplated by the present disclosure that the connection assembly mechanism 114 is able to be employed in any commercial or residential structure having a variety of dimensions and stories.

FIG. 2 is a detailed view 200 of the connection assembly mechanism 114, in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 2 is described in conjunction with FIGS. 1A and 1B. Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown the connection assembly mechanism 114 that includes a hollow box section member 202, a first wall bracket 222, and a second wall bracket 242.

The hollow box section member 202 includes a first vertical member 204, a second vertical member 206, a first horizontal member 208, a second horizontal member 210, and a first set of elongated connectors 212. The first wall bracket 222 includes a first horizontal flange 224, a first vertical flange 226, a set of inner surfaces 228, and a set of outer surfaces 230. The first wall bracket 222 further includes two first vertical shear connectors 232 and a first horizontal shear connector 234, collectively referred to as a first set of shear connectors. The second wall bracket 242 includes a horizontal flange 244, a vertical flange 246, a set of inner surfaces 248, and a set of outer surfaces 250. The second wall bracket 242 further includes two vertical shear connectors 252 and a horizontal shear connector 254, collectively referred to as a second set of shear connectors.

In some embodiments, the hollow box section member 202 corresponds to a type of metal profile with a hollow cross section having an embedded side wall, e.g., the first vertical member 204, a flushed side wall, e.g., the second vertical member 206, a bottom side wall, e.g., the first horizontal member 208, and a top side wall, e.g., the second horizontal member 210. The hollow box section member 202 has the first set of elongated connectors 212 which extends from the outer surface of the first vertical member 204 of the hollow box section member 202, and is embedded within a horizontal precast structure, e.g., the precast plank 108A and the slab topping 108B of the slab structure 108. More specifically, base-side connectors 212A of the first set of elongated connectors 212 are embedded within the precast plank 108A during casting, and the top-side connectors 212B of the first set of elongated connectors 212 are embedded within the slab topping 108B during cast-in-place. In some embodiments, the first set of elongated connectors 212 are able to be steel bars, and similar devices which extend from the outer surface of the first vertical member 204 for the purpose of achieving composite action with concrete of the precast plank 108A and the slab topping 108B. In some embodiments, the outer surface of the second vertical member 206 of the hollow box section member 202 is able to be flush-mounted with the lateral side of the horizontal precast structure, e.g., the slab structure 108. The lateral side of the slab structure 108 is the one that is joined with the first wall structure 104 and the second wall structure 106 using the connection assembly mechanism 114.

In some embodiments, the first wall bracket 222 corresponds to an orthogonal shaped metal bar having the first horizontal flange 224 and the first vertical flange 226. The first horizontal flange 224 and the first vertical flange 226 of the first wall bracket 222 conform with an edge portion of the base portion 122 of the pocket member 120 provided at a top portion of the first wall structure 104. In some embodiments, the set of inner surfaces 228 of the first wall bracket 222 correspond to the inner surfaces of the first horizontal flange 224 and the first vertical flange 226 collectively. Similarly, in some embodiments, the set of outer surfaces 230 of the first wall bracket 222 correspond to the outer surfaces of the first horizontal flange 224 and the first vertical flange 226 collectively. An outer surface of the first horizontal flange 224 flush-mounts with the base portion 122 of the pocket member 120 of the first wall structure 104. Also, an outer surface of the first vertical flange 226 of the first wall bracket 222 is flush-mounted at a vertical portion orthogonal to the base portion 122 of the pocket member 120 of the first wall structure 104. The two first vertical shear connectors 232 extend from the inner surface of the first horizontal flange 224 and lie on an imaginary vertical plane parallel to the first vertical flange 226. The first horizontal shear connector 234 extends from the inner surface of the first vertical flange 226 and lies on an imaginary horizontal plane parallel to the first horizontal flange 224. The two first vertical shear connectors 232 and the first horizontal shear connector 234 extend from the set of inner surfaces 228 of the first wall bracket 222 and are embedded towards a top end, e.g., within the base portion 122 of the pocket member 120, of the first wall structure 104. There is further shown a first angular elongated connector 236 that is also longitudinally embedded within the base portion 122 and extends downwards along the first wall structure 104 to provide additional grip and support to the connection assembly mechanism 114.

