ClassID:

208668

H01L31/0749 - page 3 - CPC Classification

Classification description:

Semiconductor devices sensitive to infra-red radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type including a ABC compound, e.g. CdS/CulnSe [CIS] heterojunction solar cells

Recent Application in this class:
#601
20100258167
2010-10-14

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL STRUCTURE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD

#602
20100252110
2010-10-07

SOLAR CELL

#603
20100248420
2010-09-30

Method for forming an absorber layer of a thin film solar cell

#604
20100248415
2010-09-30

Semitransparent flexible thin film solar cells and modules

#605
20100243057
2010-09-30

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE, PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERTER AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERTER

#606
20100243049
2010-09-30

Formation of solar cells with conductive barrier layers and foil substrates

#607
20100243046
2010-09-30

METHOD OF FORMING A PROTECTIVE LAYER ON THIN-FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC ARTICLES AND ARTICLES MADE WITH SUCH A LAYER

#608
20100243044
2010-09-30

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL STRUCTURE

#609
20100243043
2010-09-30

Light Absorbing Layer Of CIGS Solar Cell And Method For Fabricating The Same

#610
20100242800
2010-09-30

Method for preparing sol-gel solution for CIGS solar cell

#611
20100236627
2010-09-23

SUBSTRATE FOR SOLAR CELL AND SOLAR CELL

#612
20100236607
2010-09-23

MONOLITHICALLY INTEGRATED SOLAR MODULES AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURE

#613
20100236606
2010-09-23

PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION DEVICE AND SOLAR CELL, AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION DEVICE

#614
20100233841
2010-09-16

Thin-film solar cell

#615
20100229951
2010-09-16

Solar cell, and method for producing the solar cell

#616
20100229940
2010-09-16

TECHNIQUE FOR PREPARING PRECURSOR FILMS AND COMPOUND LAYERS FOR THIN FILM SOLAR CELL FABRICATION AND APPARATUS CORRESPONDING THERETO

#617
20100229938
2010-09-16

ALUMINUM ALLOY SUBSTRATE AND SOLAR CELL SUBSTRATE

#618
20100229936
2010-09-16

SUBSTRATE FOR SOLAR CELL AND SOLAR CELL

#619
20100229921
2010-09-16

Tandem photovoltaic cell and method using three glass substrate configuration

#620
20100224249
2010-09-09

Photoelectric conversion device and solar cell using the photoelectric conversion device

#621
20100224247
2010-09-09

Enhancement of semiconducting photovoltaic absorbers by the addition of alkali salts through solution coating techniques

#622
20100218827
2010-09-02

SUBSTRATE FOR SOLAR CELL AND SOLAR CELL

#623
20100218820
2010-09-02

SOLAR CELL AND METHOD OF FABRICATING THE SAME

#624
20100218814
2010-09-02

Method of controlling the composition of a photovoltaic thin film

#625
20100210065
2010-08-19

METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SOLAR CELL

#626
20100210064
2010-08-19

Method for manufacturing CIS-based thin film solar cell

#627
20100210040
2010-08-19

Method of detecting and passivating a defect in a solar cell

#628
20100206381
2010-08-19

Solar cell and method of manufacturing solar cell

#629
20100206362
2010-08-19

Solar cells and photodetectors with semiconducting nanostructures

#630
20100200059
2010-08-12

DUAL-SIDE LIGHT-ABSORBING THIN FILM SOLAR CELL

#631
20100193018
2010-08-05

ROBUST PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

#632
20100186816
2010-07-29

SOLAR CELL

#633
20100186805
2010-07-29

Photovoltaic cell based on zinc oxide nanorods and method for making the same

#634
20100173440
2010-07-08

Nozzle-Based, Vapor-Phase, Plume Delivery Structure for Use in Production of Thin-Film Deposition Layer

