213734 ⎘
Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof; Alkaline accumulators Selection of materials as electrolytes
AQUEOUS BATTERY
#2METAL-BASED BATTERIES WITH ENHANCED CYCLABILITY
#3ALKALINE BATTERY AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING ALKALINE BATTERY
#4AQUEOUS ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF
#5NEGATIVE ELECTRODE FOR ZINC BATTERY, AND ZINC BATTERY
#6ACETATE ELECTROLYTES FOR RECHARGEABLE AQUEOUS ZINC-ION CELLS AND BATTERIES
#7PHOSPHOROUS ELECTROLYTE ADDITIVES FOR AQUEOUS BATTERIES
#8Alkaline Electrochemical Generators with a Zinc Anode
#9Metal-Carbon Dioxide Battery With Electrolyte Regeneration System
#10ZINC SECONDARY BATTERY
#11Battery having electron conduction function via electric double layer capacitor
#12ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION AND NICKEL-ZINC BATTERY USING THIS ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION
#13AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION AND AQUEOUS SECONDARY BATTERY COMPRISING SAME
#14AQUEOUS BATTERY
#15ALKALINE STORAGE BATTERY
#16ALKALINE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL WITH IMPROVED ANODE AND SEPARATOR COMPONENTS
#17ELECTROLYTE OF ULTRA EFFICIENT ZINC-BROMINE STATIC BATTERY
#18RECHARGEABLE AQUEOUS MG BATTERY WITH A SOLID-STATE POLYMERELECTROLYTE
#19AQUEOUS BATTERY
#20Rechargeable Battery
#21CEMENT-BASED BATTERY AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THEREOF
#22Aluminum-Air Fuel Cell Using Bioplastic Electrolyte
#23ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL INCLUDING AN ADDITIVE AND METHOD OF OPERATING THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
#24POSITIVE ELECTRODE MATERIALS OF LOW-COST ALKALINE SECONDARY BATTERIES AND PREPARATION METHODS AND APPLICATIONS THEREOF
#25METAL AQUEOUS BATTERY INCLUDING AN ANODE CURRENT COLLECTOR
#26SECONDARY BATTERY HAVING ZINC NEGATIVE ELECTRODE
#27MODIFIED POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE (PPS) AND PPS MODIFICATION METHOD, PPS SOLID SEPARATOR, PREFABRICATED ZINC SALT SEPARATOR AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF, TO-BE-FILLED ZINC-MANGANESE SECONDARY BATTERY, AND MANUFACTURING AND APPLICATION METHODS THEREOF
#28HOST MATERIAL FOR RECHARGEABLE ZINC ANODES IN AQUEOUS BATTERIES
#29NICKEL-ZINC SECONDARY BATTERY
#30ZINC BATTERY
#31THERMOELECTROCHEMICAL OSCILLATOR
#32AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION FOR PROTON BATTERY, AND PROTON BATTERY
#33CATHODE ACTIVE MATERIAL AND AQUEOUS BATTERY
#34ALKALINE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS COMPRISING INCREASED ZINC OXIDE LEVELS
#35LOW COST METAL ELECTRODES
#36SODIUM ALL-SOLID SECONDARY BATTERY
#37ANODE, LITHIUM METAL BATTERY INCLUDING THE SAME, AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE LITHIUM METAL BATTERY
#38SECONDARY BATTERY, BATTERY PACK, AND STATIONARY POWER SUPPLY
#39LITHIUM ION SECONDARY BATTERY
#40RECHARGEABLE ALKALINE BATTERY WITH ENHANCED CYCLING STABILITY AND COULOMBIC EFFICIENCY
#41AN ASSEMBLY WITH NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONOMER MEMBRANE FOR AQUEOUS RECHARGEABLE ZINC METAL BATTERY
#42Li-Ion Batteries With Increased Electrochemical Stability Window
#43Semi-Solid Electrolyte Systems for High-Voltage Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries
#44Phosphorous electrolyte additives for aqueous batteries
#45AQUEOUS BATTERY
#46IRON ANODE BATTERY
#47Zinc - Manganese Dioxide - Nickel Hydroxide Secondary Electrochemical Generator
#48Zinc - Manganese Dioxide - Nickel Hydroxide Secondary Electrochemical Generator
#49ANODE FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE
#50RECHARGEABLE BATTERY WITH ANION CONDUCTING POLYMER
#51Monolithic Electrode Assemblies With Contained Three-Dimensional Channels Usable With Ion Exchange Materials
#52ANODICALLY STABLE AND HIGHLY CONDUCTING BORANE SOLID STATE BATTERY ELECTROLYTES
#53ELECTROLYTE FOR METAL-AIR BATTERY
#54ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION FOR AQUEOUS ZINC BATTERY AND AQUEOUS ZINC BATTERY
#55METHANE-ASSISTED METAL ION BATTERY
#56AQUEOUS POTASSIUM ION BATTERY
#57POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL FOR AQUEOUS POTASSIUM ION BATTERY, AND AQUEOUS POTASSIUM ION SECONDARY BATTERY
#58POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL FOR AQUEOUS POTASSIUM ION BATTERY, AND AQUEOUS POTASSIUM ION SECONDARY BATTERY
#59Phosphate Based Surfactants For Alkaline Battery Anode
#60ALKALINE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL WITH IMPROVED ANODE AND SEPARATOR COMPONENTS
#61ZINC SECONDARY BATTERY
#62NEGATIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL FOR AQUEOUS POTASSIUM ION BATTERY AND AQUEOUS POTASSIUM ION SECONDARY BATTERY
#63METAL-FREE HIGH VOLTAGE BATTERY
#64SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES IN ALKALINE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL ELECTRODES
#65NANOFIBER ELECTRODES FOR BATTERIES AND METHODS OF MAKING NANOFIBER ELECTRODES
#66ELECTROLYTE FORMULATIONS AND ADDITIVES FOR IRON ANODE ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS
#67SECONDARY BATTERY, SECONDARY BATTERY CONTROL SYSTEM, AND BATTERY PACK
#68BATTERY USING LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE-LIKE COMPOUND
#69ALKALINE BATTERY AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING ALKALINE BATTERY
#70CATHODE MATERIAL OF AQUEOUS ZINC-ION BATTERY AND AQUEOUS ZINC-ION BATTERY
#71METHOD OF FABRICATING NANOPOROUS ZN ANODES AND THE APPLICATIONS IN ZN BATTERIES
#72Alkaline electrochemical cells comprising increased zinc oxide levels
#73NEGATIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL FOR AQUEOUS SECONDARY BATTERIES, NEGATIVE ELECTRODE FOR AQUEOUS SECONDARY BATTERIES, AND AQUEOUS SECONDARY BATTERY
#74DUAL ELECTROLYTE APPROACH TO INCREASE ENERGY DENSITY OF AQUEOUS METAL-BASED BATTERIES
#75RECHARGEABLE ZINC METAL BATTERY
#76POSITIVE ELECTRODE FOR ALKALINE BATTERIES, AND ALKALINE BATTERY AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME
#77MITIGATING THE ZINCATE EFFECT IN ENERGY DENSE MANGANESE DIOXIDE ELECTRODES
#78DUAL ELECTROLYTE APPROACH FOR HIGH VOLTAGE BATTERIES
#79HYDROGEN ABSORBING ALLOY NEGATIVE ELECTRODE AND NICKEL-HYDROGEN SECONDARY BATTERY INCLUDING THE HYDROGEN ABSORBING ALLOY NEGATIVE ELECTRODE
#80ENCAPSULATED ELECTROACTIVE MATERIALS FOR USE IN RECHARGEABLE AQUEOUS ZINC CELLS AND BATTERIES AND METHODS OF PREPARING ENCAPSULATED ELECTROACTIVE MATERIALS
#81Catalyst for air electrode, air electrode including catalyst for air electrode, and air secondary battery including air electrode
#82SECONDARY BATTERY AND SECONDARY BATTERY SYSTEM
#83RECHARGEABLE CALCIUM BATTERY
#84HIGH VOLTAGE BATTERIES USING GELLED ELECTROLYTE
#85ELECTROLYTIC BATTERY FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE AND SCALABLE ENERGY STORAGE
#86Electrolyte compositions
#87Metal ion battery having ionomer membrane separator and free-standing electrode
#88Alkali dry battery comprising electrolyte including sulfonyl group-containing anion
#89Composition for polymer electrolyte, polymer electrolyte comprising the same, and method for manufacturing polymer electrolyte
#90Aqueous and hybrid electrolytes with wide electrochemical stability windows
#91SECONDARY BATTERY
#92ALKALINE BATTERY CATHODE WITH SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE
#93REVERSIBLE MANGANESE DIOXIDE ELECTRODE, METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF, THE USE THEREOF, AND RECHARGEABLE ALKALINE-MANGANESE BATTERY CONTAINING SAID ELECTRODE
#94Electrochemical cell having solid ionically conducting polymer material
#95ALKALINE BATTERY CATHODE WITH SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE
#96Hydroxide ion conductive separator and zinc secondary battery
#97ALKALINE SECONDARY BATTERY, CHARGING METHOD OF SAID ALKALINE SECONDARY BATTERY, AND CHARGING DEVICE OF ALKALINE SECONDARY BATTERY
#98Additives for improving battery performance via cation adsorption
#99Alkaline battery and method of producing negative electrode gel for alkaline battery
#100Flow battery, flow battery system, and control method
#101Rechargeable battery and electrolyte solution
#102Methods for synthesizing vanadium oxide nanobelts and applications as cathode materials for batteries
#103Secondary alkaline electrochemical cells with zinc anode
#104Ionically conductive powders and films, and methods of preparation
#105Low cost metal electrodes
#106Reversible manganese dioxide electrode, method for the production thereof, the use thereof, and rechargeable alkaline-manganese battery containing said electrode
#107Nanofiber electrodes for batteries and methods of making nanofiber electrodes
#108ELECTROLYTIC MANGANESE DIOXIDE AND A METHOD OF PREPARING THEREOF
#109Electrolyte for a nickel-iron battery
#110Solid ionically conducting polymer material
#111ZINC BATTERY AND ZINC FLOW BATTERY
#112High voltage 10, 11, and 12-vertex carborane and borane electrolytes, their use in rechargable batteries, and processes for their preparation
#113ELECTROLYTE ADDITIVE, ELECTROLYTE AND LITHIUM ION SECONDARY BATTERY CONTAINING THE SAME
#114Electrolyte additive, electrolyte and lithium ion secondary battery containing the same
#115Secondary battery, battery pack, vehicle, and stationary power source
#116ALKALINE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
#117SECONDARY ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL HAVING A ZINC METAL NEGATIVE ELECTRODE AND MILD AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE AND METHODS THEREOF
#118SEPARATOR MEDIA FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
#119Redox and ion-adsorption electrodes and energy storage devices
#120Alkaline electrochemical cells comprising increased zinc oxide levels
#121Zinc alkaline secondary battery including anchored electrolyte additives
#122ALKALINE BATTERY CATHODE WITH SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE
#123Rechargeable battery with anion conducting polymer
#124Hydrogel, use thereof, and production method therefor
#125Alkaline electrochemical cell with improved anode and separator components
#126Electrochemical cell having solid ionically conducting polymer material
#127ZINC ALKALINE SECONDARY BATTERY INCLUDING ANCHORED ELECTROLYTE ADDITIVES
#128Rechargeable battery with anion conducting polymer
#129Single-walled carbon nanotubes in alkaline electrochemical cell electrodes
#130AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION, AND AQUEOUS POTASSIUM-ION BATTERY
#131FLEXIBLE BATTERIES
#132Electrochemical reactor comprising liquid-repellant porous membrane
#133NONAQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE LIQUID IN WHICH ORGANIC MOLECULE IS COORDINATED TO ALKALINE EARTH METAL CATION, AND ALKALINE EARTH METAL SECONDARY BATTERY USING THE SAME
#134Rechargeable aqueous hybrid battery
#135Secondary battery, battery pack, vehicle, and stationary power supply
#136Long-chain surfactants for improving battery performance
#137Redox and ion-adsorption electrodes and energy storage devices