In some embodiments, the second wall bracket 242 is also able to correspond to an orthogonal shaped metal bar having the second horizontal flange 244 and the second vertical flange 246. The second horizontal flange 244 and the second vertical flange 246 of the second wall bracket 242 conform with a bottom inner edge portion of the second wall structure 106. In some embodiments, the set of inner surfaces 248 of the second wall bracket 242 correspond to the inner surfaces of the second horizontal flange 244 and the second vertical flange 246 collectively. Similarly, in some embodiments, the set of outer surfaces 250 of the second wall bracket 242 correspond to the outer surfaces of the second horizontal flange 244 and the second vertical flange 246 collectively. An outer surface of the second horizontal flange 244 flush-mounts with the bottom portion of the second wall structure 106. Also, an outer surface of the second vertical flange 246 of the second wall bracket 242 is flush-mounted at a vertical portion orthogonal to the bottom portion of the second wall structure 106. The two second vertical shear connectors 252 extend from the inner surface of the second horizontal flange 244 and lie on an imaginary vertical plane parallel to the second vertical flange 246. The second horizontal shear connector 254 extends from the inner surface of the second vertical flange 246 and lies on an imaginary horizontal plane parallel to the second horizontal flange 244. The two second vertical shear connectors 252 and the second horizontal shear connector 254 extend from the set of inner surfaces 228 of the second wall bracket 242 and are embedded towards a bottom end of the second wall structure 106. There is further shown a second angular elongated connector 256 that is also longitudinally embedded within the bottom end of the second wall structure 106 and extends upwards along the second wall structure 106 to provide additional grip and support to the connection assembly mechanism 114.

In some embodiments, the outer surface of the first horizontal flange 224 of the first wall bracket 222 is able to be coupled with the outer surface of the first horizontal member 208 of the hollow box section member 202. Similarly, the outer surface of the second horizontal flange 244 of the second wall bracket 242 is able to be coupled with the outer surface of the second horizontal member 210 of the hollow box section member 202. Such mechanical joining is able to be performed through a defined connection mechanism at the construction site. Various non-limiting examples of this mechanical joining correspond to a welded connection using a flat bar, a direct welded connection, a fastening mechanism, or a chemical affixture.

FIG. 3 is a side view 300 of the connection assembly mechanism 114 for coupling two vertical precast structures, e.g., the first wall structure 104 and the second wall structure 106, in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 3 is described in conjunction with FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2. Referring to FIG. 3, there are shown two flat bars 302A and 302B, weld joints 304, an elastic pad 306, the recess 126 adjacent to the head of the slab structure 108, a waterproof sealant 308, and a backer rod 310.

In some embodiments, the precast plank 108A of the slab structure 108 corresponds to a precast concrete structure that is able to further consist of steel lattice girders 108C. The steel lattice girders 108C is able to provide stiffness and the bonding between the precast plank 108A and the slab topping 108B. In some embodiments, the bottom reinforcement (not shown) is able to help to prevent the damage of concrete near joints. In an exemplary scenario, the precast plank 108A of the slab structure 108 is able to be, for example, a 3 inches thick concrete half slab.