#635
20100170564
2010-07-08

HIGH-THROUGHPUT PRINTING OF SEMICONDUCTOR PRECURSOR LAYER BY USE OF CHALCOGEN-RICH CHALCOGENIDES

#636
20100147361
2010-06-17

Tandem junction photovoltaic device comprising copper indium gallium di-selenide bottom cell

#637
20100144130
2010-06-10

Thin-film deposition and recirculation of a semi-conductor material

#638
20100140078
2010-06-10

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FORMING CONTACT LAYERS FOR CONTINUOUS WORKPIECES

#639
20100139758
2010-06-10

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL STRUCTURE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF

#640
20100139757
2010-06-10

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL STRUCTURE

#641
20100139557
2010-06-10

REACTOR TO FORM SOLAR CELL ABSORBERS IN ROLL-TO-ROLL FASHION

#642
20100129957
2010-05-27

Thin-film photovoltaic devices

#643
20100129953
2010-05-27

Stacked-layered thin film solar cell and manufacturing method thereof

#644
20100126564
2010-05-27

Method for production of ceramic tile with photovoltaic cells

#645
20100099214
2010-04-22

Consumable adhesive layer for thin film photovoltaic material

#646
20100096015
2010-04-22

Metallic Dispersion

#647
20100089453
2010-04-15

High-Throughput Printing of Semiconductor Precursor Layer From Microflake Particles

#648
20100087027
2010-04-08

Large scale chemical bath system and method for cadmium sulfide processing of thin film photovoltaic materials

#649
20100087016
2010-04-08

Apparatus and methods for manufacturing thin-film solar cells

#650
20100087015
2010-04-08

FEEDBACK FOR BUFFER LAYER DEPOSITION

#651
20100086699
2010-04-08

Solution containment during buffer layer deposition

#652
20100081230
2010-04-01

Method and structure for adhesion of absorber material for thin film photovoltaic cell

#653
20100075457
2010-03-25

Method of manufacturing stacked-layered thin film solar cell with a light-absorbing layer having band gradient

#654
20100072439
2010-03-25

COMPOSITION AND METHOD OF PREPARING NANOSCALE THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC MATERIALS

#655
20100068548
2010-03-18

COMPOSITION AND METHOD OF PREPARING NANOSCALE THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC MATERIALS

#656
20100065418
2010-03-18

REACTIVE MAGNETRON SPUTTERING FOR THE LARGE-SCALE DEPOSITION OF CHALCOPYRITE ABSORBER LAYERS FOR THIN LAYER SOLAR CELLS

#657
20100065118
2010-03-18

COMPOSITION AND METHOD OF PREPARING NANOSCALE THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC MATERIALS

#658
20100059385
2010-03-11

METHODS FOR FABRICATING THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS

#659
20100055826
2010-03-04

Methods of Fabrication of Solar Cells Using High Power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering

#660
20100051090
2010-03-04

FOUR TERMINAL MULTI-JUNCTION THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE AND METHOD

#661
20100050935
2010-03-04

Solution deposition assembly

#662
20100047958
2010-02-25

Method for manufacturing CIS based thin film solar cell device

#663
20100035432
2010-02-11

Chemical vapor deposition method and system for semiconductor devices

#664
20100028533
2010-02-04

Methods and Devices for Processing a Precursor Layer in a Group VIA Environment

#665
20100015754
2010-01-21

Methods of forming thin layers of photovoltaic absorbers

#666
20100012353
2010-01-21

ELONGATED SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES, METHODS OF MAKING SAME, AND SYSTEMS FOR MAKING SAME

#667
20100012183
2010-01-21

Thin Film Solar Cell Having Photo-Luminescent Medium Coated Therein And Method For Fabricating The Same

#668
20090320920
2009-12-31

High efficiency photovoltaic cell and manufacturing method free of metal disulfide barrier material

#669
20090308437
2009-12-17

Systems and processes for bifacial collection and tandem junctions using a thin-film photovoltaic device