#138Aqueous hybrid super capacitor
#139Alkaline electrochemical cell with improved anode and separator components
#140Aqueous electrolytes with bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide salt electrolyte and ionic liquid system and batteries using the electrolyte system
#141Secondary cell with high recharging efficiency and long term stability
#142Functional layer including layered double hydroxide, and composite material
#143Functional layer including layered double hydroxide, and composite material
#144FUNCTIONAL LAYER INCLUDING LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE, AND COMPOSITE MATERIAL
#145FUNCTIONAL LAYER INCLUDING LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE, AND COMPOSITE MATERIAL
#146Functional layer including layered double hydroxide, and composite material
#147Functional layer including layered double hydroxide, and composite material
#148Battery separator membrane and battery employing same
#149PROCESSES AND COMPOSITIONS TO IMPROVE HIGH-TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE OF NIMH BATTERIES
#150RECHARGEABLE COPPER AND SULFUR BASED ELECTRODES FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS
#151Alkali metal battery having a deformable quasi-solid electrode material
#152Additive for increasing lifespan of rechargeable zinc-anode batteries
#153Battery separator membrane and battery employing same
#154Aqueous and hybrid electrolytes with wide electrochemical stability windows
#155ALKALINE SECONDARY BATTERY
#156Alkaline secondary battery
#157Secondary battery, battery module, battery pack, and vehicle
#158Alkaline battery cathode with solid polymer electrolyte
#159Nanofiber electrodes for batteries and methods of making nanofiber electrodes
#160Biomedical energization elements with polymer electrolytes and cavity structures
#161ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL WITH DIVALENT CATION ELECTROLYTE AND AT LEAST ONE INTERCALATION ELECTRODE
#162NOVEL HIGH VOLTAGE 10, 11, AND 12-VERTEX CARBORANE AND BORANE ELECTROLYTES, THEIR USE IN RECHARGABLE BATTERIES, AND PROCESSES FOR THEIR PREPARATION
#163Secondary battery using alkaline earth metal ion moving during charge and discharge
#164BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF BIOMEDICAL ENERGIZATION ELEMENTS
#165HYDROGEN STORAGE ALLOY, NEGATIVE ELECTRODE USING HYDROGEN STORAGE ALLOY, AND NICKEL-HYDROGEN SECONDARY BATTERY USING NEGATIVE ELECTRODE
#166Alkaline battery electrolyte useful for a rechargeable alkaline electrochemical cell
#167Printed silver oxide batteries
#168Battery negative electrode, battery, and manufacturing method of battery negative electrode
#169ALLOY POWDER FOR ELECTRODES, NEGATIVE ELECTRODE FOR NICKEL-HYDROGEN STORAGE BATTERIES USING SAME AND NICKEL-HYDROGEN STORAGE BATTERY
#170Aqueous electrolytic solution for power storage device and power storage device including said aqueous electrolytic solution
#171Alkaline electrochemical cell with improved anode and separator components
#172Solid, ionically conducting polymer material, and methods and applications for same
#173Secondary cell with high recharging efficiency and long term stability
#174ZINC-AIR SECONDARY BATTERY
#175ALKALINE BATTERY
#176Method for the fabrication of a thin-film solid-state battery with Ni(OH)electrode, battery cell, and battery
#177BATTERY COMPRISING A COATED IRON ANODE
#178Secondary battery with hydroxide-ion-conducting ceramic separator
#179Battery using layered double hydroxide
#180Flexible micro-battery
#181Secondary electrochemical cell and charging method
#182Electrode compositions and alkali metal batteries comprising same