The recess 126 is able to be obtained when the slab structure 108 is affixed or coupled to the two vertical precast structures, e.g., the first wall structure 104 and the second wall structure 106, using the connection assembly mechanism 114. More specifically, when the hollow box section member 202 (flush-mounted with the slab structure 108) is coupled with the first wall bracket 222 (flush-mounted with the first wall structure 104) and the second wall bracket 242 (flush-mounted with the second wall structure 106) at the construction site, a cavity is able to be formed. The cavity is able to be enclosed by at least: 1) the vertical portion 124 of the pocket member 120 of the first wall structure 104; 2) the outer surface of the second vertical member 206 of the hollow box section member 202 flush-mounted with the lateral side of the beam structure 108; 3) the outer surface of the first horizontal flange 224 of the first wall bracket 222 flush-mounted with the base portion 122 of the pocket member 120 of the first wall structure 104; and 4) the outer surface of the second horizontal flange 244 flush-mounted with the bottom portion of the second wall structure 106. Later on, the recess 126 is able to be filled with non-shrinking grout, for example, but not limited to, non-metallic cement grout.

In some embodiments, the flat bars 302A and 302B are able to correspond to the members of the connection assembly mechanism 114 that are able to be used to mechanically join the hollow box section member 202 (flush-mounted with the slab structure 108) with the first wall bracket 222 (flush-mounted with the first wall structure 104) and the second wall bracket 242 (flush-mounted with the second wall structure 106) at the construction site. In an exemplary scenario, the flat bars 302A and 302B are able to be, for example, ¼ inches thick flat bars using which the outer surface of the first horizontal flange 224 of the first wall bracket 222 is welded with the outer surface of the first horizontal member 208 of the hollow box section member 202 and the outer surface of the second horizontal flange 244 of the second wall bracket 242 is welded with the outer surface of the second horizontal member 210 of the hollow box section member 202.

In some embodiments, the weld joints 304, referred to as fillet weld, are roughly triangular cross-sectional joints that are able to be formed as: 1) the flat bar 302A is welded with the outer surface of the first horizontal flange 224 of the first wall bracket 222 on one side and the outer surface of the first horizontal member 208 of the hollow box section member 202 on the other side, and 2) the flat bar 302B is welded with the outer surface of the second horizontal flange 244 of the second wall bracket 242 on one side and the outer surface of the second horizontal member 210 of the hollow box section member 202 on the other side. A welding operator is able to deposit metal in a corner formed by the fit-up of the two members, as described above. Upon welding, this metal penetrates and fuses with the base metal to form the joints.

In some embodiments, the elastic pad 306 is able to be an elastomeric slab bearing pad that provides cushioning to heavy-duty structures and prevent any damage to either of them. In some embodiments, the elastic pad 306, for example neoprene pad, is able to be sandwiched between the outer surface of the first horizontal member 208 of the hollow box section member 202 and the outer surface of the first horizontal flange 224 of the first wall bracket 222 before the horizontal precast structure, such as the slab structure 108, is coupled with the first vertical precast structure, e.g., the first wall structure 104. The elastic pad 306 is able to distribute the load and accommodate movement caused by thermal expansion, contraction, and seismic activity ensuring the structural integrity and longevity of the construction. Though not shown in FIG. 3, without deviating from the scope of the disclosure, in some embodiments, another elastic pad is able to be sandwiched between the outer surface of the second horizontal member 210 of the hollow box section member 202 and the outer surface of the second horizontal flange 244 of the second wall bracket 242 before the horizontal precast structure, such as the slab structure 108, is coupled with the second vertical precast structure, e.g., the second wall structure 106.

In some embodiments, the waterproof sealant 308 is able to be a protective coating applied along the horizontal joint that is able to appear between the top face of the first wall structure 104 and the bottom face of the second wall structure 106. In accordance with different embodiments, a contractor is able to coordinate with a waterproofing consultant for specific products or equivalent applied as per product specification along the horizontal joint.

The backer rod 310 is an equipment used in conjunction with sealants, such as the waterproof sealant 308, to seal off cracks, joints, and gaps wider than a quarter inch. The backer rod 310 helps to control the amount of sealant/caulking used and create a back stop. The sizes/diameters of the backer rod 310 are able to be selected for optimal fitting to the size of the joint being sealed.

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary system 400 in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The system 400 includes a processor 402, a memory 404, input/output (I/O) devices 406, a network interface 408, a Computer-Aided Utilities (CAU) module 410 that includes an intelligent recommendation module 412 and a computer-aided manufacturing module 414. In some embodiments, the exemplary system 400 is able to be further communicatively coupled with a computer numerical control (CNC) machine 416 via a communication network 418.