#670
20090305449
2009-12-10

Methods and Devices For Processing A Precursor Layer In a Group VIA Environment

#671
20090301562
2009-12-10

HIGH EFFICIENCY PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL AND MANUFACTURING METHOD

#672
20090301558
2009-12-10

Photoelectric Converter and Method for Producing the Same

#673
20090288944
2009-11-26

Sputtering apparatus and method of manufacturing solar battery and image display device by using the same

#674
20090283414
2009-11-19

Electroplating methods and chemistries for deposition of group IIIA-group via thin films

#675
20090283131
2009-11-19

INTEGRATED THIN-FILM SOLAR CELL AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME

#676
20090277499
2009-11-12

Solar Cell and Method for Manufacturing the Same

#677
20090272422
2009-11-05

Solar Cell Design and Methods of Manufacture

#678
20090269877
2009-10-29

Method and apparatus for achieving low resistance contact to a metal based thin film solar cell

#679
20090266398
2009-10-29

Method and Apparatus to Form Back Contacts to Flexible CIGS Solar Cells

#680
20090258476
2009-10-15

Apparatus and methods for manufacturing thin-film solar cells

#681
20090258457
2009-10-15

Buffer layer deposition for thin-film solar cells

#682
20090258444
2009-10-15

Apparatus and methods for manufacturing thin-film solar cells

#683
20090255578
2009-10-15

Plasma-treated photovoltaic devices

#684
20090255469
2009-10-15

Apparatus and methods for manufacturing thin-film solar cells

#685
20090255467
2009-10-15

APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR MANUFACTURING THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS

#686
20090255461
2009-10-15

Apparatus for simultaneous roll-to-roll wet processing of two workpieces disposed within a single chamber

#687
20090246908
2009-10-01

Roll-to-roll processing method and tools for electroless deposition of thin layers

#688
20090246906
2009-10-01

High-Throughput Printing of Semiconductor Precursor Layer From Microflake Particles

#689
20090235987
2009-09-24

Chemical Treatments to Enhance Photovoltaic Performance of CIGS

#690
20090226717
2009-09-10

Method for forming copper indium gallium chalcogenide layer with shaped gallium profile

#691
20090223444
2009-09-10

Apparatus for continuous processing of buffer layers for group IBIIIAVIA solar cells

#692
20090217969
2009-09-03

Method for Manufacturing Photoelectric Converter and Photoelectric Converter

#693
20090205715
2009-08-20

Chalcopyrite Solar Cell and Manufacturing Method Thereof

#694
20090199895
2009-08-13

Method for forming copper indium gallium chalcogenide layer with optimized gallium content at its surface

#695
20090191359
2009-07-30

ZnS/Zn(O,OH)S-based buffer layer deposition for solar cells

#696
20090188808
2009-07-30

INDIUM ELECTROPLATING BATHS FOR THIN LAYER DEPOSITION

#697
20090181179
2009-07-16

Sodium/Molybdenum Composite Metal Powders, Products Thereof, and Methods for Producing Photovoltaic Cells

#698
20090178706
2009-07-16

Optoelectronic architecture having compound conducting substrate

#699
20090173634
2009-07-09

EFFICIENT GALLIUM THIN FILM ELECTROPLATING METHODS AND CHEMISTRIES

#700
20090162969
2009-06-25

Method and apparatus to form solar cell absorber layers with planar surface

#701
20090159112
2009-06-25

CIS based thin-film photovoltaic module and process for producing the same

#702
20090145482
2009-06-11

Photovoltaic device with solution-processed chalcogenide absorber layer

#703
20090139573
2009-06-04

Absorber layer for thin film photovoltaics and a solar cell made therefrom

#704
20090133749
2009-05-28

Chalcopyrite solar cell

#705
20090130796
2009-05-21

Sulfurization and selenization of electrodeposited CIGS films by thermal annealing