#183High efficiency iron electrode and additives for use in rechargeable iron-based batteries
#184Nickel hydrogen secondary battery
#185Nickel-zinc battery
#186ALKALINE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS WITH SEPARATOR AND ELECTROLYTE COMBINATION
#187ELECTROLESS PLATED ANODE FOR SECONDARY BATTERY
#188Synthesis of hetero ionic compounds using dialkylcarbonate quaternization
#189Alkaline metal-air battery cathode
#190Nickel-zinc battery
#191Alkaline storage battery
#192Storage battery
#193Solid ionically conducting polymer material
#194Nickel iron battery employing an untreated polyolefin separator with a surfactant in the electrolyte
#195Batteries with replaceable zinc cartridges
#196POLYMER COATINGS FOR METAL SURFACES
#197Zinc ion-exchanging energy storage device
#198ELECTRODES AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS EMPLOYING THE SAME
#199SEPARATOR MEDIA FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
#200Alkali/oxidant battery
#201Alkaline battery and method for manufacturing alkaline battery
#202Electrochemical reactor comprising liquid-repellent porous membrane
#203Alkaline electrochemical cells with separator and electrolyte combination
#204Electrolytes and metal hydride batteries
#205Electrolytes and Metal Hydride Batteries
#206Electrolytes and Metal Hydride Batteries
#207Electrolytes and Metal Hydride Batteries
#208Electrolytes and metal hydride batteries
#209Alkaline cell with improved high rate capacity
#210Biomedical energization elements with polymer electrolytes and cavity structures
#211Biomedical energization elements with polymer electrolytes
#212ELECTROLYTE FORMULATIONS FOR USE IN BIOCOMPATIBLE ENERGIZATION ELEMENTS
#213Biocompatibility of biomedical energization elements
#214Nanofiber electrodes for batteries and methods of making nanofiber electrodes
#215Nickel-iron battery with high power
#216Nickel-iron battery with high cycle life
#217High energy density battery based on complex hydrides
#218Anion conducting material and cell
#219DISTILLED WATER FILLING SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL BATTERY
#220Rechargeable lithium battery
#221ACCUMULATOR SYSTEM
#222Energy Storage Apparatus and Method
#223POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL FOR ALKALINE STORAGE BATTERIES, POSITIVE ELECTRODE FOR ALKALINE STORAGE BATTERIES AND ALKALINE STORAGE BATTERY INCLUDING THE SAME, AND NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE STORAGE BATTERY
#224STORAGE CELL SYSTEM
#225CELL DESIGN FOR AN ALKALINE BATTERY WITH CHANNELS IN ELECTRODES TO REMOVE GAS
#226BEVELED CELL DESIGN FOR AN ALKALINE BATTERY
#227CELL DESIGN FOR AN ALKALINE BATTERY TO REMOVE GAS
#228CONCAVE CELL DESIGN FOR AN ALKALINE BATTERY WITH A COMB SPACER
#229BEVELED CELL DESIGN FOR AN ALKALINE BATTERY TO REMOVE GAS
#230Fluoride Ion Electrochemical Cell
#231Solid, ionically conducting polymer material, and methods and applications for same
#232Aqueous electrolyte for lithium-air battery
#233Highly ion-conductive nano-engineered porous electrolytic composite membrane for alkaline electrochemical energy systems
#234Alloy powder for electrodes, negative electrode for nickel-metal hydride storage batteries including the same, and nickel-metal hydride storage battery including the same
#235GAS CHANNELING POLYMERIC SEPARATOR INLAY
#236ALKALINE BATTERY COMPRISING A POLYOLEFIN GAS CHANNELING SEPARATOR INLAY
#237ALKALINE BATTERY COMPRISING A GAS CHANNELING POLYMERIC SEPARATOR INLAY
#238NICKEL-IRON BATTERY COMPRISING A GAS CHANNELING POLYMERIC SEPARATOR INLAY
#239NICKEL-IRON BATTERY COMPRISING A GAS CHANNELING POLYOLEFIN SEPARATOR INLAY
#240MANGANESE AND IRON ELECTRODE CELL