In some embodiments, the processor 402 comprises suitable logic, circuitry, and interfaces that are configured to execute instructions stored in the memory 404 or commands provided by a user. The processor 402 is also able to collect information for processing, store it in the memory 404, and transmit it to other modules, such as the CAU module 410 and the I/O devices 406. In some embodiments, the computing functionalities of the processor 402 disclosed herein are able to be implemented in one or more silicon cores in a RISC processor, an ASIC processor, a CISC processor, FPGAs, and other semiconductor chips, processors, or control circuits.

In some embodiments, the memory 404 is able to comprise suitable logic, circuitry, and interfaces that are able to be configured to store data supporting various functionalities performed by the processor 402 and the CAU module 410. The memory 404 is able to store information and/or instructions, various application programs or applications, and a set of data and commands for various operations performed by the processor 402 and the CAU module 410. The memory 404 is able to include volatile and non-volatile memory, such as a random-access memory (RAM) and a read only memory (ROM). Several program modules are able to be stored on the hard disk, external disk, the RAM, or the ROM, including an operating system, one or more application programs, and program data. The RAM is able to be of any type, such as SRAM, DRAM, or SDRAM. A BIOS containing the basic routines that are able to transfer information between elements within the system, such as during start-up, are able to be stored in the ROM.

In some embodiments, the I/O devices 406 are able to include input devices, such as keyboard, mouse, microphone, camera, light pen, gesture recognition devices, scanner, touch screen and the like, that are able to be used to provide input to the exemplary system 400. The input is able to include user-defined settings, a layout of the enclosure structure 100, a weight of the vertical and horizontal precast structures, quality of the concrete, and the like. The user-defined settings are able to include structure and design of the connection assembly mechanism 114. The I/O devices 406 are further able to include output devices, such as touch screen, printer, display screen, and the like. The output is able to include recommendation for the type, quantity, size, location, and spacing pertaining to multiple instances of the connection assembly mechanism 114 to be used for coupling the vertical precast structures.

In some embodiments, the network interface 408 is able to be configured to transmit/receive the information over the communication network 418 to/from other network interfaces of other devices. In some embodiments, the network interface 408 is able to transmit the code files to other platforms, such as the CNC machine 416, for fabricating or manufacturing the connection assembly mechanism 114 with desired geometry, structure, and design. The network interface 408 is able to include wired communication interfaces, wireless communication interfaces, cellular communication interfaces, and other communication interfaces to provide communication via other modalities, known in the art.

In some embodiments, the CAU module 410 is able to comprise suitable logic, circuitry, and interfaces that are able to be configured to perform various functionalities to intelligently handle the fabrication and/or manufacturing of the connection assembly mechanism 114 based on the requirement and the layout of the enclosure structure 100.

In some embodiments, the CAU module 410 is able to include the intelligent recommendation module 412 programmed, for example, with a rules-based algorithm retrieved from the memory 404 and user-defined settings received from the I/O devices 406. Accordingly, the CAU module 410 is able to automatically incorporate local rules, knowledge, geographical information, content, and design of the connection assembly mechanism 114 for indicating type, quantity, and sizes of different components of the connection assembly mechanism 114 for coupling vertical precast structures based on a first and a second set of parameters. The type of the material for the connection assembly mechanism 114 is able to be based on carbon content or content of different alloying elements. The quantity of the connection assembly mechanism 114 is able to correspond to how many connection assemblies are required for coupling vertical precast structures. In some embodiments, the size of the connection assembly mechanism 114 refers to the dimensions of each component in proportion to each other. In some embodiments, the intelligent recommendation module 412 of the CAU module 410 is further able to recommend locations and the spacing between various instances of the connection assembly mechanism 114 along the vertical and horizontal precast structures based on the first and the second set of parameters.