#706
20090111209
2009-04-30

METHOD FOR PATTERNING MO LAYER IN A PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE COMPRISING CIGS MATERIAL USING AN ETCH PROCESS

#707
20090107550
2009-04-30

High-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer from chalcogenide nanoflake particles

#708
20090095347
2009-04-16

CIS BASED THIN-FILM SOLAR CELL MODULE HAVING PATTERN-DISPLAYING FUNCTION AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME

#709
20090092744
2009-04-09

Roll to roll evaporation tool for solar absorber precursor formation

#710
20090090412
2009-04-09

PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE AND METHOD FOR ENCAPSULATING

#711
20090084963
2009-04-02

APPARATUS AND METHODS TO PRODUCE ELECTRICAL ENERGY BY ENHANCED DOWN-CONVERSION OF PHOTONS

#712
20090084428
2009-04-02

Copper Indium Diselenide-Based Photovoltaic Device And Method Of Preparing The Same

#713
20090084427
2009-04-02

Copper Indium Diselenide-Based Photovoltaic Device And Method Of Preparing the Same

#714
20090065060
2009-03-12

Chalcopyrite type solar cell

#715
20090050200
2009-02-26

SOLAR CELL

#716
20090032109
2009-02-05

CIS BASED THIN-FILM PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME

#717
20090020157
2009-01-22

Rear electrode structure for use in photovoltaic device such as CIGS/CIS photovoltaic device and method of making same

#718
20090014065
2009-01-15

METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE OXIDE COATING

#719
20080311729
2008-12-18

Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition

#720
20080308148
2008-12-18

Photovoltaic devices with conductive barrier layers and foil substrates

#721
20080305247
2008-12-11

Method And Device For Converting Metallic Precursors Into Chalcopyrite Layers Of Cigss Solar Cells

#722
20080280030
2008-11-13

SOLAR CELL ABSORBER LAYER FORMED FROM METAL ION PRECURSORS

#723
20080276987
2008-11-13

Nanostructured solar cells

#724
20080274577
2008-11-06

Method of the application of a zinc sulfide buffer layer on a semiconductor substrate

#725
20080271781
2008-11-06

Cis Type Thin-Film Solar Cell and Process for Producing the Same

#726
20080247738
2008-10-09

Nozzle-based, vapor-phase, plume delivery structure for use in production of thin-film deposition layer

#727
20080247737
2008-10-09

Nozzle-based, vapor-phase, plume delivery structure for use in production of thin-film deposition layer

#728
20080226270
2008-09-18

Nozzle-based, vapor-phase, plume delivery structure for use in production of thin-film deposition layer

#729
20080217547
2008-09-11

Electro-medical imaging apparatus having chalcogen-thin film transistor array

#730
20080213467
2008-09-04

Solution-based fabrication of photovoltaic cell

#731
20080202584
2008-08-28

Thin film solar cell manufacturing and integration

#732
20080196659
2008-08-21

Method and apparatus for continuous processing of buffer layers for group IBIIIAVIA solar cells

#733
20080190483
2008-08-14

Composition and method of preparing nanoscale thin film photovoltaic materials

#734
20080169025
2008-07-17

DOPING TECHNIQUES FOR GROUP IBIIIAVIA COMPOUND LAYERS

#735
20080169019
2008-07-17

Nanowall solar cells and optoelectronic devices

#736
20080153268
2008-06-26

Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition

#737
20080149176
2008-06-26

Coated nanoparticles and quantum dots for solution-based fabrication of photovoltaic cells