#241MANGANESE AND IRON ELECTRODE CELL
#242Polymer electrolyte membranes for rechargeable batteries
#243Printed silver oxide batteries
#244Electrically rechargeable, metal anode cell and battery systems and methods
#245Nickel-iron battery with high power
#246Zinc secondary battery
#247Synergistic additives for electrochemical cells with electrodeposited fuel
#248Hetero-ionic aromatic additives for electrochemical cells comprising a metal fuel
#249Battery and non-aqueous electrolyte
#250Method of producing an electrical potential
#251Nickel iron battery employing an untreated polyolefin separator with a surfactant in the electrolyte
#252Electrolyte for battery containing an iron electrode
#253Electrolyte for a nickel-iron battery
#254Nickel-iron battery with high cycle life
#255Battery comprising a coated iron anode
#256Alkaline electrochemical cells with separator and electrolyte combination
#257Lead alkaline battery
#258Positive active material for alkaline secondary battery, method for manufacturing the same and alkaline secondary battery
#259Method of forming a solid state cathode for high energy density secondary batteries
#260Electrolyte for zinc-based rechargeable batteries, method for producing the same and batteries including said electrolyte
#261Aryl diazonium salt and use in an electrolytic solution of an electrochemical generator
#262Solid battery and method for regenerating the same
#263COMPONENT INCLUDING A RECHARGEABLE BATTERY
#264LEAD-ZINC BATTERY
#265Method for improving the properties of NiMH batteries
#266Methods of producing sulfate salts of cations from heteroatomic compounds and dialkyl sulfates and uses thereof
#267SYNTHESIS OF HETERO COMPOUNDS USING DIALKYLCARBONATE QUATERNATION
#268Ionic liquid containing sulfonate ions
#269Activated Carbon with Surface Modified Chemistry
#270FLUORIDE ION ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
#271Electrochemical device having a solid alkaline ion-conducting electrolyte and an aqueous electrolyte
#272Electrolyte for lithium secondary battery and lithium secondary battery including the same
#273Method of forming a solid state cathode for high energy density secondary batteries
#274Alkaline electrochemical cell
#275GELLING AGENT FOR ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION FOR ALKALINE BATTERY
#276LEAD ALKALINE BATTERY
#277Cylindrical alkaline battery having specific electrode packing densities and electrode thickness
#278Composition and energy storage device
#279Energy storage device
#280Automotive ballast battery
#281Electrodes and Electrochemical Cells Employing the Same
#282Thickening agent for alkaline battery, and alkaline battery
#283Battery zinc electrode composition
#284Electrolyte for an electrochemical battery cell
#285RECHARGEABLE ZINC CELL WITH LONGITUDINALLY-FOLDED SEPARATOR
#286NON-TOXIC ALKALINE ELECTROLYTE WITH ADDITIVES FOR RECHARGEABLE ZINC CELLS
#287LEAD-ZINC BATTERY
#288Negative electrode material for nickel-metal hydride battery and treatment method thereof, and nickel-metal hydride battery
#289Nanosized electrochemical dispersion for rechargeable alkaline zinc batteries
#290Electrolyte composition for nickel-zinc batteries
#291LEAD-ALKALINE BATTERY
#292AA ALKALINE BATTERY
#293Lithium battery using an aqueous electrolyte
#294Alkaline storage battery system
#295Solid electrolyte with high ion-conductivity and method for manufacturing the same, and electrochemical system using solid electrolyte
#296Alkali metal battery
#297Fluoride ion electrochemical cell
#298ALKALINE BATTERY
#299Tin-zinc secondary battery
#300Energy converter cell for the direct conversion of radiation and/or thermal energy into electrical energy