In some embodiments, the first set of parameters is able to include, for example, material specifications of the metal used for the connection assembly mechanism 114. Material specification is able to include, for example, tensile strength, yield strength, minimum elongation, and hardness of the connection assembly mechanism 114. For example, if the tensile strength of the material is low, then a greater number of connection assemblies may be required and vice versa. The second set of parameters is able to include, for example, at least one of a location, an orientation, and a weight of the vertical and horizontal precast structures, and various environmental conditions, such as a hurricane sensitive or earthquake sensitive zone. For example, if the enclosure structure 100 is in a hurricane sensitive zone, then a greater number of connection assemblies of higher tensile strength may be required. Thus, the intelligent recommendation module 412 is able to automatically apply local rules to conform with regulations, code, local preferences, and user-defined settings for the manufacture, fabrication, and/or installation of the connection assembly mechanism 114.

The intelligent recommendation module 412 is able to save the information relating to the recommendation of the connection assembly mechanism 114 to computer files that are able to be stored in the memory 404.

In some embodiments, the computer-aided manufacturing module 414 is able to translate the information, relating to the recommendation of the connection assembly mechanism 114 corresponding to the fabrication and installation of the connection assembly mechanism 114, to a machine tool code language. By way of non-limiting example, G-Code, based on the RS-274 standard is able to be used as a machine tool code language. The computer-aided manufacturing module 414 is able to save the information relating to the machine tool code language in code files that is able to be stored in the memory 404.

In some embodiments, the CNC machine 416 is able to be configured to process a piece of material, such as a metal, to meet specifications by following coded programmed instructions and without a manual operator directly controlling the machining operation. The coded programmed instructions are able to be received by the CNC machine 416 in the form of a sequential program of machine control instructions, such as G-code or M-code. Such coded programmed instructions are able to be executed by the CNC machine 416 to control various machine tools, such as drills, lathes, mills, presses, power saws, and the like, for manufacturing various products, such as various components of the connection assembly mechanism 114.

It should be noted that the various components of the connection assembly mechanism 114 are able to be manufactured automatically by using the machine tools controlled by the CNC machine 416, as described above, in accordance with some embodiments. However, the disclosure is not so limited, and in accordance with other embodiments, the components of the connection assembly mechanism 114 are able to be manufactured manually by using hand tools as well, without any deviation from the scope of the disclosure.

In some embodiments, the communication network 418 is able to comprise suitable logic, circuitry, and interfaces that are able to be configured to facilitate communication of data between different components, systems and/or sub-systems in a computing environment that includes the exemplary system 400 and other devices, such as machine tools. In some embodiments, the communication network 316 includes the Internet, a local area network (LAN), or any type of network of one or more computers that communicatively couples multiple computers, to name only a few examples. The communication data is able to be transmitted or received via at least one communication channel of a plurality of communication channels. The communication channels are able to include, but are not limited to, a wireless channel, a wired channel, or a combination of wireless and wired channels thereof. The wireless or wired channels are able to be associated with a data standard which is defined by one of a Local Area Network (LAN), a Personal Area Network (PAN), a wireless personal LAN (WPLAN), a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), a WAN, and a Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN), the Internet, cellular networks, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) networks, short-range networks (for example, Bluetooth®, WiGig, ZWave®, ZigBec®, IrDA, and the like), and/or any other wired or wireless communication networks or mediums.

FIG. 5 illustrates steps of a method 500 of coupling vertical precast structures in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Although specific operations are disclosed in FIG. 5, such operations are examples and are non-limiting. In different embodiments, to name only a few examples, the method 500 includes other steps, the sequence of the steps is modified, some steps are omitted, or any combination of these variations may be incorporated. The steps of method 500 are able to be automated or semi-automated. In various embodiments, one or more of the operations of the method 500 are able to be controlled or managed by software, by firmware, by hardware, or by any combination thereof. FIG. 5 will be explained in conjunction with the descriptions of FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2, 3, and 4.