#738
20080142084
2008-06-19

Solution-based fabrication of photovoltaic cell

#739
20080142083
2008-06-19

Solution-based fabrication of photovoltaic cell

#740
20080142082
2008-06-19

SOLUTION-BASED FABRICATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

#741
20080142081
2008-06-19

Solution-based fabrication of photovoltaic cell

#742
20080142080
2008-06-19

Solution-based fabrication of photovoltaic cell

#743
20080142073
2008-06-19

Optoelectronic architecture having compound conducting substrate

#744
20080142072
2008-06-19

Solution-based fabrication of photovoltaic cell

#745
20080138501
2008-06-12

SOLUTION-BASED FABRICATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

#746
20080135812
2008-06-12

Solution-based fabrication of photovoltaic cell

#747
20080135811
2008-06-12

SOLUTION-BASED FABRICATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

#748
20080135099
2008-06-12

SOLUTION-BASED FABRICATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

#749
20080124831
2008-05-29

HIGH-THROUGHPUT PRINTING OF SEMICONDUCTOR PRECURSOR LAYER FROM CHALCOGENIDE PARTICLES

#750
20080121277
2008-05-29

High-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer from chalcogenide microflake particles

#751
20080119005
2008-05-22

Method for patterning Mo layer in a photovoltaic device comprising CIGS material using an etch process

#752
20080115827
2008-05-22

Reinforcing structures for thin-film photovoltaic device substrates, and associated methods

#753
20080110498
2008-05-15

Photovoltaic devices including nitrogen-containing metal contact

#754
20080092954
2008-04-24

Optical absorber layers for solar cell and method of manufacturing the same

#755
20080072962
2008-03-27

Method and apparatus for producing semiconductor films and related devices

#756
20080053522
2008-03-06

Thin film solar cell with finger pattern

#757
20080053519
2008-03-06

Laminated photovoltaic cell

#758
20080041439
2008-02-21

Real time process monitoring and control for semiconductor junctions

#759
20080041436
2008-02-21

Bifacial photovoltaic devices

#760
20080023059
2008-01-31

TANDEM SOLAR CELL STRUCTURES AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURING SAME

#761
20080020503
2008-01-24

Series interconnected optoelectronic device module assembly

#762
20070295396
2007-12-27

Solar cell and production thereof

#763
20070289627
2007-12-20

Nanoscale solar cell with vertical and lateral junctions

#764
20070272558
2007-11-29

Efficient gallium thin film electroplating methods and chemistries

#765
20070253686
2007-11-01

Nozzle-based, vapor-phase, plume delivery structure for use in production of thin-film deposition layer

#766
20070243657
2007-10-18

Method and apparatus to form thin layers of materials on a base

#767
20070209700
2007-09-13

Chalcopyrite type solar cell

#768
20070186971
2007-08-16

High-efficiency solar cell with insulated vias

#769
20070184576
2007-08-09

Solution deposition of inorganic materials and electronic devices made comprising the inorganic materials

#770
20070169813
2007-07-26

High-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer from microflake particles

#771
20070169812
2007-07-26

High-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer from nanoflake particles

#772
20070169811
2007-07-26

High-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer by use of thermal and chemical gradients

#773
20070169809
2007-07-26

High-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer by use of low-melting chalcogenides

#774
20070166453
2007-07-19

High-throughput printing of chalcogen layer

#775
20070163646
2007-07-19

Integrated thin-film solar cell and process for producing the same

#776
20070163644
2007-07-19

High-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer by use of chalcogen-containing vapor and inter-metallic material

#777
20070163643
2007-07-19

High-throughput printing of chalcogen layer and the use of an inter-metallic material

#778
20070163642
2007-07-19

High-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer from inter-metallic microflake articles

#779
20070163641
2007-07-19

High-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer from inter-metallic nanoflake particles

#780
20070163640
2007-07-19

High-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer by use of chalcogen-rich chalcogenides

#781
20070163639
2007-07-19

High-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer from microflake particles

#782
20070163638
2007-07-19

Photovoltaic devices printed from nanostructured particles

#783
20070163637
2007-07-19

High-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer from nanoflake particles

#784
20070163383
2007-07-19

High-throughput printing of nanostructured semiconductor precursor layer

#785
20070160763
2007-07-12

Methods of making controlled segregated phase domain structures

#786
20070102035
2007-05-10

Method and Structure for Integrated Solar Cell LCD Panel

#787
20070093006
2007-04-26

Technique For Preparing Precursor Films And Compound Layers For Thin Film Solar Cell Fabrication And Apparatus Corresponding Thereto