In some embodiments, the method 500 includes processes in accordance with the present disclosure which are able to be controlled or managed by a processor(s) (e.g., the processor 402) and electrical components under the control of a computer or computing device including computer-readable media containing computer-executable instructions or code. The readable and executable instructions (or code) are able to reside, for example, in data storage (e.g., the memory 404) such as volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and/or mass data storage, as only some examples.

At a step 502, the method 500 is able to include determining a type, quantity, and size of the connection assembly mechanism 114 for coupling the vertical precast structures, e.g., the first wall structure 104 and the second wall structure 106. The type, quantity, and size of the connection assembly mechanism 114 is able to be determined based on a first set of parameters associated with the connection assembly mechanism 114 and a second set of parameters associated with at least one of the first vertical precast structure, e.g., the first wall structure 104, the second vertical precast structure, e.g., the second wall structure 106, and the horizontal precast structure, e.g., the slab structure 108 or the beam structure 110. In some embodiments, the processor 402 in conjunction with the CAU module 410 is able to be configured to determine the type, quantity, and size of the connection assembly mechanism 114. The first set of parameters and the second set of parameters are already described in detail in the description of FIG. 4.

At a step 504, the method 500 is able to include flush-mounting the outer surface of the second vertical member 206 of the hollow box section member 202 with the lateral side of the horizontal precast structure, such as the slab structure 108. More specifically, the outer surface of the second vertical member 206 of the hollow box section member 202 is able to be flush-mounted with the first lateral side of the precast plank 108A of the slab structure 108. The first lateral side of the precast plank 108A of the beam structure 110 is the one that is joined with the vertical precast structures, e.g., the first wall structure 104 and the second wall structure 106, using the connection assembly mechanism 114.

At the same time, the first set of elongated connectors 212, extending from the outer surface of the first vertical member 204 of the hollow box section member 202, is embedded within the lateral side of the horizontal precast structure, such as the slab structure 108. More specifically, the base-side connectors 212A of the first set of elongated connectors 212 are embedded within the precast plank 108A of the slab structure 108 during casting.

At a step 506, the method 500 is able to include flush-mounting the outer surface of the first horizontal flange 224 of the first wall bracket 222 with the base portion 122 of the pocket member 120 of the first vertical precast structure, e.g., the first wall structure 104. At the same time, the first set of shear connectors, e.g., the two first vertical shear connectors 232 and the first horizontal shear connector 234, extending from the inner surfaces of the first horizontal flange 224 and the first vertical flange 226 of the first wall bracket 222 is able to be embedded within the base portion 122 of the pocket member 120 of the first wall structure 104.

At a step 508, the method 500 is able to include flush-mounting the outer surface of the second horizontal flange 244 of the second wall bracket 242 with the base portion of the second vertical precast structure, e.g., the second wall structure 106. At the same time, the second set of shear connectors, e.g., the two second vertical shear connectors 252 and the second horizontal shear connector 254, extending from the inner surfaces of the second horizontal flange 244 and the second vertical flange 246 of the second wall bracket 242 are able to be embedded within the base portion of the second wall structure 106.

At a step 510, the method 500 is able to include placing the first elastic pad, such as the clastic pad 306, for slab bearing between the outer surface of the first horizontal flange 224 of the first wall bracket 222 and the outer surface of the first horizontal member 208 of the hollow box section member 202. The elastic pad 306 is able to be placed while coupling the horizontal precast structure, e.g., the slab structure 108, and the first vertical precast structure, e.g., the first wall structure 104.

Optionally, another elastic pad is able to be placed between the outer surface of the second horizontal flange 244 of the second wall bracket 242 and the outer surface of the second horizontal member 210 of the hollow box section member 202. Such elastic pad is able to be placed while coupling the horizontal precast structure, e.g., the slab structure 108, and the second vertical precast structure, e.g., the second wall structure 106.

At a step 512, the method 500 is able to include coupling the outer surface of the first horizontal flange 224 of the first wall bracket 222 with the outer surface of the first horizontal member 208 of the hollow box section member 202 through a defined connection mechanism, such as welding mechanism, at the construction site. In some embodiments, when the outer surface of the first horizontal flange 224 of the first wall bracket 222 is coupled with the outer surface of the first horizontal member 208 of the hollow box section member 202, the recess 126 is able to be filled with non-shrink grout. The slab topping 108B is able to be applied over the precast plank 108A so that the top surface of the first wall structure 104 and the outer surface of the second horizontal member 210 of the hollow box section member 202 are flush with the slab topping 108B of the slab structure 108. In some embodiments, when the outer surface of the first horizontal flange 224 of the first wall bracket 222 is coupled with the outer surface of the first horizontal member 208 of the hollow box section member 202, a barrier plate is able to be installed in the recess 126 for filling with non-shrink grout after the installation of the connection assembly mechanism 114. The slab topping 108B is able to be applied over the precast plank 108A and the barrier plate so that the top surface of the first wall structure 104 and the outer surface of the second horizontal member 210 of the hollow box section member 202 are flush with the slab topping 108B of the slab structure 108 and the recess 126 remains unfilled.

When the construction proceeds to level 2, e.g., the next floor, the second wall structure 106 is to be installed on the top surface of the first wall structure 104 that is flush with the slab topping 108B of the slab structure 108, and the outer surface of the second horizontal member 210 of the hollow box section member 202. At this time, the method 500 is able to further include coupling the outer surface of the second horizontal flange 244 of the second wall bracket 242 and the outer surface of the second horizontal member 210 of the hollow box section member 202 through the same or different connection mechanism (from the defined connection mechanism) at the construction site.

Once the installation of the connection assembly mechanism 114 is complete, there may be gaps formed underneath the bottom surface of the second wall structure 106 and the top surface of the first wall structure 104 that is flush with the slab topping 108B of the slab structure 108, and the outer surface of the second horizontal member 210 of the hollow box section member 202. To fill the gaps, the backer rod 310 is able to be used to control the thickness, spread, and amount of the sealant needed to fill the gaps. The backer rod 310 forces the sealant within the gaps to ensure contact and proper adhesion.

Advantageously, by using the connection assembly mechanism 114 as disclosed herein, construction of the enclosure structure 100 is rapid, with the desired structural integrity and strength. Further, as described above, this process of construction provides stability for the enclosure structure 100, making it durable and weatherproof, among other such advantages mentioned in detail above.

The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” as used in the specification herein, shall be considered as indicating an open group that is able to include other elements not specified. The terms “a,” “an,” and the singular forms of words shall be taken to include the plural form of the same words, such that the terms mean that one or more of something is provided. The term “one” or “single” is able to be used to indicate that one and only one of something is intended. Similarly, other specific integer values, such as “two,” are able to be used when a specific number of things is intended. The terms “preferably,” “preferred,” “prefer,” “optionally,” “may,” and similar terms are used to indicate that an item, condition, or step being referred to is an optional (not required) feature of the disclosure. The term “connecting” includes connecting, either directly or indirectly, and “coupling,” including through intermediate elements.

The disclosure has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications are able to be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that methods, devices, device elements, materials, procedures, and techniques other than those specifically described herein are able to be applied to the practice of the disclosure as broadly disclosed herein without resort to undue experimentation. All art-known functional equivalents of methods, devices, device elements, materials, procedures, and techniques described herein are intended to be encompassed by this disclosure. Whenever a range is disclosed, all subranges and individual values are intended to be encompassed. This disclosure is not to be limited by the embodiments disclosed, including any shown in the drawings or exemplified in the specification, which are given by way of example and not of limitation. Additionally, it should be understood that the various embodiments of the building blocks described herein contain optional features that are able to be individually or together applied to any other embodiment shown or contemplated here to be mixed and matched with the features of that building block.

While the disclosure has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments are able to be devised which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as disclosed herein.