#788
20070089782
2007-04-26

Spherical or grain-shaped semiconductor element for use in solar cells and method for producing the same; method for producing a solar cell comprising said semiconductor element and solar cell

#789
20070044834
2007-03-01

CIGS photovoltaic cells

#790
20070017567
2007-01-25

Self-cleaning protective coatings for use with photovoltaic cells

#791
20070012356
2007-01-18

Process for the production of thin layers, preferably for a photovoltaic cell

#792
20070000537
2007-01-04

Formation of solar cells with conductive barrier layers and foil substrates

#793
20060261383
2006-11-23

Compound semiconductor film, solar cell, and methods for producing those

#794
20060220059
2006-10-05

Solar cell

#795
20060219288
2006-10-05

Process and photovoltaic device using an akali-containing layer

#796
20060207644
2006-09-21

Formation of compound film for photovoltaic device

#797
20060180200
2006-08-17

Thin-film solar cell

#798
20060160261
2006-07-20

Series interconnected optoelectronic device module assembly

#799
20060157103
2006-07-20

Optoelectronic architecture having compound conducting substrate

#800
20060102230
2006-05-18

Thermal process for creation of an in-situ junction layer in CIGS

#801
20060096635
2006-05-11

Pallet based system for forming thin-film solar cells

#802
20060096537
2006-05-11

Method and apparatus for forming a thin-film solar cell using a continuous process

#803
20060062902
2006-03-23

Coated nanoparticles and quantum dots for solution-based fabrication of photovoltaic cells

#804
20060037641
2006-02-23

Body part of a vehicle provided with a thin-film solar cell and the production thereof

#805
20050284518
2005-12-29

Compound solar cell and process for producing the same

#806
20050271827
2005-12-08

Solar cell based on CulnS2 absorber layer prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis

#807
20050257825
2005-11-24

ZnO/Cu(InGa)Sesolar cells prepared by vapor phase Zn doping

#808
20050236032
2005-10-27

Compound thin-film solar cell and process for producing the same

#809
20050186805
2005-08-25

Synthesis of layers, coatings or films using collection layer

#810
20050183768
2005-08-25

Photovoltaic thin-film cell produced from metallic blend using high-temperature printing

#811
20050183767
2005-08-25

Solution-based fabrication of photovoltaic cell

#812
20050173238
2005-08-11

Automatically adjusting serial connections of thick and thin layers and method for the production thereof

#813
20050161076
2005-07-28

Method of fabricating a compound semiconductor thin-layer solar cell

#814
20050151131
2005-07-14

Polycrystalline thin-film solar cells

#815
20050072461
2005-04-07

Pinhole porosity free insulating films on flexible metallic substrates for thin film applications

#816
20050056312
2005-03-17

Bifacial structure for tandem solar cells

#817
20050028861
2005-02-10

Light absorbing layer producing method

#818
20050009228
2005-01-13

Semiconductor device with higher oxygen (02) concentration within window layers and method for making

#819
17035581
2022-07-05

High efficiency quantum dot sensitized thin film solar cell with absorber layer

#820
15943642
2020-09-29

High efficiency quantum dot sensitized thin film solar cell with absorber layer

#821
15819894
2019-08-06

Heterojunction GaSb infrared photovoltaic cell

#822
14801759
2017-04-04

Optically-thin chalcogenide solar cells

#823
14659559
2018-04-03

High efficiency quantum dot sensitized thin film solar cell with absorber layer

#824
13720238
2018-08-07

Photovoltaic cell with high efficiency cigs absorber layer with low minority carrier lifetime and method of making thereof

#825
13344163
2015-03-17

High efficiency quantum dot sensitized thin film solar cell with absorber layer